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Pictured on these pages are the six RMCMI Scholarship Award Winners for the 1988-89 year followed by a brief profile. All winners were present as guests of the Institute at the June convention in Durango, Colorado to receive recognition at the Welcome Session Monday, June 26, 1989. Each state vice president served as the host for the collegiate winner. In addition to receiving a plaque from the Scholarship Chairman, Keith McGinnis, each winner receives $500.00 tuition credit for the coming academic year. As this is a continuing award, the winners from the previous year will receive another $500.00 for tuition credit in their senior year if they have maintained good academic standing and have been recommended by their university. Criteria for these awards to be made in the spring annually is (1) That the award be made to a sophomore student and used as tuition during the junior year. (2) That the recipient be both a U.S. citizen and a resident of the state involved. (3) That the recipient have good academic standing, be pursuing a degree in a mining related field and have an expressed interest in Western coal as a possible career path. The scholarship program includes curricula other than those in the mining departments, but in the engineering disciplines, such as geology, mineral processing and metallurgy. Contributions to this worthy project are tax deductible to each individual RMCMI member or his firm. Through annual donations of $100.00 or more, the Patrons of the Institute fund the scholarship program and the various vice presidents contribute the travel expenses to convention for these outstanding young collegiates. Donations to this worthwhile program may be made payable to RMCMI Scholarship and mailed to the RMCMI Office, 2700 Youngfield Street, Suite 100, Lakewood, CO 80215. Profiles of the 1989 Scholarship Winners follow. [ ] David P. Pelletier University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona David is a Mining Engineering major and graduated from Santa Fe High School in 1981. He served in the Sixth Marine Regiment, Second Marine Division of the United States Marine Corps from December 1982 thru December 1985. He is a student member of SME-AIME and has held the offices of treasurer, vice president and president. He works volunteer shifts at the University of Arizona San Xavier Mining Laboratory [ ] Johnny F. Blizzard Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado A high school graduate of Longmont, Colorado, Johnny carries a 3.968/4.000 at Mines, majoring in Mining Engineering with a minor in Metallurgy. His name has appeared on the Academic Dean's list for the past two years. He received the Robert M. & George R. Harris Scholarship during this past year. He is a student member of SME-AIMMP and an executive council member of CSM's chapter of AIME. Summertimes, Johnny works as a miner for Edger Mine in Idaho Springs, CO on an experimental project for USBM.

Jan 1, 1989

By A. Alwasel

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) threaten the wellbeing and livelihood of a large number of construction workers incurring a significant cost to society. We present a new method to monitor and diagnose MSD risks in the workplace. The sensing unit of the system is an optical encoder encompassed within a non-intrusive exoskeleton to measure the joint angle of interest. This sensor can be applied to ball-and-socket and hinge-type joints of the human body, such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints. The system is contactless and does not require markers or cameras. Angle measurements are acquired directly without mathematical post-processing, thereby avoiding numerical noise and drift challenges. The system is a simple, robust, and deployable, but it currently lacks resolution of parallel degrees of freedom.

Aug 1, 2013

By Jacob Mathis, Mark Bradford, Alston Noronha, R. M. True

In June 2022, Louisville MSD completed a 6.5-km (4.0-mi), 6.1-m (20-ft.) diameter CSO conveyance and storage tunnel system located along the Ohio River in downtown Louisville, Kentucky. For large diameter shaft and tunnel construction, drill-and-blast operations among other methodologies were used in close proximity to federal, commercial, and residential properties with no impact to stakeholder infrastructure. s one of the rst maor tunneling proects in Louisvilles metropolitan area, this paper explores Black & Veatchs rigorous geotechnical instrumentation monitoring program that provided uality assurance for local stakeholders and afrmed innovative tunneling solutions can be successfully executed in an urban setting.

