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By Albert D. Brokaw

THE accompanying chart was devised to provide a rapid and simple method of correcting for temperature and compressibility (deviation from Boyle's law) of gas under relatively high pressures and temperatures, such as are encountered in many deep reservoirs. The chart was prepared by interpolating for the desired values in the experimental data of Burke and Keyes1 and Kvalnes and Gaddy2 on the compressibility of methane, after adjusting their results from 0°C. to 60°F. and combining the correction factors for compressibility and temperature into a single multiplier, which, applied to the product of pressure and reservoir volume, gives at once the volume at one atmosphere (14.7 lb. per sq. in. abs.) and 60°F. The relationship 0f this multiplier to the compressibility factor Z, as used in most discussions, is simply: [Multiplier = 460° + 60°ZT –] where Z is the compressibility factor and T the absolute temperature (Rankine). Fahrenheit temperatures are shown on the vertical axis and pressures in pounds per square inch absolute on the horizontal axis. Correction factors or multipliers at intervals of 0.05 from 0.55 to 1.40 have been plotted on the chart and are calculated t0 give volume of gas at one atmosphere pressure (14.7 lb.) and 60°F. The operation is as follows: The reservoir volume, times the number of atmospheres pressure, times the multiplier, gives the volume of gas measured at one atmosphere (14.7 lb. per sq. in.) and 60°F. For example, a reservoir is estimated to have a volume of 10,000,000 cu. ft., bottom-hole pressure is 2940 lb. per sq. in. and temperature is 184°F To make the correction for methane, follow the 184° line horizontally to the 2940-lb. pressure line. The intersection lies between the 0.85 and 0.90 correction lines, and by interpolation we may estimate the multiplier at 0.863. The computation is simply: [ ] Using the chart for methane prepared by Prof. G. G. Brown3 and his associates, the multiplier is found to be 0.867. Details 0f computation are as follows: Correction factor to apply to PV to correct for deviation from Boyle's law and adjust to measurement basis of 60°F.: [ ]

Jan 1, 1941

By Lars Rossemyr, Terkel Rosenqvist

The equilibrium Mn + 2 IiCl = MnCl2(g) + H2 has been studied at 1090°C for pure manganese and for Mn-Si alloys. For this reoction a standard free energy of Fo1363, = - 19,700 i 300 col ioas found. Combined with other thermal data, the standard free energy of the reaction Mn(s, ß) + Cl2 = MnCl2(g) was derived: Fo=- 56,140 + 9.78 T log T - 40.10 T For the formation of the various manganese silicides the following free energies were obtained. 5 Mn + 3 Si - M1z5Si3 ?F°1363 = -41,500 i 1500 cal Mn + Si - h.lnSi ?F°1363= -10,000 i 500 cnl Mn + 2 Si = MnSiz ?F°1363= -11,500 ± 500 cal In the search for a method suitable for the study of thermodynamic properties of certain alloy systems, it was found that the heterogeneous equilibrium between the alloy and a gas mixture consisting of hydrogen chloride, hydrogen, and volatile metal chlorides has considerable advantages. In addition to giving thermodynamic information about the alloys, such measurements may be used to derive thermodynamic data for the volatile metal chloride itself. The present paper gives some results which were obtained for manganese silicides and manganous chloride. Similar studies are presently being carried out for the iron silicides. The phase diagram of the Mn-Si system is rather well known,' but no information exists to the authors' knowledge about the thermodynamic properties of manganese silicides or about the chemical activities in molten Mn-Si alloys. At elevated temperature, manganese may react with hydrogen chloride according to the equation: Mn(s, ß ) + 2 HC1 = MnC1, (g ) + H2 [ 1] with the equilibrium constant The value of K, may be determined from measurements of the gas composition in equilibrium with pure manganese. When this value is used in connection with measurements on manganese alloys, the chemical activity of manganese in the alloy may be derived. Initial calculations showed that around 1000" to 1200°C the equilibrium constant K1 has a value of a few thousand, i.e., the reaction is shifted far to the right. In order to study this rather unbalanced gas composition, a flow method was used in two slightly different modifications. For all experiments with manganese silicides and for some experiments with pure manganese the apparatus shown on Fig. 1 was used. A bed of the metal or alloy was placed in a tube furnace. The refractory tube had an internal diameter of 14 mm and the bed was 75 mm long. Electrolytic manganese of high purity and silicon, 99.95 pct Si, were used as raw materials. All alloys were prepared by melting weighed amounts of the elements in a high frequency induction furnace in argon atmosphere. The melting was done in a silica crucible which was placed inside a graphite shell. The alloys were crushed to - 10 +40 mesh and analyzed chemically. Also, for the pure elements, the same size fraction was used. A controlled gas mixture of purified hydrogen and from 3 to 12 pct HC1 was passed through the bed where it reacted with manganese according to Eq. [I]. The volatile manganese chloride was collected in a condenser placed in the cooler part of the furnace tube. The gas mixture before and after the furnace was sampled and analyzed by absorption of

