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By K. Nassau

The Effect of tin and hydrogen on the C0 parameter of a titanium. specimens were capsule cooled in water to eliminate contamination by water. Deybe-Scherrer photograms were obtained in a 114.6 mm camera with CuKa radiation. The parameters shown in Table I and Fig. 1 were calculated from the 213 (8569°) and 302 (8173.5°) reflections? no attempt being made to correct for systematic errors. The principal difference in method of preparation of specimens between this investigation and that of Worner was the use of pickling by the latter to produce X-ray diffraction samples. The possibility that hydrogen introduced by pickling was responsible for the lower a and c-parameters was investigated with the same 80 pct HNO3- 20 pct HF solutions used by Worner. The 6 and 10 at. pct specimens, the parameters of which had already been determined, were pickled and the c-parameters obtained are also shown in Fig. 1. The a-parameters, not shown, are also diminished. The quality of the lines obtained from the unetched and etched samples was unchanged, being quite sharp in both cases. It is quite possible that if corrections for systematic error carried out that the parameters obtained for the unetched samples would approach the data of Worner. In any event, the parameters of the etched samples would be still lower. The data obtained here is evidence that hydrogen in solution has contracted the c and a -parameters. Crystallographic Angles of Calcium Tung-state (Tetragonal, c/a = 2.169) K. Nassau In connection with the preparation and orientation of single crystals of calcium tungstate (Scheelite -CaWO4), the need arose for a stereographic projection for this tetragonal material. There appear to be no tetragonal projections with a c/a ratio above that of indium1 (c/a = 1.522) in the literature. In addition to its use for calcium tungstate, such a projection might find other more general applications and is accordingly presented below. The most recent X-ray diffraction work on CaWO4 is that of Swanson, Gilfrich, and Cook,2 where a summary of previous work is also found. Lattice parameters given are: a = 5.242A, c = 11.372A, and c/a = 2.169. The material is tetragonal with space group Table I, giving angles between crystallographic planes (HKL) and (hkl), was calculated from the formula3

Jan 1, 1961

By Richard Franchot

DISCUSSION of a paper is sometimes more in-teresting in what has not been said than in what is said. In the present case the paper is mainly directed to certain thermo-dynamic relation-ships in the blast furnace. Careful reading of the dis-cussion fails to show a single use of the term, heat unit, or its equivalent. If we wish to know very-much about the furnace action it is necessary to count calories or B.t.u. Nothing much is. said about the availability of heat at high temperatures, although it will be generally admitted that in seeking underlying limiting factors in the furnace economy the hearth heat relations offer-the most promising clues. Those discussing the paper, with exceptions of course, apparently have failed to recognize an outstand-ing fact. It is a fact that the heat actually generated by the air oxygen in CO formation (including the blast heat) is in excess, after charging off radiation, etc., by from 70 to .90 per cent over the heat absorbed in melting the iron and slag and calcining the stone reduction by CO absorbing no heat. The fact stands out as plainly as does the fact that the furnace functions largely as a gas producer. The surplus heat is there. It is in the picture. Why not take a look at it, face the fact? That the surplus heat is necessitated by the hearth conditions admits of very little if any doubt. The furnace is really two separate pieces of apparatus: the hearth, doing certain work, and the superimposed shaft, doing certain other work. The combustion of fuel in the hearth, primarily serving the hearth pur-poses, generates much more heat and gas than the shaft requires, or can use, in smelting work. The result is surplus heat makes still more gas in the heat-absorbing reaction between CO, and coke; what is left of the surplus going to top heat. Here we have a simple yet adequate sketch of the furnace action. Having obtained a fairly comprehensive view of the existing heat relations of both hearth and shaft, the way to improvement seems quite plain. Either do more of the work above the hearth or put more heat into the hearth. Since there is already a great surplus of heat above the hearth, probably little needs to be done by way of increasing the proportion of the work done in the shaft. The shaft can, however, probably do much more work than it is now doing provided that a way, can be found to get more work, done in the hearth. The hearth heat is nicely balanced. Losses by radiation and water cooling and other losses are already taken care of. Any increase of hearth heat development could be utilized in taking care of increased smelting work. Aside from the possibility of increased blast heat, there is one sure way of putting more heat into the hearth, and this is to blow more air. And since the shaft already has more gas than it needs, the increased gas resulting from the greater blast volume can be withdrawn from the bosh after it has done its work in the hearth. Now an increase of burden will cool the shaft, cut down solution loss and thereby supply addi-tional coke in the hearth to burn with the additional air blown. The hearth heat per pound of coke charged will be proportionately increased. The balance between hearth and shaft will be better. Gruener's ideal will be more nearly attained, if not exceeded. Most inter-esting of all perhaps, the more the burden is increased, the more coke will reach the hearth and the more burden can be added. The effect is to be cumulative.

