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By P J. Clark, A W. Fisher, R G. Ford

Site characterisation of subsurface contaminant transport is often hampered by a lack of knowledge of site heterogeneity and temporal variations in hydrogeochemistry. The use of a regional-scale data compilation derived from satellite imaging is discussed with respect to directing design of site characterisation to monitor the fate of a Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) plume in Nevada. Evaluation of the drainage basin contributing to the groundwater flux into the study site was used to re-assess the site conceptual model and re-direct the characterisation effort. The use of highly resolved measurements of subsurface hydrogeochemistry in space and time were employed to identify the predominant biogeochemical processes controlling arsenic transport during discharge of groundwater into a pond at a site in Massachusetts. Direct-push conductivity measurements coupled with vertically-resolved sampling within the pond and adjoining aquifer demonstrated spatial and temporal variations in dissolved arsenic within groundwater and the pond water column and sediment pore water. Spatial variability was observed over the scale of centimetres to metres, and temporal variations were observed over the scales of days (following storm events) to seasons. Microbially-driven redox processes maintained anoxic conditions in groundwater and at the sediment-water interface (iron and sulfate reduction) and exerted both a direct and indirect influence on arsenic solution speciation and partitioning to surface water sediments.

Jan 1, 2004

By I. C. White, G. H. Ashley, J. A. Bownocker

Among the rich mineral deposits of the great Appalachian field, the Pittsburgh coal bed stands pre-eminent. Other coal beds may cover a wider area, or extend with greater persistence, but none surpasses the Pittsburgh seam in economic importance and value. It was well named by Rogers, and his able assistants of the First Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, in honor of the city to whose industrial growth and supremacy it has contributed so much. Whether or not the prophetic eye of that able geologist ever comprehended fully the part which this coal bed was to play in the future history of the city that gave it a name we do not know; but certain it is that the 7 ft. of fossil fuel, which, in Rogers' time, circled in a long black band around the hills and, overlooking the site of Pittsburgh from an elevation of 400 ft. above the water of the Allegheny and Monongahela, extended up the latter stream in an unbroken sheet for a distance of 200 miles, has been the most potent factor in that wonderful modern growth that has made the Pittsburgh district the manufacturing center of America, and that bids fair to continue until it shall surpass every other district in the world, even if it does not now hold such primacy.' The Pittsburgh coal bed stands today as probably the largest contributor of wealth of any single mineral deposit in the world. If it is not, what other deposit is? It has contributed to Pennsylvania alone more than 2,500,000,000 tons of high-grade coal worth nearly $4,000,000,000; since 1910, it has added more than $2,500,000,000 to the value of Pennsylvania's mineral output. In 1920, this bed2 contributed 127,227,000 tons of coal as follows: Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh district........................ 38,245,000 Connellsville district................................. 34,095,000 Weatmoreland-Ligonier district........................ 16,107,000 88,447,000 West Virginia, Fairmont district........................ 15,571,000 West Virginia-Ohio, Panhandle No. 8 district............. 21,128,000 Maryland-Potomac (Est. one-third of production)......... 2,081,000 38,780,000 Total........................................... 127,227,000

Jan 1, 1927

By E. C. Baker

Costs of disposing of steel slag are estimated based on the present method and a proposed alternate method for a steel mill in the Pittsburgh area. Estimated cost data were calculated by the Bureau of Mines and do not reflect the investment and operating costs and credits of a specific steel mill and processing plant. The alternate method of steel slag disposal would result in an appreciable cost savings to the mill and concurrently supply the industrial and commercial markets with low-cost, high-quality construction materials.