Jan 1, 1962

By P. K. Koh, G. C. Dunn

Si-Fe single crystals in a number of selected orientations were cold rolled 70 pct and analyzed to obtain quantitative (110) pole figures. Stable end orientations were ddetermined, and the effect of orientation on deformation behavior was investigated. WHEN single crystals are cold rolled sufficiently, they rotate into end orientations that are stable or unchanged in position with additional deformation. The end orientations of heavily cold-rolled iron crystals, positioned in holes in copper to limit lateral flow and to simulate polycrystalline conditions during deformation, were determined by Barrett and Levenson.' They found that the sum of the end orientations, a pole figure for all the crystals studied, reproduced the essential features of the cold-rolled texture of polycrystalline iron. In. an investigation of Fe-Si alloys, Barrett, Ansel, and Mehl' observed little effect of silicon content on the textures of heavily cold-rolled samples. Since alloys with less than 4 pct Si are known to have the same slip systems as iron," it seems logical to expect that they would also have the same end orientations as those for iron. Whereas Barrett and Levenson in their study of single crystals were interested in the problem of the origin of the cold-rolled texture of polycrystalline iron, the present authors are more interested in the final cold-rolled textures of single crystals of Si-Fe from the point of view of their relationship to subsequent recrystallization phenomena which will be reported in another paper. Nevertheless, such points as the tendency of an end orientation not to rotate (stability), the tendency of a pole concentration to spread out, and the tendency of the crystal to widen during cold rolling become interesting separately when the initial orientations are selected already in end orientations. Also the initial orientations having a [I101 axis parallel with the transverse direction, which include the two end orientations (111) [Ti21 and (001) [110], comprise a series that needs further clarification regarding the way such crystals rotate during deformation. Finally the present use of quantitative pole figure methods* represents an advance over the X-ray photographic method employed by Barrett and Levenson in their work on end orientations. The present investigation provides information on the cold-rolling behavior of two groups of Si-Fe crystals: 1-—crystals initially oriented in recognized end orientations for iron crystals with a [I101 direction parallel with the rolling direction, and 2— crystals initially oriented with a [I101 direction 90" to the rolling direction and in the rolling plane. For the second group, there is a 90" range between the (001) [110] orientation and the (110) [001] orientation. Since the 35" portion of this range from (110) [OOl] to (111) Di2] was included in a previous investigation," only the remaining 55" portion from (111) fii2] to (001) [I101 needs further consideration. Also, since both (111) [xi21 and (001) [I101 are end orientations for iron crystals,' there might be a critical orientation* or orientation range be- • W. W. Martin and C. G. Dunno noted that (112) [Till was such a critical orientation. tween them such that early in the deformation an orientation within this critical range splits into two orientations. Upon further deformation, these two orientations rotate to produce a final texture consisting of (001) [1101 and (111) [?i2] components. The end orientations obtained are discussed in connection with the work of Barrett and Levenson, while the observed tendency for lateral flow of crystals in these orientations is treated in terms of the theory of Hibbard and Yen.' Lateral flow according to the theory increases with deviation of the plane containing the rolling direction and the slip direction from a position perpendicular to the plane of rolling. Experimental Procedure Single crystals in sheet form with preselected orientations were prepared by methods that have been described elsewhere." Three lots designated A, B,