Jan 3, 1927

By Wilbur H. Somerton

W. H. Somerton is to be commended for his application of the methods of dimensional analysis in combination with the results of laboratory drilling tests to obtain a significant formula for the rate of penetration for the process of rotary drilling. This formula is shown to be a consequence of a more general formulation developed by the discussor as a result of his investigations of the basic action of most methods of rock drilling by mechanical means—the momentary loading of a chisel-shaped tool on the surface of the rock at the bottom of the hole. Some of the author's conclusions are re-examined in the light of this general formulation. DRILLING RATE FORMULA The author selects a minimum number of the most significant variables associated with the rotary drilling process to set up his two dimensionless parameters. Only one variable is associated with the geometry of the bit —the bit diameter, D; only one variable is associated with the properties of the rock pertinent to drilling— the drilling strength, S; and only two independent variables are associated with the conditions of operation the weight on the bit. F, and the rate of rotation, N. The dependent variahle of interest is, of course, the rate of penetration, R. The results of the author's drilling tests show that the variable R that appears in the dimensionless parameter, RIND is approximately proportioned to the square of the variable, F, that appears in the other dimension-less parameter, F/D2S. This establishes the functional relationship between these two simple parameters that leads to the formulation of a third dimensionless parameter, RD1T2/NF1. This last parameter is a significant one for the rotary drilling process, in general, although the author properly limits the validity of his equations to his present test conditions. The author realizes that the numerical value of this parameter, C, is not a constant but may be a function of one or more additional dimensionless groupings of the many other variables associated with the rotary drilling process, e.g. some dimensionless measure of bit wear. The author's parameter is shown to be a special case of a more general dimensionless parameter, developed by the discussor. that is applicable to practically all methods of rock drilling by mechanical means, namely. RD2S/P. P is the rate at which mechanical work is done on the rock, and S is the drilling strength, a term originated by the discussor. S is defined as the ratio of energy input to the rock to the volume of rock broken

By R. W. Raymond

Franklin Guiterman was born March 7, 1856, in Cincinnati, Ohio, where his father, William Guiterman, was at that time engagcd in the wholesale dry-goods business. Both of his parents were natives of Bavaria, but the inspiration of America was upon them, as they gave to their son a peculiarly American name, symbolizing thrift, individualism and scientific knowledge. Franklin Guiterman received his general education in the grammar schools and the Hughes High School of Cincinnati. He finished the latter course in the early 70's of the last century, when the great demand for mining and metallurgical experts in this country naturally led his parents to direct his further studies in that direction. Accordingly, he went to Europe, and studied at the Royal Saxon Mining Academy of Freiberg, where he completed the course in 1877, at the age of 21, and returned to the United States to engage in mining and metallurgical practice. Going to Colorado, he became assayer for the Terrible mine, at Georgetown, and in 1878, for the Little Chief mine at Leadville. The position of assayer, particularly at that period and in that region, was the door to much valuable knowledge of mines and ores. Besides learning the nature and value of the different classes of ore from the mines of his own company (if he was employed by a company) the assayer, had the first chance, through his outside customers, of seeing and testing the specimens brought by prospectors, and thus learning of important new discoveries. Moreover, if he possessed metallurgical knowledge, he might advance to the position of a metallurgical manager. Guiterman stayed in Leadville four years, and during that period was assayer or chemist for several different companies. Then for about a year he superintended copper-mining operations at Hartville, Wyo. In 1884, he had charge of sampling works at Silverton, colo.—an admirable opportunity for gaining wide knowledge of the varied ores of the San Juan country. In 1885, he was Superintendent of the Mingo plant of the Pennsylvania Lead Co., at Sandy, near Salt Lake City, Utah. The foregoing list of employments, each occupying not more than a year, certainly looks like the history of a rolling stone, gathering no moss. But the cause of these frequent changes was not inefficiency in each new position. In that time and period, a man who lost his place for such a reason was not likely to get another in the same neighborhood might away. And as for gathering "moss," the kind of "moss" that

Jan 1, 1918

By R. B. Kelly, Paul Martin

Central Texas added 76 producing oil and gas wells during the year, abandoned 378 wells in the same period, and produced 10,359,905 bbl. of oil in the 12 months under consideration. The oil production represents a decline of only 3 per cent as compared to 1934, but it must be remembered that much new production was added during the year. The activity in new work centered in Frio, Bexar, Williamson and Cald-well counties, with development in the Pearsall, Von Ormy and Byersville fields taking first importance. New discoveries in 1935 were confined to Pearsall area of Frio County and an extension to the Darst Creek field in Guadalupe County. The Red Lake field, in eastern Freestone County, proved itself of importance from the standpoint of a gas reserve but no oil production has yet been obtained. In Bexar County, the Von Ormy field, in which the discovery well was drilled early in 1934, completed 22 oil producers during the year. (A map of Central Texas showing location of oil and gas fields was published in Volume 114 of the A.I.M.E. Transactions.) New Fields Pearsal1.—The Amerada Petroleum Corporation, in developing its 60,000-acre block in Frio County, has definitely proved the existence of commercial oil production in four separate horizons; namely, the Navarro, the Austin Chalk, the Buda and the Georgetown. The discovery well, a two million cubic foot gas well, was tompleted in 1934. A test of the Trinity sand at 10,050 ft. found salt water but later was plugged back and finished as an oil well in the Navarro sand. Most recent of their discoveries has been in the Austin Chalk at a depth of 5666 ft., where a 24-hr. gage through 1-in. choke showed 2640 bbl. of pipe line oil. The oil has a gravity of 28.0" A.P.I. and is brownish in color. Because of lack of pipe lines in the area, the wells are produced only for short periods of time, and it is predicted that development will be slow until the district is entered by pipe line purchasing companies. Von Ormy.—In March, 1934, Umbren et al. completed their Wentz