Jun 23, 2024

By B. J. Moore

This publication contains analyses arid related source data for 274 natural gas samples from 20 States. Of the total samples, 269 were collected during calendar year 1985; the reminder were collected earlier, but releases granting permission to publish were not received before 1986, All samples were obtained and analyzed as part of Bureau of Mines investigations of the occurrences of helium in natural gases of countries with free market economies. This survey has been conducted since 1917. The analyses published herein were made by mass spectrometer and chromatograph.

Jan 1, 1987

By G. Chisakuta, P. Bwando, G. Mitshabu

By the end of 2022, the south-eastern Copper Belt region of the Democratic Republic of Congo was host to more than 40 small, medium, and relatively large sized copper solvent extraction sites. To date, solvent extraction reagents supplied in this region have never exceeded 50% of ketoxime content. We generated laboratory extraction and strip isotherms and used these with the BASF IsocalcTM modelling software to assess the benefit of using higher ketoxime blends on the main metallurgical performance indicators such as copper recovery and net transfer. Pure ketoxime extractants combine a relatively low strip point and a decent loading capacity, which are most effective as the pH of the pregnant leach solution gets closer to 2.

Jan 1, 2023

A brief description of the hydro-gen reduction of nickel from ammoniacal solutions by the Sherritt process is given, indicating how this procedure can now be used to coat a great number of materials -particularly powders -with nickel or cobalt, whereby so-called composite powders are produced. The technique for the production of composite powders is described, particularly with regard to the surface activation of noncatalytic powders, whereby it is possible to coat core powders uniformly with nickel or cobalt. The properties of some of the more interesting composite powders, such as Ni/ AI, Ni/WC, Co/WC, Ni/Graphite and i/P, are discussed as well as possible fields of application for these new products. INTRODUCTION DURING the last decade, no-table advances have been made in pressure hydrometallurgy, so that large quantities of three of the more com1r.on metals, copper, cobalt and nickel are now produced on a commercial scale by hydrometallurgical processes.

Jan 1, 1963

By Paul C. Merritt

Chrysotile asbestos producers in Quebec may soon experience a unique situation-i.e., strong competition from American ore sources for the short fiber market west of the Mississippi River. This com- petition will be forthcoming from Copperopolis and Coalinga, two deposits now being developed on opposite flanks of the San Joaquin Valley in central California. The combined output now planned from both deposits is 100,000 tons annually, equivalent to about 50% of the annual market demand in the western, central and Gulf States, and more than twice the tonnage sold in 1960 by all other American asbestos producers combined. The principal companies involved in these new undertakings are Jefferson Lake Asbestos Corp. (subsidiary of Jefferson Lake Sulphur Co.), Hidden Splendor Mining Co., Coalinga Asbestos Co. (Johns- Manville Corp. in conjunction with Kern County Land Co.), Union Carbide Corp., and Asbestos Corp. Ltd. Jefferson Lake's principal interest is at Copperopolis where the company's new 70,000-ton per yr mill recently went on stream. The company also holds some claims at Coalinga, but this latter area is better known as the site where Hidden Splendor, Coalinga Asbestos Co. and Todd Industries (a local company) have established operating mines and mills capable of turning out 30,000 tons of fiber each year. Coalinga is also the site of exploration by Union Carbide Nuclear and Asbestos Corp. Ltd.

Jan 9, 1962

By K. E. Yassin, A. Yehia, M. Amar

Phosphate fines (size ≤ 45 μm), from the Red Sea Region, Egypt, were subjected to beneficiation process to recover the phosphorite grains from such fines. The sample is characterized by low P2O5 content (18.78%) associated with gangue minerals such as silica (22.77% SiO2) and carbonate (2.01% MgO) indicating its low grade. Phosphate pre-concentrate was prepared by gravity separation, using Falcon, where 63.37% of the phosphate, with 24.94% P2O5, 1.46% MgO, and 10.54% SiO2, was firstly recovered reducing the mass flow to the subsequent beneficiation process. However, the gravity tailing was the feed for the reverse phosphate flotation using bench scale column flotation where oleic acid was used as a carbonate gangue collector and amylase enzyme as a phosphate depressant. Under the appropriate flotation conditions (0.1% amylase, 5·10−4 mol/dm3 oleic acid, and temp. 30 °C), phospho-concentrate assaying 0.61% MgO, 13.14% SiO2, and 27.85% P2O5 with a P2O5 recovery of 55.45%, was finally obtained without the use of expensive depressants, e.g., phosphoric acid or sodium silicate. A tentative flow sheet for the whole process was postulated.