Jan 1, 1956

By Renato G. Bautista, Robert A. Hard

A comparative study has been made of the ex-tractability of several of the transitim metals from thiocyanate sohtions using methyl isobutyl ketone as the organic solvent. Extractions were made of scandium (III), chromium (III), manganese (II), iron (III), and cobalt (II), of which only the scandium , iron, and cobalt were readily extracted. All extractions were made at pH 2 and at 25.5 °C. A series of extraction experiments was made on scandium, iron, and cobalt to determine the effect of thiocyanate cmcentration added as the ammonium and also as the calcium salt. Also determined was the effect of metal ion concentratim and ionic strength on the distribution ratio. Analyses of the organic extracts indicated the scandium and iron were extracted principally in the uncharged trithiocyanate form, while the extractable form of the cobalt contained the cobaltotetrathiocyanate anion. THE chemical separation of metal complexes in solution by solvent extraction has in recent years been developed for large scale separation as well as bench scale work in the laboratory. It has also found increased application in analytical chemistry. Its extension to extractive metallurgy as a unit operation is best illustrated in the recovery of uranium and vanadium from their leached liquor.5-8 The extractability of some thiocyanate systems have been extensively investigated. The rate earths have been separated from one another using butanol as a olvent. Scandium was effectively extracted in ethyl ether using ammonium thiocyanate as the com-plexing agent.'' Similarly, the separation of hafnium from zirconium has been reported using ether""' or hexone13 as the organic solvent. The extractability of various metal thiocyanates in ethyl ether is given by 0ck.l Sharp and Wilkinson15 prepared nickel-free cobalt slats by thiocyanate extraction. The mechanism of extraction of titanium (IV) thiocyanate with methyl isobutyl ketone was determined by elafosse.''" The characterization of cobalt (TI) thiocyanate complex using methyl isobutyl ketone as the solvent at near neutral aqueous solution and the spectrometric studies of the ex-tractable cobalt complex has been made by Hard." It is noteworthy to mention at this point that the fundamental characteristic of ketone (oxonium) solvent extraction is that the extractable species are uncharged ion pairs solvated by the ketone molecules, but probably still partially hydrated.

Jan 1, 1963

By S. G. Cupschalk, F. A. Dahlman, J. J. Wert

Studies have been undertaken to determine the indicidual effects of particle size, degree of long-range ovder, antiphase domain size, and root mean square stran on the microhardness and yield strength of ordered alloys. Dnta have been analyzed for Cu3Pt initzally ordered to a value of 0.82 and after deformations of 1 and 6 pct. It was observed that deformation fleatly reduced the degree of long-range order. Furtherrnore, wztkin this range of relatively small deforntntlons, the average particle size changed very little while the antiphase domain size was greatly reduced. Smultaneosly, the mcrohardness changed by a factor of two durzng the deforrtation process. PREVIOUS studies have reported some of the effects of cold work on the broadening of X-ray diffraction peaks. These investigations were performed on powder and wire samples representing both ordered and disordered states; i.e., the specimens were initially studied in a severly cold-worked condition. By comparing the difference in line shape between the annealed and cold-worked peaks, fundamental information was obtained concerning particle size, strain distribution in different crystallographic directions, degree of long-range order, and change in antiphase domain size. Considerable theoretical work has been done concerning the analysis of diffraction data obtained from cold-worked metals. Stokes' expressed the change in diffraction profiles in terms of Fourier coefficients. Much of the work in this area has been summarized by warren2 in an extensive review article concerning the analysis of plastic deformation by X-ray diffraction. Cohen and Bever3 applied these techniques in studying the effects of cold work on alloy systems exhibiting long-range order. They utilized the Fourier coefficients of fundamental peaks in conjunction with those of the superlattice peaks to determine the change in antiphase domain size. Little work of this nature has been reported for ordered systems that have undergone small degrees of plastic deformation. The purpose of this investiga-tion was to determine the effects of small deformations in such a material with respect to particle size, strain distribution in various crystallographic directions, antiphase domain size, degree of long-range order, and hardness. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE CusPt was used for the initial investigation since the order-disorder transformation takes place with- out a change in crystal structure. The transformation is readily detectable via X-ray diffraction techniques due to the large difference in the scattering factors of copper and platinum. Additionally, the alloy is relatively low melting (approximately 1300°C) and is easily deformable in both the ordered and disordered states. 1) Specimen Preparation and Cold Working. A 100-g, 12-in. diam., cylindrical specimen of Cu3Pt was prepared by melting and casting 99.99 pct pure Cu and Pt i.n vacuo. Prior to any mechanical working, the material was homogenized in a vacuum for 60 hr at 100O0C, and surface defects were removed by machining to a depth of approximately 116 of an in. The material was then cold-rolled, with an intermediate anneal, into a strip approximately 12 in. wide by 14 in. thick. Straightening and flattening removed another 0.025 in. from the thickness. After a recrystallization treatment at 750°C for 30 min, the specimen was slow-cooled from 55OoC, at the rate of 6°C per hr, down to 150°C to induce superlattice formation. This treatment yielded an ASTM grain size of 7 and a degree of long-range order equal to 0.83 0.06. After obtaining X-ray and Knoop hardness data, the sample was cold-rolled approximately 0.75 pct in one pass through a hand-operated jewelers' mill. X-ray and hardness data were again obtained and the specimen was reduced an additional 5.41 pct in a single pass through the mill. 2) X-Ray Measurements. The specimen was examined in the ordered condition and after the two degrees of cold working previously mentioned using a General Electric XRD-5 unit equipped with a spectrometer and scintillation counter. Using Mo-Ka radiation with a zirconium filter, six orders of the 100 reflection were obtained. It was anticipated that point counting would be necessary for an accurate determination of the low-intensity peaks and tails: however, it was demonstrated that, by using a scanning speed of 0.2 deg per min and the appropriate time constant, the recorded data were sufficiently accurate. Thus, for ease of experimental procedure, all peaks were recorded on chart paper. Specimen position in the holder was considered to be insignificant after making a series of measurements of the same peak area in different positions with respect to the beam. Since peak overlapping did occur at high values of 20, it was necessary to separate the peaks graphically prior to analyzing the data in order to minimize this source of error. The peak tails were also carefully drawn to obtain the best possible data. Fourier coefficients of the line profiles were calculated on an IBM 7072 computer, and graphical meth-ods2j3 were employed in analyzing the results. For this type of calculation, in which the line profile is represented by intensities taken at set intervals, the intervals selected must be sufficiently small to give an accurate representation of the line profile. It was decided that for 20 = 0.02 deg the line profiles were