Jan 1, 1970

By CORA ROELOFS

In the USA, miners are at higher risk for work-related disorders that could precipitate an opioid prescription, injury-related opioid prescriptions, and opioid overdose. We aimed to support prevention of these outcomes with an “opioid hazard awareness” miner safety training module. In January and February 2020, the training module was embedded within required mining safety and health training for stone, sand, and gravel miners in Massachusetts (USA). Training impact and reception were assessed with a pre- and post-training survey of trainee characteristics, training content knowledge, and attitudes. Over 800 miners were trained and over 600 responded to surveys. We found statistically significant improvements in opioid risk factor knowledge and knowledge of resources to help a coworker. Nonstigmatizing attitudes were high both at baseline and following the training. The training was perceived as relevant and useful by trainees. Improving opioid hazard awareness in high-risk worker populations has potential to reduce opioid dependence and downstream impacts including overdose death. Employer injury-prevention efforts should be reinforced while worker health and safety training enhances awareness of opioid-related harms and prevention strategies for miners and other high-risk worker populations.

Nov 19, 2021

By G. W. Neumann, J. R. Schnarr

The lead-zinc-copper-silver ores mined by Brunswick Mining and Smelting Corporation Limited at their No. 12 underground mine and No. 6 open-pit operation, and treated by distinct concentration processes in separate plants, present difficult metallurgical problems because of the extremely fine dissemination of the valuable minerals with pyrite and pyrrhotite. The problem of concentration is further complicated, in the No. 12 ore, by the presence of a varying content of graphitic carbon. This paper describes the milling of No. 12 ore and the production of copper, lead and zinc concentrates by differential flotation.

Jan 1, 1971

By Nancy Potts, M. G. Barker, W. C. Holliman

"SUMMARYThis report on the characteristics of commercial aviation gasolines presents compilations of inspection test data furnished on their products by manufacturers of commercial grades of aviation gasoline, and special data obtained in Bureau of Mines laboratories on samples of these gasolines. Data and physical samples for the survey were submitted by 15 manufacturers on 18 grade 80, 21 grade 91/98, 22 grade 100/130, end 10 grade 115/145 aviation fuels.The inspection test data supplied by the participating manufacturers consist of octane and performance numbers, tetraethyllead content, dye color, and other characteristics usually listed in aviation gasoline specifications, such as AN-F-48a or ASTM Designation D910-47T. These data are tabulated and averaged by grades in tables 1 through 4 and, as reported, meet the AN-F-48a and similar specifications with a few exceptions. Two grade 80 gasolines show a lean-mixture octane rating slightly below 80.0, and 91/98 grade fuel shows a lean-mixture rating of 90.9 and a rich-mixture rating of 97.5, two 100/130 grade gasolines have a rich-mixture performance number slightly below 130.0, and one 115/145 grade gasoline shows a rich-mixture performance number of 144.5. However, octane and performance number averages are above the mini¬mum requirements for each grade. Tetraethyllead content in the 91/98 and 100/ 130 grades generally is above the maximum outlined in these specifications, whereas dye color for each of the four grades, with the exception of two gasolines in grades 80 and 100/130, is that designated for the particular grade. Distillation requirements, with a few exceptions at individual points, are met by gasolines of all grades. Reid-vapor-pressure, copper-dish-residue, heat-of-combustion or aniline-gravity-constant, freezing-point, and copper-strip-corrosion requirements are met by all gasolines so far as reported. No data for some of these tests wore submitted on a few of the gasolines. One gasoline, grade 115/145, shows a sulfur content greater than the specified maximum."

May 1, 1948

By G. G. Lambert

The paper traces the pattern of spontaneous combustion in the workings of what was originally Hemsworth Colliery, but since July 1967 is now part of South Kirby Colliery. Examination is made of the Barnsley Seam sections and the part played by the top section of the seam as it comes in close proximity to the main seam. In this area of the colliery nine mechanised faces were set away between the years 1953 and 1968, every one "fired" at the pillar edge and six "fired" at the face line when production had ceased. The paper deals with the different preventative measures used, from sandbag walls, cement injections, spraying with polyurethane, until finally using Mandoseal as a sealant. Since the latter method was first used, the last three faces worked in this particular area were all salvaged completely, without any sign of a heating developing.

May 23, 1905

By N. M. Levine

This work defines and systematizes the physical factors of the problem of leaching and demonstrates for the first time the utility of macropore volume, micropore volume, specific surface, pore size distribution and permeability as parameters of leaching based on a study of the recovery of uranium from the Top Black member of Chattanooga Shale.