Jan 1, 1936

By Paul Martin, R. B. Kelly

Central Texas added 76 producing oil and gas wells during the year, abandoned 378 wells in the same period, and produced 10,359,905 bbl. of oil in the 12 months under consideration. The oil production represents a decline of only 3 per cent as compared to 1934, but it must be remembered that much new production was added during the year. The activity in new work centered in Frio, Bexar, Williamson and Cald-well counties, with development in the Pearsall, Von Ormy and Byersville fields taking first importance. New discoveries in 1935 were confined to Pearsall area of Frio County and an extension to the Darst Creek field in Guadalupe County. The Red Lake field, in eastern Freestone County, proved itself of importance from the standpoint of a gas reserve but no oil production has yet been obtained. In Bexar County, the Von Ormy field, in which the discovery well was drilled early in 1934, completed 22 oil producers during the year. (A map of Central Texas showing location of oil and gas fields was published in Volume 114 of the A.I.M.E. Transactions.) New Fields Pearsal1.—The Amerada Petroleum Corporation, in developing its 60,000-acre block in Frio County, has definitely proved the existence of commercial oil production in four separate horizons; namely, the Navarro, the Austin Chalk, the Buda and the Georgetown. The discovery well, a two million cubic foot gas well, was tompleted in 1934. A test of the Trinity sand at 10,050 ft. found salt water but later was plugged back and finished as an oil well in the Navarro sand. Most recent of their discoveries has been in the Austin Chalk at a depth of 5666 ft., where a 24-hr. gage through 1-in. choke showed 2640 bbl. of pipe line oil. The oil has a gravity of 28.0" A.P.I. and is brownish in color. Because of lack of pipe lines in the area, the wells are produced only for short periods of time, and it is predicted that development will be slow until the district is entered by pipe line purchasing companies. Von Ormy.—In March, 1934, Umbren et al. completed their Wentz

Jan 1, 1936

By S. G. Cupschalk, J. J. Wert, R. A. Buchanan

The uniaxial deformation of thermally ordered and disordered polycrystalline Cu3Pt was studied by means of the X-ray line - broadening analysis according to Warren and Averbach and the extension of this analysis to ordered fcc materials by Mikkola and Cohen. Because of the heat treatment history, extinction had a pronounced effect on the X-ray spectra of ordered and disordered C%Pt at small plastic strains. After an appropriate correction for extinction, the long-range order in thermally ordered ChPt was found to decrease at a slow constant rate with plastic strain. Furthermore, the antiphase domain probability increased at a constant rate to 17.5 pct strain. The effective particle size behavior indicated that the stacking fault energy is lower in ordered than in disordered Cu3Pt. Analysis of the stress-strain curves shouled that ordered Cuzt has a slightly lower yield Point but a much higher work-hardening rate than disordered Cu3Pt. THE presence of long-range order in a solid-solution alloy has a marked effect on its mechanical properties. While this effect has been known qualitatively for many years, it was not until recently that detailed investigations have been performed to determine the exact role long-range order plays in this strengthening mechanism. The development of an advanced, quantitative. X-ray diffraction analysis by Warren and Averbachl and the extension of this analysis to the L1, type super lattice by Mikkola and cohen2 have greatly accelerated research in this field. The research reported in this paper consisted of two primary phases. The first phase was to determine the effect of long-range order on the tensile properties of polycrystalline Cu3Pt. This objective was accomplished by comparing the stress-strain behavior of thermally ordered CusPt to that of thermally disordered CusPt. The second phase of the research was to determine the difference between the atomic arrangements in thermally ordered and thermally disordered Cu3Pt as a function of uniaxial deformation and thereby gain a deeper insight into the mechanism by which long-range order affects the tensile properties. This second objective was accomplished by applying the Warren-Averbach method of peak profile analysis to the X-ray diffraction patterns obtained from ordered and disordered Cu3Pt after given amounts of uniaxial deformation. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The Cu3Pt was prepared by vacuum melting and casting. After a homogenization anneal, the ingot was cold-rolled to sheet form. Two tensile specimens with gage sections of 2.50 by 0.500 by 0.115 in. were carefully machined from the sheet. The specimens were polished with a final step of 600-grit paper to insure smooth diffracting surfaces. Finally, one specimen was heat-treated to yield an average grain diameter of 0.016 mm and an initial degree of long-range order, S, of 0.825. The other specimen was water-quenched from above the critical temperature, 645"C, to yield an average grain diameter of 0.017 mm and zero long-range order. The heat treatment history of each specimen is shown in Table I. The tensile tests were performed utilizing a Research Incorporated Model 900.95 Materials Testing System. This unit employs a closed-loop feedback system which maintains a constant strain rate through an extensometer clipped to the gage section of the tensile specimen. A strain rate of 1.32 i0.02 x 10"4 sec-' was employed in testing both specimens. In the X-ray diffraction analysis, a General Electric XRD-5 diffractometer equipped with a pulse-height analyzer set for 90 pct efficiency was employed. The goniometer speed selected was 0.2 deg, 20, per min. Filtered Cu radiation was used for all peaks and all peaks were chart-recorded. Because of nonuni-form grain size. it was necessary to spin the specimens during X-ray analysis in order to obtain reproducible integrated intensities. The spinning rate was 2000 i100 rpm. The application of the Warren-Averbach method of peak broadening analysis to a diffraction pattern is very time consuming if done manually. In this research, the calculations involved were performed with the aid of a computer program by wagner.3 As reported by Wagner, the program is written in Fortran TV computer language. It was modified to Fortran I1 so as to be handled by the IBM 7072 computer at Van-derbilt University. In the X-ray diffraction analysis of uniaxially deformed Cu3Pt, the 100, 200. 400. 111, and 222 reflections were recorded from the initially ordered sample after 'plastic strains of 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0,