Jan 1, 1967

By A. Lee Barrett

AN accelerated trend toward mechanical mining was noted in 1940, calling for improvements in and better performance of transportation, hoisting, and ventilating equipment. One of the most interesting experi¬ments in transportation is the track shuttle-car operation first put into use by the Princeton Mining Co. in Indiana and later at the Montour 4 mine of the Pittsburgh Coal Co. This system is based on the use of 10-ton drop-bottom mine cars operating on track and han¬dled by an ordinary gathering loco¬motive. These mine cars are loaded and taken in trips of two to a central dumping station which serves four or less loading machines. The dumping station consists of two standard chain-and-flight room conveyors, approximately 50 ft. long placed side by side approximately 4 ft. below the track from which the drop-bottom cars are dumped. These conveyors are operated at low speed and discharge into two similar elevating conveyors which operate at a higher speed and convey the coal to a trip of standard mine cars. A dumping station is usually located so that approximately 500,000 tons of coal may be handled through it before a move is required. This plan appears to have considerable possibilities for the mine equipped with small mine cars and standard locomotives since the advantages of large mine cars can be secured at a fraction of the cost required to install such cars throughout the mine. It appears logical that the future will see a much wider use of this modification in transportation.

Jan 1, 1941

By R. W. Raymond

In my paper on " End-Lines and Side-Lines in the Mining Law," read at the New York meeting of February, 1889 (Trans., xvii., 787), I discussed certain points involving the rights of a locator, B, who had located and surveyed a piece of ground, X + Y, of which only Y was properly subject to location, X being already held by another claimant, and had applied for and received a patent, granting X + Y, " excepting and excluding X." The paper concluded with the following questions : " Is there any difference in effect between the grant to him of Y simply and the grant of X + Y, ' excepting and excluding X' ? Why should any mining locator stake out his boundaries upon another location, and thus appear to assert a claim which he immediately withdraws? What is the legal force of such boundaries, established upon the land of another?" After calling attention to the fact that the entrance upon another's land for such a purpose is a trespass, and the principle that no trespasser can create by his trespass any right which he would not have without it, I reserved to another occasion a review of the history of the absurd practice of imaginary boundaries for mining claims, and a discussion of their legal effect. This practice is founded, of course, in the regulations and decisions of the United States General Land Office. There is nothing in the Revised Statutes which hints at it. On the contrary, the terms of Section 2322, giving to a locator " the exclusive right of possession and enjoyment" of the surface of his claim, seems clearly to forbid the use of that surface for the boundary-stakes of another locator. But the Act of 1866, though it provided for the issue of patents upon payment to the Government of so much per acre, and really by implication (as I have always believed) involved the absolute grant of the surface, was not so construed by the courts generally, or by the Land Office. Surveys were laid one over another in inextricable confusion, and the United States sold at $5 per acre the