By A. C. Johnson, es Hol, E. O. Binyon

"INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARYThe tungsten properties of Lincoln Mines, Inc., and North Tem Flute Mining and Development Co. were first explored by the Bureau of Mines in 1942. Work on the project comprised trenching, sampling, a small amount of road and trail construction, and a small amount of core drilling. From April 13 to December 10, 1944, additional diamond drilling was done by the Bureau of Mines to test the lateral and downward extensions of the various tactite zones along the contact south of the Lincoln mine, including the property of the North Tem Piute Mining & Development Co.Claims leased by the Lincoln Mines, Inc., are in secs. 25 and 36, T. 3 S., R. 56 E.; secs. 30 and 31, T. 3 S., R. 57 E.: and sec. 1, T. 4 S., R 56 E., M. D. B. & M., in the Tem Piute Mining District, near the north end of the Timpahute Range in west central Lincoln County, Nev. D. B. Fegles is president of Lincoln Mines, Inc. and general offices are in the Wesley Temple Building, Minneapolis, Minn.In June 1945, the Atolia Mining Co. leased the property and purchased the mill and mining equipment from Lincoln Mines, Inc. P. R. Bradley is president of the Atolia Mining Co., whose offices are in the Crocker Building, San Francisco, Calif. This company surrendered the lease on the property on September 30, 1948. The property owners are continuing operations and are now engaged in building a 20-ton mill.The claims of the North Tern Flute Mining & Development Cc. are in sec. 1, T. 4 S., R. 56 E., M. D. B. & M. Merle F. Schofield is president of the company and maintains an office at Hike, Nev. These claims were leased by H. P. Laslett, of the Utah Nevada Mining Co., in 1945 and by the Atolia Mining Co. in 1946. The owners are now doing some exploratory work."

Jan 1, 1950

By A. McLean, W. Q. Chen, W. Yan, M. Barati, Y. D. Yang

In order to maximally remove the harmful impurities phosphorus and reduce the loss of valuable elements from Si-based alloy for production of solar-grade silicon, thermodynamic properties of the Si-based alloy were studied. In this work a new model, the Molecular Interaction Volume Model (MIVM) derived from statistical thermodynamics, was successfully used in the Si-based and Si-Fe-based alloy. The calculation started from binary Si-Fe, Si-P and Fe-P systems, then the thermodynamic parameters of ternary systems could be derived based sub-binary systems. Using the activity coefficients of the elements in the Si-based alloys and the saturated vapor pressure of the pure substance of the components, mass fraction of P during vapor-liquid equilibrium can be calculated. The calculated thermodynamic parameters were compared with experimental data available in different publications, and it is found that the thermodynamic parameters calculated using MIVM model are in good agreement with the measured results. The calculated result shows that the mass fraction of phosphorus during vapor-liquid equilibrium of Si-Fe-P melt increases with the increasing phosphorus content and decreasing temperature. This is an important direction for experimental practice in vacuum or low-pressure EML refining of ferrosilicon for potential production of solar-grade silicon without significant vaporization loss of valuable element.