Jan 1, 1970

By Hiroshi Oikawa, A. G. Guy

Recent experimental evidence has shown that it is often incorrect to neglect the reactions occurring at an interface with respect to the diffusion reactions. By introducing reaction-rate constants and k for the transfer of components 1 and 2 between the a and b phases, a phenomenological description has been devised for the coupled processes of diffusion and in-terfacial reaction. An illustrative example has been analyzed with the aid of a suitable computer program. The results indicate that for kab values on the order of 10'1 cm per sec and Ð values of about 10¯10 sq cm per sec, the interfacial reactions are significant during the first 10 2 to l0 6 sec of a diffusion experiment. Among the observable effects of the interfacial reactions in this case appear to be the burying Kirkendall markers and an anomaly in the initial shifting of these markers. THE study of diffusion between two phases is especially important because of its direct connection to phase transformations. For example, the transformation of austenite to ferrite involves diffusion in the a and ý phases and also an interfacial reaction (trans formation) at the a/? interface. If ferrite and aus-tenite are the two members in a diffusion couple, the same two reactions occur during the diffusion process. The numerical values obtained for the diffusion coefficients and interfacial-reaction constants from diffusion experiments can then be employed to predict phase-transformation behavior. Refinement of the calculations of phase transformation is also suggested by the present method for treating two-phase diffusion. In the recent paper by Nolfi et al.' only the solute com ponent is considered in the interfacial reaction accompanying a phase transformation. The present analysis demonstrates that both components must be considered. It is generally recognized that reactions of some kind must occur at the interface in a two-phase diffusion couple, but usually it is assumed that the interface reaction occurs so rapidly that its effect on the overall process is unobservable because the slower diffusion process determines the kinetics of the process. However, Seith and Heumann 2 pointed out that effects of the interfacial reaction should always occur in the early stages of diffusion, and recently Eifert et al. 3 have shown that interfacial reactions influence the composition and motion of the interface in a/ß Al-Cu diffusion couples during the entire course of prolonged, high-temperature treatments. A general procedure for handling the combined processes of interfacial reaction and diffusion in a binary, two-phase system is to introduce kinetic coefficients for the interface reactions and to develop the system of equations governing the interlinked processes of diffusion and interface reaction. The resulting equations, although not amenable to solution in closed form, can be usefully manipulated by a digital computer. INTERFACIAL REACTIONS IN TWO-PHASE DIFFUSION Consider the general case of diffusion between two solid solutions, a and ß, which are adjacent phases in a binary system, Fig. 1. Two semiinfinite bars having compositions c1 and c0ß are jointed at x = 0. If concentrations are expressed in volume fraction,4

Jan 1, 1970

By J. C. Williams, M. J. Blackburn

Several of the decomposition processes that can occur in supersaturated phases in a Ti:11.6 wt pct Mo and a Ti:20 wt pct V alloy have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. The deformation induced "marternsitic phase" in the Ti:Mo alloy has been found to have a bcc or bct structure rather than the previously reported hexagonal structure. The morphology of&apos; the transformed region is a rather complex asserrlblage of twins, twinning occurring in one or more systems; this internal twinning has been found to occur on (112). The w phase is formed in both alloys on aging and is present in the Ti:Mo alloy after quenching. The structure of this phase has been confirmed as hexagonal in both systems, however, differences in morphology and stability are found between the two alloys. Thus in the Ti-Mo alloy the w phase has an ellipsoidal morphology with the major axis lying parallel to <111>ß or [0001]w while in the Ti-V alloy the phase forms as cubes, the cube faces lying parallel to {100}ß or {2021}w Some observations on the particle sizes, volume fraction, and composition of the w phase in the Ti-Mo alloy are listed. The mode of formation of The a phase from the (ß + w) structures is also different in the two alloys. In the Ti-Mo alloy the a phase is formed by either a cellular reaction or by the growth of isolated needles, whereas in the Ti-V alloy the a phase is nucleated at an w:ß interface and grow to consume the w phase. Some of the difjerences in behavior of the w phase are attributed to the mismatch between it and the solute enriched ß matrix in which it forms. MaNY transition elements tend to stabilize the bcc or ß-phase when added to titanium. In general two types of phase diagrams are produced, either a ß-stabilized (ß-isomorphous) system, e.g., Ti:Mo, -Ti:V, Ti:Nb, or a ß-eutectoid system, e.g., Ti:Cr, Ti:Fe, Ti:Mn. In previous papers&apos;-4 the phase transformations in the a-phase and (a + ß)-phase alloys have been described and this work has been extended to ß-stabilized systems. Specifically, transformations in the alloys Ti:20 wt pct V and Ti:11.6 wt pct Mo have been studied; in both of these alloys the ß phase is retained at room temperature when quenched from the ß-phase field. A number of phase transformations can occur in such metastable ß phases and the two alloys were chosen to include most of the transformations reported for ß-stabilized systems. We list these possible phase transformations below. Ti:11.6 Mo quenched from >780°C to retain the ß phase: a) The w phase can form on quenching.5 b) Martensite can be produced by subzero cooling or deformation. Two martensite habit planes have been reported in Ti:Mo alloys; (334)ß and (344)ß=6 c) On aging at temperatures <-550° C the w phase is formed before the a-phase.5,7 d) On aging at temperatures >550°C the a phase is formed.7 e) The martensite can be tempered. It has been reported that the a phase rather than the ß phase is precipitated during tempering.&apos; Ti:20V quenched from >660°C to retain the ß phase:9 a) At aging temperatures <260°C separation into two bcc phases occurs. b) The w-phase is produced prior to the a phase on aging at temperatures <-400°C. c) At temperatures 2400°C the a phase is formed directly. T-T-T diagrams describing the temperature and time regimes for the formation of these phases have been published7,9 for a Ti:12 pct Mo and a Ti:20 pct V alloy. We have attempted to investigate these transformations using transmission electron microscopy, however thin foils undergo a spontaneous transformation in all conditions except the equilibrium (a + ß) structure. This transformation has been reported previ0usly10,11 and we will comment on its morphology and nature in the various sections of experimental results. EXPERIMENTAL The compositions in wt pct of the two alloys investigated were: Ti:11.6 Mo, 0.100 02, 0.006 N2, 0.0015 H2 Ti:20V, 0.0574 O2, 0.0111 N2, 0.005 H2 These alloys were cold-rolled to 0.020 in. thick sheet. Specimens were heat treated in vacuum or in inert gas at temperatures >500°C and in a circulating air furnace at temperatures <500°C. Thin foils were prepared using standard techniques, described in detail previously." Dark field micrographs were obtained using high resolution technique. RESULTS Martensitic Transformation in Ti:11.6 pct Mo. Detailed study of the deformation induced martensite is not possible due to a spontaneous transformation which occurs near the edge of thin foils as shown in Fig. 1. Similar transformations have been observed in iron-" and copper-base13 alloys as well as other titanium alloys, but some observations specific to the Ti:1l.6 Mo alloy are listed below. a) The boundaries of these transformed regions are glissile and move under the influence of the electron beam during examination. b) Selected area diffraction indicates the transformed regions have the same structure as the matrix, being separated by tilt boundaries. The misori-