Jan 1, 1962

By Martin B. Hudson, John Yao, Matthew R. Crow, Yiming Sun, John T. Waggoner, Roozbeh Geraili Mikola

"The Wilshire Grand redevelopment project in downtown Los Angeles includes construction of a new 73-story tower. Construction required excavation up to 93 feet deep (28 m). The south side of the excavation, up to 57 feet deep (17 m), required placement of shoring within about 6 to 10 feet (1.8 to 3.0 m) horizontally away from a 400-foot-long (122 m) section of one of the existing Los Angeles Metro Red Line twin subway tunnels. These tunnels were constructed using a 22-foot-diameter (6.7 m) digger shield, and were initially supported with expanded, precast concrete segments, with final cast-in-place reinforced concrete lining. The temporary shoring system for the deep excavation consisted of soldier piles generally spaced at 8 feet (2.4 m) on center with multiple levels of tieback anchors extending above the subway tunnels. The lowest level of bracing consisted of rakers supporting walers attached to the soldier beams because installation of tieback anchors at that level would conflict with the tunnels. Numerical analyses were performed to predict tunnel movement caused by the excavation and its effects on the train operations. This paper describes the numerical modeling, tunnel and geotechnical instrumentation and monitoring program, and comparison of the computed and observed tunnel responses to the deep excavation and tower construction. With increasing urban redevelopment in major cities, the project is a valuable case history for excavation adjacent to existing tunnels. INTRODUCTION The Wilshire Grand redevelopment project includes the demolition of a 16-story hotel built in the early 1950s and the construction of a new 73-story tower in downtown Los Angeles (LA) that will be the tallest building in the western United States. The project site is situated on approximately 2.7 acres (1.1 Ha) of land bounded by Figueroa Street to the east, Wilshire Boulevard to the north, Francisco Street to the west, and 7th Street to the south (see Figure 1a). The new tower is being constructed by Turner Construction for Hanjin International Corporation. Construction of the basement and foundation of the new tower required excavation up to 93 feet (28 m) deep. Shoring was designed by Cefali & Associates and installed by Malcolm Drilling Company. Along 7th Street, an excavation up to 57 feet (17 m) deep required shoring to be installed within about 6 to 10 feet (1.8 to 3.0 m) horizontally from an existing 400-foot long (122 m) section of one of the LA Metro Red Line subway tunnels (see Figure 1b). The tunnels, extending from the 7th/Metro Station to the Westlake-MacArthur Station, were constructed in the late 1980s and early 1990s with an excavated diameter of approximately 22 feet (6.7 m). They were initially supported with expanded, precast concrete segments with a final cast-in-place reinforced concrete lining. The existing hotel was demolished in 2012 and 2013, with shoring installation and excavation for the new basement occurring as the demolition occurred. At the time of writing, January 2016, the structure of the building adjacent to the tunnels is largely complete."

Jan 1, 2016

By Thomas Mucho, Anthony Iannacchione

This marks the 100th year that the aggregate industry has been served by a national association. Of all the accomplishments this longstanding relationship has achieved, there is probably none greater than the progress made, in worker safety. Perhaps the best way to measure this success is to examine injury trends in the aggregate miner population. For example, in the first half of the 20th [ ] century, 16 quarry mining disasters (a "disaster" is an incident with five or more fatalities) claimed 157 miners between 1909 and 1952. The largest of these was the disaster at the Sandts Eddy Limestone Quarry near Allentown, Pa., on March 26, 1942, where 31 miners died of asphyxiation by fumes/explosion. Thankfully, no mining disasters have occurred in the aggregate industry since 1952. It is these kinds of information that help us characterize improvements in aggregate worker safety over the last 100 years.