Jan 1, 2015

By M. B. Kime, A. T. Kaniki

"Grinding tests were conducted on an oxidized copper-cobalt ore using a pear-shaped ball mill. Twelve mono-sized ore fractions were prepared and wet ground batchwise. The mill was run for 0.5 to 30 min intervals. The shortest interval provided data more closely related to the breakage function (B) because less secondary breakage was hypothesized. Some selection function (S) and B parameters were determined. Remaining parameters were estimated using a population balance model simulator. To evaluate the kinetics model, an unsized ore sample was also milled. Predicted and measured particle size distributions (PSDs) agreed well, suggesting that S and B parameters can be used for continuous operation mass balances.RÉSUMÉ Des essais de broyage ont été menés sur un minerai oxydé de cuivre-cobalt à l’aide d’un broyeur à boulets piriforme. Douze fractions de minerai de dimension unique ont été préparés et broyés en voie humide en lots. Le broyeur était mis en route à des intervalles de 0,5 à 30 minutes. L’intervalle le plus court fournissait des données plus étroitement liées à la fonction d’abattage (B) car d’après l’hypothèse avancée, le besoin d’abattage secondaire était moindre. Certains paramètres de la fonction de sélection (S) et de B ont été déterminés ; les paramètres restants ont été estimés à l’aide d’un simulateur de modèle d’équilibre de population. Pour évaluer le modèle de cinétique, un échantillon de minerai non calibré a également été broyé. Les compositions granulométriques (PSD, de l’anglais particle size distributions) prévues et mesurées correspondaient bien, ce qui laisse penser que l’on peut se servir des paramètres S et B dans le cadre d’équilibrages massiques en fonctionnement continu. INTRODUCTIONSize reduction of solids is a very energy intensive and highly inefficient process. It consumes approximately 5% of the electricity produced worldwide (Rhodes, 1998), and more than 50% of the total energy used in mineral processing plants (Walkiewicz, Lindroth, & Clark, 1996). An increase in grinding efficiency can therefore result in significant reductions in operating costs. This often amounts to determining the optimal design configurations for milling an ore sample in a laboratory mill under standard conditions. Prior to optimizing the milling stage, the requirements for downstream processing in terms of particle size distribution (PSD) need to be understood because low liberation and overgrinding will lead to future problems. Once this is done, it is also important to clearly understand the breakage properties of the ore. The kinetics of size reduction in tumbling mills are often determined using two probabilistic functions: selection and breakage (Austin & Luckie, 1972). Knowledge of the selection and breakage functions also enables the prediction of the PSD for a given ore sample."

Jan 1, 2017

By L. Price, R. Hortie

Movement of ore and waste from the Hilton Mines pit is accomplished by truck haulage. With the aim of reducing costs, a study of truck fleet replacement was initiated. The study included on-site short-term tests and longer-term rental purchase agreements for haulage trucks. The operation and maintenance characteristics of different trucks, along with projected haulage conditions, were used to prepare cash flows, from which the most advantageous trucks were selected. The results of the study and implementation of the recommendations gave a cost saving greater than had been estimated. The study also indicated areas where improvements could be made, and resulted in much more attention being paid to road conditions, the training of operators and mechanics, and the development of a practical preventative maintenance scheme.

Jan 1, 1971

By John C. Edwards

To increase the capability to predict the effectiveness of a flame arrester in the cooling of hot combustion gases expelled through a flame arrester, the U.S. Bureau of Mines developed an equilibrium. model and one-and three-dimensional transient thermal models of a flame arrester, which were used to predict the temperature evolution within the arrester and the maximum temperature at the external surface of the arrester. The models account for convective and conductive heat transport within the arrester and radiative losses at the exit surface. The gas flow through the arrester is established from an empirically derived relationship between the gas velocity and the pressure gradient across the arrester. Lateral heat loss from the arrester to the enclosure wall is accounted for in the three-dimensional model. The model calculations for maximum outside surface temperature of the arrester showed an approximate agreement with measured values for vent-area-to-enclosure-volume ratios between 12 and 28 in2?ft-3.