Jan 1, 1969

By W. J. Carlson, I. lwasaki

Manganese and silica in nonmagnetic tailings from the direct reduction-magnetic separation step were so closely associated that no physical concentration methods were effective. Dilute sulfuric acid dissolved manganese and iron rapidly; manganese in the form of silicates was virtually insoluble in sulfuric acid solutions, thereby governing the maximum extraction attained by leaching. Autoclave leaching at elevated temperatures and at high oxygen pressures reduced the iron extraction to less than one tenth without affecting the manganese extraction. There was an indication that autoclaving solubilized the manganese silicates appreciably. Elimination of iron from leach solutions was carried out by aerating the solution in the pH range of 6.5-7; a platinum-calomel electrode pair provided a reliable indicator for the end point of iron removal. The purified leach solutions were free of interfering impurities for the recovery of manganese as metal, dioxide, or carbonate. Manganiferous iron ores of the Cuyuna Range, Minn., are too low in iron content to be directly useful as iron ores, and too low in manganese content to be termed manganese ores. Common methods of physical beneficiation such as gravity concentration and flotation have not been successful in upgrading this material. The R-N process, when applied to manganiferous iron ores,1&apos;2 produces sponge iron by direct reduction of iron oxides, while leaving manganese as manganous oxide. From fine grinding and magnetic separation of the reduced ore, a tailing is produced which is relatively rich in manganese and low in iron content. The nonmagnetic tailing can readily be leached with acids and then further processed to recover manganese in various forms. In this way, two processes, neither of which would be an economic solution to the Cuyuna ore problem by itself, may be combined to produce two marketable products, thereby rendering the over-all process economically more attractive. This article reports on the results of a leaching study on the nonmagnetic tailings, both in a batch agitation vessel and in an autoclave; on the problems involved in the purification of leach liquors by aeration; and on the recovery techniques used to produce manganese metal by electrolysis, manganese dioxide either by electrolysis or by autoclaving, and

Jan 1, 1968

By P. K. Foster, C. M. Payne, A. McNabb

Some measurements of the rate of loss of hydrogen from cylinders of iron and steel are analyzed in terrns of a trapping theory. The apeement is encozcraging and gives rise to estimates for the density of traps in the metal. Furthermore, the results appear to be consistent with the assumption that the diffusion constant D for the steady flux of hydrogen through iron lies on the extrapolation of the linear curve (log D us 1/T) obtained at higher temperatures. IT has been shown in a previous paper1 that the literature relating to hydrogen diffusion in steels contains sufficient evidence to invalidate the application of Fick&apos;s laws to hydrogen diffusion in steel at low temperatures. To account for the deviations from simple diffusion behavior a trapping theory was developed, and the fundamental laws modified accordingly. In the present paper, new data on the evolution of hydrogen from long cylinders are presented, and together with some published data are examined in terms of the requirements of the theory.&apos; Properties of solutions of the basic equations derived previously1 and appropriate to the present experimental conditions are outlined in the first section as they determine the form in which the experimental data must be presented for a comparison of theory and experiment. Two new solutions not previously reported have been derived as described in the Appendix. The experiments and treatment of data are then given in Sections 2 and 3 and the results are discussed in Section 4. 1) THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The hydrogen-diffusion theory1 applied in this paper postulated that lattice-dissolved hydrogen at a concentration C diffuses randomly in accordance with Fick&apos;s first law, but that the lattice contains a uniform density N of traps which can capture and delay hydrogen atoms. kC atoms are trapped per second in a region containing unit concentration of vacant traps while p are released per second in a region containing unit concentration of occupied traps. On this basis it was shown (Eq. [30] of Ref. 1) that, when local changes in the lattice-dissolved concentration C are slow enough for equilibrium to be established with the traps, the system is represented in dimensionless form by the equation:

Jan 1, 1965

By R. H. Wightman

The following paper describes current mining practices of the Riverside Cement Co. at its Crestmore plant, Riverside, California. For a number of years the Riverside Cement Co. obtained its raw materials by surface quarry operations but after these deposits were exhausted for equipment available at that time, the company started underground mining. Mine workings were begun in 1927 to 1930 for the recovery of limestone by block-caving methods. Geology The bed of limestone that is being worked is a metamorphosed and recrystallized limestone, which is generally white in color and from medium to coarsely crystalline. This bed is fissured by water courses that vary from minute cracks to large areas. The bed has also been cracked by intrusions along the footwall and hanging wall. These walls are coarse-grained, gray, quartz granodiorite. The strike of the deposit is north and south and it dips to the east at an angle of approximately 50°. The bed is approximately 1700 ft. long, 270 ft, thick at right angles to the dip at the middle of the deposit and tapers to a thickness of approximately 100 ft. at each end. Mining Methods The mine layout consists of four main levels with elevations as follows: 892 Collar of shaft. 800 Manway level used for ventilation, prospect purposes and as an entrance into the stopes. 700 Mining level where all material is extracted and on which are located the tapping grizzlies. This is the elevation from which all main cutoff stopes and undercutting work is started. 660 Haulage level where the limestone is drawn from transfer raises into the cars and is transported to the tipple by electric locomotives. 633 Level where all water is collected and which keeps the general water table below the working levels. A detailed description of the mine was given in U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular No. 6795, in June 1934. Current Block Development The first blocks to be caved were developed very much after the procedure followed in the copper mines of Arizona. This paper covers the ninth block to be caved. with a hard, tough rock like our limestone, it was found that some alterations in the development and control of dm, i, caving were. necessary to secure better crushing effect and provide more safety for such secondary blasting as is required. Sequence of Block Development 1. The fringes of the 800-ft. manway level are driven to confirm the diamond-drill information and serve to determine the final location and development required for the block (Fig. I).

Jan 1, 1946

By R. H. Wightman

THE following paper describes current mining practices of the Riverside Cement Co. at its Crestmore plant, Riverside, California. For a number of years the Riverside Cement Co. obtained its raw materials by surface quarry operations but after these deposits were exhausted for equipment available at that time, the company started underground mining. Mine workings were begun in 1927 to 1930 for the recovery of limestone by block-caving methods. GEOLOGY The bed of limestone that is being worked is a metamorphosed and recrystallized limestone, which is generally white in color and from medium to coarsely crystalline. This bed is fissured by water courses that vary from minute cracks to large areas. The bed has also been cracked by intrusions along the footwall and hanging wall. These walls are coarse-grained, gray, quartz granodiorite. The strike of the deposit is north and south and it dips to the east at an angle of approximately 50º. The bed is approximately 1700 ft. long, 270 ft. thick at right angles to the dip at the middle of the deposit and tapers to a thickness of approximately 100 ft. at each end. MINING METHODS The mine layout consists of four main levels with elevations as follows: 892 Collar of shaft. 800 Manway level used for ventilation, prospect purposes and as an entrance into the stopes. 700 Mining level where all material is extracted and on which are located the tapping grizzlies. This is the elevation from which all main cutoff stopes and undercutting work is started. 660 Haulage level where the limestone is drawn from transfer raises into the cars and is transported to the tipple by electric locomotives. 633 Level where all water is collected and which keeps the general water table below the working levels. A detailed description of the mine was given in U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular No. 6795, in June 1934. Current Block Development The first blocks to be caved were developed very much after the procedure followed in the copper mines of Arizona. This paper covers the ninth block to be caved. With a hard, tough rock like our limestone, it was found that some alterations in the development and control of draw in caving were necessary to secure better crushing effect and provide more safety for such secondary blasting as is required. Sequence of Block Development I. The fringes of the 800-ft. manway level are driven to confirm the diamond drill information and serve to determine the final location and development required for the block (Fig. I).

Jan 1, 1944

By Howard A. Meyerhoff, J. Earl Frazier

It is not known when silica sand was first noticed along the north coast of Puerto Rico, but the first mention of its occurrence was made in 1922, by N. L. Britton,1 who described its presence in isolated patches extending from Loiza westward beyond Manati. Further observations were made in 1925 and 1926 by Meyerhoff,2 who extended the known occurrences still farther westward to the low hill belt in the Quebradillas limestone immediately south of Hatillo. The extraordinary purity of the sands, which in most localities exhibit no contamination from the non-siliceous materials surrounding them, was quickly appreciated, and the feasibility of utilizing them for the manufacture of glass was investigated, initially by the Committee on Mineral Resources3 and later (1936) by the Puerto Rico Recon-structionAdministration and by H. C. Ray, mining engineer of the Insular Bureau of Mines. In 1934 samples submitted to the Hazel Atlas Glass Co., of Washington, Pennsylvania, were reported to have the composition as shown in the table on column two. Appreciation of the quality of the sand prompted geological and quantitative studies of the deposits, as well as cornmercial investigations to determine the feasibility of utilizing it locally or on the mainland for the manufacture of glass containers. Distribution of the Sands The quartz sands consistently lie within the outcrop area of the Quebradillas limestone, the youngest of the Miocene formations in the Tertiary coastal plain that fringes the northern coast of the Island. Many of the deposits are closely associated with limestone outcrops, but some appear to be embedded in lagoonal sediments at some distance from rock exposures, and at least one deposit, near Dorado, has been reworked by waves and littoral currents. With this single known exception, the deposits consist of irregular, patternless patches of white sand, which have sharply defined contacts with the surrounding material. Although patches of sand are present in a 90-km. belt that is not more than 5 km. wide, extending from Loiza to Hatillo, they attain maximum size, purity and number in the north central coastal area between Dorado and Barceloneta. Fifty separate deposits have been mapped in Lago Tortuguero and to the south of it, some as small as 50 ft. in diameter but