Jan 1, 1890

Discussion of the paper of H. R. Barnhurst, presented at the New York Meeting, October, 1913, and printed in Bulletin No. 82, October, 1913, pp. 2523 to 2532. H. R. BARNHURST :-I would say that in that experimental furnace we were trying to adopt the proper form for burning low-volatile coal. I was enabled on one occasion to burn coke having 15 per cent. ash. Tailings, or washings from the preparation of coal for by-product coke ovens, which came to me 52 per cent. ash, were burned without any trouble. So that ash really might be regarded as not burning, but simply diluting the fuel that was there, without doing any particular harm except that we had to put in more of the material to get the same quantity of heat. With anthracite, I burned coal right along with from 24 to 27 per cent. ash, but it took a furnace of peculiar form in which the products of combustion had to be diverted to the point of entrance of the fuel. With an ordinary furnace the fuel is deflagrated by its surroundings as soon as it enters the furnace. In a cement furnace this action is secured by the hot clinker passing clown, and the walls of the kiln are heated upon contact with it, revolving as they do', so that deflagration occurs very quickly in a cement kiln. Deflagration would occur very quickly in an open-hearth furnace also. There is no trouble in burning anthracite coal under those conditions for three or four days successively. It should be very well dried and thoroughly pulverized. Aside from that, there is no trouble. WILLIAM A. EVANS,* Boston, Mass. :-In a 52 per cent. ash, or any high-ash coal, what disposition is made of the ash ? MR. BARNHURST :-Most of it went out through the flues. Some of it remained in the boiler and a quantity remained in the furnace. We raked it out and carried it away. MR. EVANS :-Do you experience the forming of stags in flues with such coal as that?

Jan 12, 1913

By T. B. Brooks

THE iron ores of the Marquette region are mostly extracted in open excavations ; hence the process is more properly quarrying. Several attempts at underground work have been made, which have not, on the whole, been successful. The Edwards mine has been almost entirely wrought by candle-light. The slate ore pit, No. 1, of the New England mine, is now worked in the same way, as is also the Pioneer furnace pit of the Jackson mine. The Champion mine was opened systematically for underground work, with two levels, 60 feet apart, and three shafts at distances apart along the bed. of 200 feet; but this idea has been practically abandoned, the greater part of the ore in that mine being now taken out in open pits. Several other mines have occasionally worked underground stopes, but only temporarily; if such stopes could not be opened out to day-light, they have usually been abandoned. In brief, it may be said that no considerable amount of ore has as yet (1870).been extracted underground in the region, and of that so mined very little has been taken out at a profit; and I may add that it seems to be the belief of the most experienced mining men that this state of things will hold for some time to come for reasons which will appear. Nearly the same remarks may be applied to the mines of the Iron Mountain region, Missouri, the ores of which are very similar in character to those of Marquette. Some of the New York and New Jersey magnetic deposits are wrought open, but this is the exception, underground mining there being the rule. The following brief sketch of the geological structure of the Marquette deposits will indicate some advantages of the method of mining employed. The iron-bearing (Huronian) series of rocks, are stratified beds, the principal ore formation being overlaid by a quartzite, and underlaid by a diorite, or greenstone. This ore formation is made up, first, of pure ore ; second, of a mixed ore" (i. e., banded * A second part of this paper was read before the American Society of Civil Engineers. Both papers are embraced in Chapter IX, Part I, Vol. II, Geological Survey of Michigan.