Jan 1, 2010

By Napitupulu P

PT Freeport Indonesia currently operates a concentrating complex capable of milling 127 000 metric tonnes per day of copper and gold hearing ore. The facilities consist of both a conventional crushing, ball mill and flotation circuit and a SAG, ball mi

Jan 1, 1997

By Jeffrey Y. Foley

The Bureau of Mines sampled surface exposures of podiform chromite in the Caribou Mountain-Melozitna ultramafic belt in the Kokrines-Hodzana Highlands, central Alaska. Fieldwork began in 1979 as part of an assessment of the mineral potential of lands adjacent to the trans-Alaska pipeline corridor, for the Bureau of Land Management, and continued through 1981 as a Bureau of Mines investigation. The belt comprises six complexes of which the three closest to the pipeline corridor were investigated. Concentrations of chromite disseminated in dunite host rock make up mineralized intervals ranging in thickness from less than an inch to 5 ft and in grade from 3 to 23 pct chromium. The largest occurrence has an exposed strike length of 80 ft. Bulk surface samples were collected from 10 of these exposures, and beneficiation tests on the samples produced concentrates of metallurgical, refractory, and subindustrial grades. Part I--this report--describes the fieldwork; part II--1C 8916--describes the beneficiation work.

Jan 1, 1983

By R. Fukuzawa

"The objective of this research is to evaluate the magnitude of carbon prices required to drive process development and innovation for the global nickel industry in a direction that tackles the multifaceted sustainability challenges that the industry faces, including air pollution reduction and greenhouse gas abatement. The results suggest that the currently considered carbon prices are not sufficient to drive innovations in processing methods or upstream pollution prevention. The co-benefits of climate change mitigation and pollution prevention cannot be readily realized under climate change policy alone. Increased coordination between climate change policy and performance-based environmental legislation is necessary. INTRODUCTIONNickel is an important metal in our modern society as it is used in stainless steel, alloys, electroplating and rechargeable batteries, all of which are integral to our economic growth and development (Eckelman, 2010).However, nickel production is energy intensive and therefore susceptible to emerging climate change policies, which may lead to production curtailment and/or increased unit costs of production unless changes in efficiency or energy sources are made (Mudd, 2010). The industry is faced with multi-faceted constraints: future technology must not only deal with metallurgical, financial and environmental constraints but also promote low energy and low carbon practices. This presents a challenge for this industry where technology innovation, development and commercialization are often lengthy, risky and costly processes (Imrie, 2006).Climate change is one of the many challenges faced by our society. Others include other pollution to air, water and land, resources shortage and economic development. From a policy perspective, it is important to balance multiple and often competing needs in an integrated manner. It would require some levels of trade-off in order to maximize the overall effectiveness but also to ensure that one policy does not undermine other policy objectives.The aims of this study are to evaluate how developments in climate change policy would affect the nickel industry in the context of existing environmental regulations and how the industry could respond under these constraints."