Jan 1, 1948

By J. Earl Frazier, Howard A. Meyerhoff

It is not known when silica sand was first noticed along the north coast of Puerto Rico, but the first mention of its occurrence was made in 1922, by N. L. Britton,1 who described its presence in isolated patches extending from Loiza westward beyond Manati. Further observations were made in 1925 and 1926 by Meyerhoff,2 who extended the known occurrences still farther westward to the low hill belt in the Quebradillas limestone immediately south of Hatillo. The extraordinary purity of the sands, which in most localities exhibit no contamination from the non-siliceous materials surrounding them, was quickly appreciated, and the feasibility of utilizing them for the manufacture of glass was investigated, initially by the Committee on Mineral Resources3 and later (1936) by the Puerto Rico Recon-structionAdministration and by H. C. Ray, mining engineer of the Insular Bureau of Mines. In 1934 samples submitted to the Hazel Atlas Glass Co., of Washington, Pennsylvania, were reported to have the composition as shown in the table on column two. Appreciation of the quality of the sand prompted geological and quantitative studies of the deposits, as well as cornmercial investigations to determine the feasibility of utilizing it locally or on the mainland for the manufacture of glass containers. Distribution of the Sands The quartz sands consistently lie within the outcrop area of the Quebradillas limestone, the youngest of the Miocene formations in the Tertiary coastal plain that fringes the northern coast of the Island. Many of the deposits are closely associated with limestone outcrops, but some appear to be embedded in lagoonal sediments at some distance from rock exposures, and at least one deposit, near Dorado, has been reworked by waves and littoral currents. With this single known exception, the deposits consist of irregular, patternless patches of white sand, which have sharply defined contacts with the surrounding material. Although patches of sand are present in a 90-km. belt that is not more than 5 km. wide, extending from Loiza to Hatillo, they attain maximum size, purity and number in the north central coastal area between Dorado and Barceloneta. Fifty separate deposits have been mapped in Lago Tortuguero and to the south of it, some as small as 50 ft. in diameter but

Jan 1, 1948

By E. W. Henderson

Oil and gas development in Utah in 1936 added nothing of importance to the commercial possibilities of the state and consisted principally of efforts to reach objectives in wildcat wells started prior to 1936. Leasing activity on structures having oil and gas possibilities in beds of Pennsylvanian age or older followed announcement by the Standard Oil Company of California that a test of beds of Mississippian age would be made on the San Rafael structure. DRilling Clay Basin, Dagget County.—The Mountain Fuel Supply Co. completed a third well, sec. 16, T. 3 N., R. 24 E., on a flank of this structure. Total developed open flow of the field is approximately 50 million cubic feet and sufficient reserve has been established to warrant construction in 1937 of a pipe line connecting with the Salt Lake City-Ogden line. San Rafael, Emery County.—The Standard Oil Company of California started a wildcat test in sec. 22, T. 23 S., R. 11 E. Circulation was lost in a water-filled cavity, in dolomitic limestone, below 2185 ft. and the hole conditioned as a water supply for drilling a second test in sec. 27, T. 23 S., R. 11 E. The Carter Oil Co. in 1921 drilled a well in sec. 24, T. 23 S., R. 11 E., which was abandoned at a depth of 3035 ft. after testing at least a part of the Pennsylvanian section. Czsco, Grand County.—Drilling operations at the Utah Sout.hern Oil Company&apos;s test in sec. 33, T. 22 S., R. 22 E., continued throughout the year. Information obtained by means of a seismographic survey of the area indicated that beds of Pennsylvanian age would be found at approximately 2500 ft. The bottom of the hole at 6300 ft. is believed to be in beds of Pennsylvanian age but positive determination has not been made froin the drill cuttings. Green River, Grand County.—Test of Glen Ruby et al., sec. 34, T. 21 S., R. 16 E., was abandoned at 2627 ft. as a dry hole after drilling into Permian Kaibab limestone. Shows of oil and gas were reported and a flow of carbon dioxide gas under low pressure encountered.

Jan 1, 1937

Question 1—1s Structural Deformation of Some Character Always Necessary for the Migration of Mineralizing Solutions. Especially in Limestone or Other Dense Rocks Discussion by: A. M. Bateman.........120 S. F. Kelly........... 125 C. H. Behre. Jr........118.123 G. B. Langford......... 123 T. M. Broderick.........121 H. E. McKinstry......... 116 R. H. Clarke.......... 123 D. H. McLaughlin........ 118 J. D. Forrester for M. H. Gidel . . 11.4 W. H. Newhouse......... 123 G. M. Fowler......112. 116. 121 R. H. Sales.......... 116 L. C. Graton..........121 Edward Sampson......... 122 R. D. Hoffman.........120 J. 8. Stevenson.......... 117 I. B. Joralemon.........121 L.B.Wright........... 112 Question 2—What Are Some of the Chemical and Physical Characteristics in Certain Beds within a Limestone Formation that Determine Their Favorable or Unfavorable Aspects as Reservoirs for Ore and Other Introduced Minerals? Drscussion by: G. W. Bain....... 127 G. M. Fowler....... 131 C. H. Behre, Jr. ..... 131 L. C. Graton....... 128 J. S. Brown. ...... 126 G.. F. Loughlin...... 128 E. L. Bruce ....... 129 R. H. Sales........ 129 R. H. Clarke...... 130 A. K. Snelgrove....... 130 Question 3—Are There Any Criteria by Which One Can Determine When Mining Operations Have Reached the Roots of an Ore Deposit? Discussion by: J. M. Boutwell...... 139 G. B. Langford..... 139 T. M. Broderick..... 138 . G. F. Loughlin...... 135 E. Y. Dougherty..... 137 R. H. Sales...... . 134 G. M. Fowler....... 132 F. A. Thomson..... 136 I. B. Joralcmon...... 132 Edward Wisser:..... 140 General s. F. Kelly................. . ...........145 References...............................146