Jan 1, 1873

By H. E. Ellis, O. L. Patterson, Granville Dutton

A large-scale water-injection program for the Holt Bryant reservoir of the Delhi field has been established by means of the new automatic multi-pool analyzer. The objectives of this program were to increase reservoir pressure and eliminate a cross-dip gradient of 200 psi. Pressure increases during the first 15 months of operation have allowed for increased oil production rates of 2,600 BID or 25 per cent. To determine the required water injection it was necessary to predict natural water influx ram. Elimination of the pressure gradients required the water-injection program to account for the fluid migration and pressure interaction between segments of the reservoir. An integral part of the ana1ysis included the determination of in-place volumes of oil and gas. The operation of the automatic multi-pool analyzer in determining the water-injection program is described. New features of the analyzer inc1ude an automatic maferial balance analog and a leart-squares computer for determination of unknown reservoir properties. Operational procedures are sufficiently simple to allow direct use by reservoir engineers on a routine basis. The rapidity and accuracy with which problems may be solved permit repeated ana1yses as a check upon reservoir performance. INTRODUCTION This paper describes the use of a new analog com- puter in determining the optimum injection program for a complex reservoir. The Holt-Bryant (Fig. 1) is the major reservoir in the Delhi field of Louisiana. Production is from the Tuscaloosa at subsea depths of 2,970 to 3,286 ft. The sand dips to the south and southwest from three to five degrees. The reservoir is approximately 12 miles long and varies in width from 1/2 to 2 miles. Various calculations have placed the initial volume of oil in-place in the wide range of 275 to 355 million STB. Two small gas caps were initially present in the reservoir. The Holt-Bryant reservoir was discovered in Dec.. 1944, and was fully developed with 188 producing wells by 1948. After development was completed, an east-west pressure gradient began to establish itself. This

Jan 1, 1957

By Paul F. Kerr

QUARTZ of a certain kind, is one of our strategic minerals, and Brazil is probably the one important available source. Crystals of quartz of suitable size and perfection for piezoelectrical application are rare; their most outstanding use is in radio work. Clear quartz, or "crystal," free from twinning, cracks, foreign particles of other disturbing lines of growth, and gaseous or liquid inclusions, is cut into plates which provide excellent control of frequency in broadcasting. The squares or rectangles are less than a millimeter in thickness and ordinarily on the order of 1 in. along each side. They are cut at definite angles with respect to the axes of the crystal, and ground with opposite surfaces parallel. Each small slab must be a section of one crystal, uniform throughout in atomic alignment. The thickness of the chip controls the frequency of a broadcast and it is most important to have the plates oriented and ground with utmost precision. Opposite surfaces are parallel to within 0.001 mm. and expansion or contraction due to the temperature is limited to one part in a million.

Jan 1, 1942

By Henry M. Howe

THE death of Sir Lowthian Bell removes almost the last of the group of heroic leaders who made their age and ours the Age of Steel-a group which his luster and the luster of his peers, Bessemer, Siemens and Tunner, made one of the most brilliant, perhaps even the most brilliant, in the annals of industry. Born on February 15th, 1816, in Newcastle-on-Tyne, he was the eldest son of Thomas Bell, an alderman of Newcastle, and of his wife Catherine Lowthian of Newbiggin, near Carlisle, in Cumberland, and was christened Isaac Lowthian, the name of his maternal grandfather. His father was born about 1788, and came in 1808 from Newbiggin to Newcastle, where he entered the office of the Cumbrian firm of Losh and Company, manufacturers of alkali and wrought-iron, at the Walker Iron and Alkali Works, at Walker, Dear Newcastle. Young Isaac Lowthian Bell was educated at Dr. Bruce's school in Newcastle, whence he went to Germany and Denmark, learning there German and Danish. On his return he studied at Edinburgh University, and then at the Sorboune in Paris. As a student he already showed the remarkable character and application which later gained him such distinction. After studying the manufacture of alkali near Marseilles, he returned, and when about twenty years old (A.D. 1836) was employed in his father's firm, then called Losh, Wilson, and Bell. After spending a year in their Newcastle offices, and after visiting the important iron-making districts of France, Germany, Poland, and Austria, he took charge of their rolling-mills at Walker, and profited so well by his opportunities, and especially by the teachings of his father and of Mr. John Vaughan (later one of the founders of the great firm of Bolckow, Vaughan & Co.), that he was made manager of the Walker works in or about

Sep 1, 1905

By S. J. Kidder, G. C. McCartney

THE Helen Mine, of the Algoma Steel Corporation, in the Michipicoten district, Ontario, Canada, has produced more than 6,240,290 tons of iron ore. Prior to and during World War I, 2,823,369 gross tons of brown ore were shipped, and from 1939 to the end of the 1944 season, 3,416,921 gross tons of siderite ore were produced from open-pit operations. Brief descriptions are given of the nature of the ore, the mining methods employed and the manner of treatment of the ore. Shipment of the finished product, known as Algoma sinter, is made to blast furnaces in both Canada and the United States. The iron-ore bodies-i.e., the oxide ores of the Old Helen and the siderite of the New Helen-are a part of a tabular shaped area of iron formation that extends over a length of more than 10,000 ft. and has a maximum width of 1000 ft. The ores are considered to be a product of introduction of iron-bearing material accompanied by replacement of the rocks already present. It is shown that introduction took place subsequent to the development of the major folded structures. It is believed the iron-bearing material emanated from an igneous source.