Jan 1, 2012

By Wilbur I. Duvall, S. L. Windes, Leonard Obert

"Previous investigations, too numerous to be listed in entirety, have been performed to determine the physical properties of rock. When considered according to their objectives, most of these investigations can be grouped as follows: First, the geologic group (1,2),4/ in which the purpose was to obtain information on the physical properties of the rocks that make up the earth's crust. Particular emphasis has been placed on the determination of the elastic constants--that is, Young's modulus, the modules of rigidity, and Poisson's ratio – as these quantities determine the propagation characteristics of seismic waves. Second, the structural properties group (3 - 11), in which the physical properties of architectural or monumental stone, concrete and aggregate rock, road blocks (cobblestone), and the like were desired. The tests have been quite general and include, besides the elastic properties; the compressive and tensile strength, and the toughness, hardness, and weathering properties of many types of rocks.To .a lesser degree, investigations have been carried out to determine the physical properties of mine rock. A few reports (12 - 14) present data on the crushability and grindability of mine rock, and a large number of papers discuss grinding and crushing procedures and methods of analyzing the data (for example, see references 15 - 17). Some of the latter group also have given the results of tests on mine rock; however, comparatively few include an adequate petrographic description or information on other physical properties of the rock. A few papers,(18 - 22) have reported studies of the strength of rock specimens in respect to the strength of parts of mine structures, such as pillars, roof, arches, etc. Other papers (23 - 26) have discussed investigations on such subjects as primary and secondary crushing, diamond and pneumatic rock drilling, explosive breaking and shattering of rock, rate of drifting and miring, and other allied problems. The majority of these reports have given no more than a cursory, description of the rocks and have included no statement regarding the physical properties. When statements have been given regarding the physical properties, they have usually referred only to isolated tests, making correlations between variations in the physical properties and variations in the .test under consideration difficult, if not impossible. Some reports have included handbook values on such characteristics as the crushing strength, hardness, and toughness. This practice is not satisfactory, because these values are usually given for col¬lective types of rocks, such as granites, limestones, and marbles, and it is known that the variations of the physical properties within these groups is often larger than the differences between the groups."

Aug 1, 1946

By V. L. Burdick

A literature review of current uses of Mn02 in ceramic applications with suggestions for future research. Historical background, oceanographic distribution, geology, exploitation, law and politics. Uses of Mn02 in ferrites, semiconductors, catalytic processes, thermo-luminescence and photochromic materials. Select bibliography of 33 items, plus 129 references.

Jan 1, 1980

By Samuel A. Rasmussen

Lead anodes are used in commercial copper electrowinning operations, yet there is no method to calculate anode life. To be discussed in this paper are operating characteristics of rolled plate (Pb,Sn,Ca) alloy anodes at Morenci's electrowinning tankhouse along with fundamental operating conditions and how the anode reacts to these conditions. These include anode maintenance, electrolyte temperature and viscosity, cobalt concentration, and manganese concentration. Also to be discussed are anode substrate characteristics under normal operating conditions and how the corrosion rate is affected by changes in operating conditions.

Jan 1, 1995

By M. Christou

The LIFE-Environment Demonstration Project ?Treating Waste for Restoring Land Sustainability?(www.bangor.ac.uk/ies/TWIRLS/TWIRLS_home.htm), a project initiated by the University of Wales, Bangor, UK in which NAGREF is a partner, aims to demonstrate the effective use of industrial and municipal wastes for the remediation of post-industrial and degraded sites in urban and rural sites. Within the framework of this project, a schist quarry, which is located in a mountainous area near Athens and which has been exploited in the past for cement production, was chosen for bioremediation experiments in collaboration with the quarry owners, TITAN Cement Co. Three different areas within the quarry were selected representing 3 different topographies. These were a compacted, flat area with seasonal water logging (untreated control), a gently sloping, land formed area; and artificially created mounds of overburden rock material formed on the flat area. Compost produced from mixing municipal waste, green waste and digested sewage sludge at the recycling plant of the Association of Communities and Municipalities in the Attica Region (ACMAR), near Athens was used for nutrient amendment. Six replicates of three treatments were applied with varying compost application rates in order to examine the effect of the addition of organic matter in the establishment of suitable vegetation on the infertile schist material. Pine trees (Pinus halepensis Mill.), 4 per replicate, were pocket planted in a volume of 3 liters of schist or schist-compost mixture (1:2 and 2:1). Tree height, main stem diameter and branching were measured following planting and these measurements will be repeated annually to test hypotheses that compaction and water logging reduce Pine establishment by natural regeneration and that nutrient addition improves establishment of pine on schist waste. The availability of nutrients and variation in other soil physico-chemical parameters will also be studied in each treatment and related to plant growth. As a demonstration project, open days are planned on the site for the public and official bodies involved in municipal waste handling and other relevant areas. The aim of these will be to illustrate the effective re-use of waste for the sustainable restoration of post-industrial and degraded land.

Jan 1, 2006