Jan 1, 1941

Question 1—1s Structural Deformation of Some Character Always Necessary for the Migration of Mineralizing Solutions. Especially in Limestone or Other Dense Rocks Discussion by: A. M. Bateman.........120 S. F. Kelly........... 125 C. H. Behre. Jr........118.123 G. B. Langford......... 123 T. M. Broderick.........121 H. E. McKinstry......... 116 R. H. Clarke.......... 123 D. H. McLaughlin........ 118 J. D. Forrester for M. H. Gidel . . 11.4 W. H. Newhouse......... 123 G. M. Fowler......112. 116. 121 R. H. Sales.......... 116 L. C. Graton..........121 Edward Sampson......... 122 R. D. Hoffman.........120 J. 8. Stevenson.......... 117 I. B. Joralemon.........121 L.B.Wright........... 112 Question 2—What Are Some of the Chemical and Physical Characteristics in Certain Beds within a Limestone Formation that Determine Their Favorable or Unfavorable Aspects as Reservoirs for Ore and Other Introduced Minerals? Drscussion by: G. W. Bain....... 127 G. M. Fowler....... 131 C. H. Behre, Jr. ..... 131 L. C. Graton....... 128 J. S. Brown. ...... 126 G.. F. Loughlin...... 128 E. L. Bruce ....... 129 R. H. Sales........ 129 R. H. Clarke...... 130 A. K. Snelgrove....... 130 Question 3—Are There Any Criteria by Which One Can Determine When Mining Operations Have Reached the Roots of an Ore Deposit? Discussion by: J. M. Boutwell...... 139 G. B. Langford..... 139 T. M. Broderick..... 138 . G. F. Loughlin...... 135 E. Y. Dougherty..... 137 R. H. Sales...... . 134 G. M. Fowler....... 132 F. A. Thomson..... 136 I. B. Joralcmon...... 132 Edward Wisser:..... 140 General s. F. Kelly................. . ...........145 References...............................146

Jan 1, 1941

By Michel L. Bilodeau

The objective of delineation drilling is to provide a data base for the tonnage and grade estimates required to evaluate the economics of mine development. As drilling information is accumulated, geological risk is reduced and more reliable estimates of tonnage and grade are obtained. Investment in drilling is justified by the benefits which result from improving the reliability of the economic criteria evaluated. These benefits are subject to diminishing returns, i.e. as drilling information is accumulated the reliability of the economic criteria evaluated is improved but at a decreasing rate. At the same time, costs are incurred -- the direct investment cost associated with additional drilling and the time cost of delaying possible production revenues. The economic sampling limit is de- fined by the point at which the marginal benefits from drilling investment just balance the marginal costs. The paper describes the formulation of an economic model to optimize investment in delineation drilling. The model is applied to a simulated mineral deposit to illustrate the economic effects of a sequential drilling program.

Jan 1, 1977

By G. W. Imholz

A number of interesting wells were drilled in north central Texas during 1940. The Shell Oil Company&apos;s Smith well in scc. 143, block I, H. and T. C. survey, Stonewall County, was completed for an initial production of 581 bbl. per day from the Mississippian limestone, with a total depth of 6065 ft. The same company&apos;s Patterson well, sec. 393, block D. H. and T. C. survey, Stonewall County, tested the Ellenburger limestone and was abandoned as a dry hole with a total depth of 6760 feet. In Nolan County the Tex-Harvey Oil Co. drilled a well in sec. 43, near the Tipton well, which was completed as a small producer in the Strawn section. The Tex-Harvey well tested this producing horizon but was abandoned as a dry hole with a total depth of 5210 feet. The Montour-Haggart well, sec. 184, block 2, H. and T. C. survey, Fisher County, tested the Strawn and was abandoned with a total depth of 5664 feet. The Georgian Oil Company&apos;s Blach, sec. 309, T. R. and L.. Shackelford County, encountered the top of the Ellenburger limestone at 4725 ft. After being plugged back to 3915 It. from a total depth of 4825 ft., the well tested 10 bbl, of oil per day and 300 bbl. of water. The W. I. Sothern No. 2 Carlisle well in sec. 293 was deepened to the Cambrian. The top of the Ellenburger was encountered at 6540 fcet. A wildcat well in Fisher County, the E. A. Stephenson-Maberry, apparently opened a new pool when the well encountered sand from 3298 lo 3302 ft. and was completed for 50 bbl. per day in the Cook sand horizon. In Jones County, the King Oil Company&apos;s Olsen well, sec. 158, B. B. B. and C. survey, extended the Avoca-Olander pool. The well was completed for 263 bbl. in 8 1/2 hr. from the Palo Pinto limestone, from 3298 to 3302 ft. Ungren-Frazier extended the Akard pool with No. I Akard, in the D. &apos;T. Bruce survey. The well was completed for 83 bbl. per day from the Cook sand, encountered from 2109 to 2126 feet.

Jan 1, 1941