Jan 1, 1946

By Ralph Hayden

PAGE I. IntRoduction........239 II. Definition of Anaconda SLime....240 III. The Source of Slime......240 Remodeled Flow Sheet......240 Old Plow Sheet,.......242 IV. ConStitution of Slimes......243 Chemical........243 Physical.........243 V. The Slime Problem.......247 VI. THe Experimental Slime Plant....248 VII. Slime Thickeners. ETc .......249 Slime Ponds........249 Tanks.........249 Comparative Efficiency of Open and Baffle Tanks .260 Callow Tanks........252 Kuchs-Laist Centrifugal Separator....253 Garred Filter........256 Dorr Continuous Thickener.....256 VIII. Concentrators........257 Round Table........558 Peck Centrifugal Concentrator....259 Competitive Tests.......260 Twenty-Deck Round Table..... 260 Slime Feed Distributor......261 IX. ConcluSion.........262 I. Introduction. In the wet concentration of ores there is always a certain amount of very fine material with which to contend. and which invariably carries such quantities of value that the treatment of it is worth while. commercially. This fine material usually contains that portion of the ore which hinders the separation of the mineral values: namely. the colloidal material resulting from the decomposition of certain constituents of the ore. The object of this paper is to show what efforts have been made to solve the slime problem as it occurs in the concentrator of the Washoe

Jan 1, 1914

By AIME AIME

LIFE in few countries is dominated by geographic conditions to the degree that it is in Peru. The broad plateau of the Andes, bordered by lofty ice-clad ranges with deeply eroded flanks, imposes a pattern on the region to which most human activities must conform. On the Pacific side, desert conditions prevail, interrupted only by irrigated valleys along rivers that descend from the highlands. Above seven or eight thousand feet the rocky ridges become grass covered, and the central zone is one of high pastures with cultivation in the valleys or on terraced slopes except at altitudes over 15,000 ft. where glaciated landscapes prevail. Each of the three belts has its own distinctive resources and climate, and each its own special ways in which its inhabitant, must make a living. The Pacific region is one of the most arid regions in the world. Except for the irrigation, the country is an unmiti¬gated desert. The climate, in spite of the tropical latitudes, is mild with the heat relieved by air from the adjoining cold ocean. Fogs are prevalent throughout the winter months but precipitation is scarcely measurable. Ideal conditions exist for cultivation of sugar and cotton which are the dominant crops. Lima, the capital. situated in one of the most productive valleys, is an impressive city which in its modern development is well maintaining the high position it held when it was the

Jan 1, 1945

By Robert Mehl

THE Widmanstätten figures found in the steels have been long recog-nized and in some aspects carefully studied,1 especially as they occur in cast hypoeutectoid alloys. Aside.from the practical importance of the structures obtained in the steels by various heat treatments, a study of the characteristics of these figures is interesting because of the rich opportunity the system affords, to, obtain new data on the mechanism of segregation from solid solutions. This opportunity is twofold: first, by changing composition within the austenite range the proeutectoid precipitate may be changed from that of ferrite to that of cementite, thus offering the same opportunity for changing the type of precipitate while maintaining the same basic lattice as that afforded by the Cu-Zn alloys;2 and second, the eutectoid inversion leads upon drastic quenching to the formation of martensite, a Widman-stätten figure of unique interest from ;the crystallographic viewpoint, particularly in comparison with those formed on-slow cooling.3 We have, therefore, two types of structure to study: that formed on slow cooling of hypoeutectoid and hypereutectoid alloys, and that formed on quenching hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid alloys. For each of these types of structure we require the crystallographic plane in the mother austenite along which the precipitate forms (we shall see that the precipitates in these alloys are invariably platelike in form), and also the orientation of the precipitate upon this plane. Some of these