Jan 1, 2003

By B. E. Halbert, K. T. Himbeault, S. L. Fernandes, R. L. J. Phillips, B. J. Topp

The Beaverlodge uranium mining and milling facilities operated from 1952 to 1981 with about 94% of the ore extracted from the main underground mine and 6% from smaller satellite deposits. Decommissioning work occurred from 1982 to 1985 involving periods of shutdown, salvage and reclamation. Transition phase monitoring, leading to eventual delicencing commenced in July 1985. Over the last 15 years, discharge from the tailings management facility (TMF) and a fresh water stream, impacted during the operational phase by tailings spills, has improved in water quality for most parameters of concern. Loadings to the environment of three key contaminants (radium-226, total dissolved solids, and uranium) have consistently been less than during the operational phase with radium-226 having the greatest variability. Outstanding environmental issues associated with the recovering drainage system formerly used for tailings disposal, are being addressed in an enhanced environmental monitoring program to commence in 2000. Changes in water chemistry and the natural re-introduction of aquatic organisms are issues of concern. In the meantime, application for release from selected satellite areas commenced in 1999. This paper reviews the issues which have arisen during the transition phase, outlines how they have and are being addressed, and provides a comparison of original and current predictions of the recovery process under way at the former Beaverlodge mine site.

Jan 1, 2000

By Henry H. Tayler, Eric Sturel

1 Triton Square was originally a six-storey building with a one-level basement located within a commercial development near Euston, London. It was designed and constructed in the 1990s and the foundation scheme comprised straight shafted London Clay piles arranged singly beneath columns. The scheme added three storeys and a five-storey infill in the central atrium area to increase the building floorplate by 70% and maintained the usability of the basement space. As the loads to support the additional floorplate area were greater than the capacity of the existing foundations, an optimised strengthening scheme of small diameter piles installed within the existing basement and a slender retro-fitted raft was installed to augment the existing piles. The re-use and strengthening of almost all of the existing foundations enabled re-use of a very high proportion of the superstructure and in approximately 35,000 tonnes of concrete and 1,900 tonnes of reinforcement and structural steelwork being re-used. The structural embodied carbon for the refurbished building scheme is estimated at an average of 136 kgCO2e/m2, achieving a Structural Carbon Rating Scheme (SCORS) “A” rating with components detailed in the paper.

May 1, 2022

By Antonio Fabiano de Oliveira

The aim of the present research work is to study the influence of hard chrome covered skin pass cold rolling rolls using 2D/3D surface topography, i.e. roughness characterization. The common stochastic structure Shot Blast Texturing (SBT) does not meet all requirements related to the production line regards to the finished product. The Hard Chrome layer, applied on these SBT rolls, can improve the sheet surface quality and is of fundamental interest mainly for those steel mills that do not have another alternative to new surface structures such as those that may be provided by the EDT, LT, EBT, etc. methods. The function of the generated surfaces, obtained by these different methods is going to influence the tribological properties during the subsequent forming processes. On the other hand, they can increase the product final cost or require large investments to obtain such surfaces. The results here presented are in accordance with other recently published research work, showing that there is a relationship between these parameters, and that further detailed studies are needed.

Aug 17, 2017

By Michael G. Zabetakis

THIS is a summary of the available limit of flammability, autoignition, and burning-rate data for more than 200 combustible gases and vapors in air and other oxidants, as well as of empirical rules and graphs that can be used to predict similar data for thousands of other combustibles under a variety of environmental conditions. Specific data are presented on the paraffinic, unsaturated, aromatic, and alicyclic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and sulfur compounds, and an assortment of fuels, fuel blends, hydraulic fluids, engine oils, and miscellaneous combustible gases and vapors.