Jan 1, 1933

By Charles Mitke

(San Francisco Meeting, September, 1915) INTRODUCTION THE Copper Queen mine is composed of seven divisions which are operated through the following shafts: Division Shaft Depth, Air Current No. Feet Uncle Sam 600 Downcast (shut clown April, 1914, to 1 curtail production) Southwest 600 Downcast 2 Czar 400 Downcast 3 Holbrook 600 Downcast 4 Spray S00 Downcast (shut clown April, 1914, to curtail production) 5 Gardner 1,000 Downcast 6 1 Dallas 1,400 Downcast 1 Lowell 1,600 Upcast 7 Sacramento 1,700 Downcast " I I The workings of the different shafts are connected by motor-haulage drifts on the even numbered levels. The general location of the orebodies and workings is illustrated by the vertical projection of orebodies of the district as shown in Fig. 1. The Uncle Sam, Southwest, and Czar workings have many connections to the surface through raises and extensive cracks that were caused by moving ground. These divisions are cool and are ventilated entirely by natural means. The Holbrook is ventilated partly by natural and partly by artificial ventilation, while the Spray, Gardner, Lowell; and Sacramento are ventilated entirely by mechanical means. In some of the divisions mentioned above a considerable quantity of air exhausts through shafts of adjoining properties.

Jan 9, 1915

By Charles H. Morgan

THE case of Henry Cort comprises: (1) the nature of Cort's inventions;, (2) their value to England and to mankind,; (3) the remuneration received therefor by him or his family; and (4) the suitable permanent record and recognition of his services by the representatives of the art lie founded-a debt long over-due, and still unpaid. I. CORT'S INVENTIONS. Under this head, it is unnecessary here to enter into details. The facts have been repeatedly published, and a brief outline of them will be sufficient for my present purpose. . Henry Cort, born in 1740 at Lancaster, England, became a navy broker in. London about 1765, and gained from that business in about ten years. something more than £20,000, which lie devoted to perfecting the manufacture of iron, building a mill at Fontley, near Portsmouth, and prosecuting, between 1777 and 1783, the experiments which culminated in .his two patents, one for puddling iron and the other for shaping it by rolling between grooved rolls.: Careful study of the contemporary evidence, including Cort's specifications, the testimony (in act as well as word) of his business rivals, the public declarations of eminent authorities, and the history of the times, leaves no possible doubt that Cort was the real inventor, of

Mar 1, 1905

By Luther Wagoner

For a number of years I have, at odd times, tried to perfect a method of assay sufficiently delicate to find and estimate minute quantities of gold and silver. The object in view was to examine rocks remote from veins or mineral areas, in order to test the probability of the lateral-secretion theory. Having succeeded in measuring approximately the amount of gold and silver contained in one cubic centimeter of sea-water, I present a detailed account of the method employed, with some of the results obtained. General Method of Assay. The use of purified lead without other flux, blowpipe methods, extraction by cyanide, and measurement of the beads by the microscope. Purged Lead. The method of testing is by cupellation. On a properly prepared cupel, it is easy to cupel and find a bead of 0.002 mm. diameter. Such a bead of silver weighs about 1 part of a milligramme. A bead 0.02 mm. in diameter weighs about 1/24,000 mg., and a close approximation can be made to its weight. It is desirable that the lead used in the assay should be low in silver so as to avoid large correction, but as the parted

Jan 1, 1902

By D. W. Brunton

THE maps of our large mines are usually prepared with the greatest care; and it is somewhat singular that, in comparison with the great amount of time and money spent in surveying and platting, so little actual use is made of them. Almost the only purpose for which a completed survey-map is afterwards consulted, is the determination of the relative position of the different workings to each other, and to the boundary-lines of the property. After the completion of such a map, it should be made the beginning of another, and in most cases a far more important, undertaking, namely, its utilization as -a starting-point for a complete inventory of the company's underground possessions. The ordinary mine-survey map, being nothing but a record of what has been done, is, in one sense, only ancient history. To increase its value, such additions should be made as will render it a complete statement of the amount and value of ore in sight at any particular time, and a guide for future develop¬ments. Comparatively little extra labor is involved in this undertaking, since the larger and most expensive part of the work has already been completed when the mine has been surveyed and mapped. The necessary additions consist in working out, and platting on the maps, the geology of the mine as exposed in the workings, in such a manner that the geological survey may be of daily use in the development and operation of the mine. The first step towards the production of a geological map consists in tracing individual level-sheets from the general or composite map. The area to be included, outside of the property in question, will depend very much on local conditions; but, for geological, legal and commercial reasons, it should be extended as far as reasonably practicable. The scale to be

Sep 1, 1905