Jan 1, 1965

By J Allen, B Oats, S Palaniandy, M Lollback

The Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre has conducted an intensive VertiMill® (VTM) survey program at the Cannington mine concentrator as part of the ‘collaborative research in stirred milling technology’ program funded by Metso Minerals. Since 2003, Cannington has progressively added grinding capacity into the circuit through VTMs operating in secondary and regrinding duties. Cannington was one of the first mines to adopt this technology in secondary duty by installing two VTM-1500-WBs as part of a capacity expansion to produce sub-100 µm rougher feed. Subsequently, an additional VTM-800-WB was installed in the lead regrind circuit to prepare sub-20 µm cleaner stage feed.Several surveys were carried out to evaluate the VTM performance over a range of changed conditions. Among the key changes in operating variables were circuit power draw, feed rate and water addition to the bottom of the mill. The average specific energy for secondary duty was 3.7?kWh/t. The lead and zinc regrind mills consume 8.1 and 15.3 kWh/t respectively. Generally, the VTM installations have successfully prepared feed for rougher and cleaner circuits by reducing the top size into the floatable regime with steeper particle size distribution, which has led to enhanced recovery. The survey results show the success of VTM installations in secondary (receiving feed from autogenous circuit) and regrind duties.CITATION:Palaniandy, S, Powell, M S, Hilden, M, Allen, J, Kermanshahi, K, Oats, B and Lollback, M, 2014. VertiMill® performance updates in secondary and regrind duties at Cannington mine, BHP Billiton, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2014 , pp 263–272 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 1, 2014

By C. G. Anderson

Industrially proven and applied nitrogen species catalyzed (i.e. NSC) acidic pressure leaching has been utilized to treat a number of ores, concentrates and recycled materials. This versatile technology offers many advantages including low temperatures, low pressures, low capital costs, low operating costs, faster throughput and less costly materials of construction than conventional pressure oxidation. This paper will elucidate the application of this technology for production of gold, silver, palladium, rhodium, zinc, germanium, gallium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, rhenium and nickel. Recycled material applications will also be elucidated. In addition, details of an application for treatment of a refractory chalcopyrite copper and gold bearing ore will be presented and pertinent economics discussed.

Jan 1, 2014

By William Gleason

The numbers tell the story of this one. More than 50,000 people and 1,890 exhibitors took over the Las Vegas Convention Center Sept. 24-26 for the largest mining trade show in the world ? MINExpo. Inside the convention center, some of the largest machines used in mining were on display. Caterpillar, Liebherr, Komatsu and Hitachi displayed ultraclass offroad mining trucks and shovels. Atlas Copco and Schramm were among companies that rolled in mining drills and Bridgestone, Goodyear and Michelin were among the companies showing off the massive tires used by the trucks. Throughout the three halls and an outdoor display area, just about every kind of product, gadget or service used in the mining industry could be found on display somewhere.

Jan 1, 2012

By G. Zhu

Bulk and differential laboratory flotation tests have been carried out using a synthetic mixture of chalcopyrite and molybdenum ore. In addition to boiling and roasting, six different depressants are tested so that the best conditions of separation can be identified. These reagents include sodium cyanide with and without zinc sulfate, potassium ferrocyanide, sodium hydrosulfide, arsenic Noke's reagent, and sodium sulfide. The data indicate that most of these reagents are effective chalcopyrite depressants. However, sodium hydrosul fide can be used preferably if economic, operational, and environmental factors are taken into consideration.

Jan 1, 1983

By Caio Moreira, Saulo De Rezende, Nelly Ruíz

The present project sought alternatives for this material through the Mining Lab Beginnings program, which was developed by Nexa in partnership with Escalab to find solutions for the company's highly complex challenges. Through the program, several solutions were evaluated, with additives for the construction market being the most prominent. Tests were conducted to confirm the efficiency of jarosite in the mixture that composes this material. With successful laboratory tests, the technology was tested on an industrial scale, where it also demonstrated its technical and economic viability. The project is now moving into the operational phase, demonstrating that circular economy is the best solution for disposed tailings.

Sep 29, 2023

By George A. Morrison

This paper describing the methods of mining and crushing limestone at the West Winfield, Pa., limestone mine of the West Penn Cement Co., is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on mining practices, methods, and coats in the various nonmetallic mining districts. HISTORY The limestone deposits of western Pennsylvania have been exploited for many years and have been quarried extensively at West Winfield in Winfield. Township, which lies in the southeastern corner of Butler County.

Jan 1, 1931