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By D. V. BURR

THE ORIGINAL HUDSON RIVER TUNNEL. NOT quite forty years ago a man of uncommon character entered New York. He had several hundred thousand dollars earned by railroad building in the Nest. He was not an engineer, but he had ideas of engineering work which he was destined to prove correct.. He introduced new ways of tunneling, but his plans had only one distinguishing feature-they were simply interesting as showing how such work could be done; they added nothing to the science, have never been used since his clay, and never will be used again. Engineers of repute ridiculed his proposition ; he was an Ishmael in the profession. But if engineers looked askance at him, he certainly returned their contempt in the heartiest fashion, and had no hesitancy about expressing his views of them individually and collectively. This worked to. his disadvantage when he afterward tried to raise the means to go on with the work. He found that the opinion of engineers was respected by financiers, and that money would not flow contrary to their advice. While his conception of large constructions was distinguishingly original, much more marked was his method of demonstrating the feasibility of, his schemes. In the present clays of great undertakings it is the custom to make the other man pay for the experiments. But the man from the West had other notions of how the thing ought to be done. Having wonderful confidence in his own ability and in his perception of the task before him, he used up all his own money before seeking outside assistance. By building several hundred,, feet of tunnel he proved the correctness of his theory, and the tunnel then dug forms a part of the present tube. The result-he failed to finish the tunnel. He was blind in

Mar 1, 1908

E. S. MOORE (author's reply to discussion*).-I have read with much interest Dr. W. F. Smeeth's criticism' of my article on the air blasts in the Kolar Gold Field, India. However, before answering the questions he asked, I should like to suggest that possibly the phrase "difference of opinion" might be substituted for the word "misapprehension" when applied to my statement that the matrix of the conglomerate resembles a hornblende schist. This conglomerate is certainly regarded as a metamorphosed sediment. Dr. Evans, who has had wide experience with metamorphic rocks, has regarded this as a clastic rather than an autoclastic rock and mentions it as a probable glacial deposit2 and similar to the Lower Huronian conglomerate of North America. I was greatly impressed by the similarity between this rock and the bands of Huronian conglomerate in the United States and Canada where metamorphism has rendered the matrix of the rock schistose. It was scarcely intended that the word basal, as used in my text, should be extended to the Kolar field, although possibly it may be equally applicable there. The word is so frequently used on this continent for the Lower Huronian conglomerate, which in many places is the basal formation of the predominantly sedimentary Proterozoic group, overlying the more largely igneous Archeozoic rocks, that it was inadvertently used without special stratigraphic significance for the Kolar area. In reply to Dr. Smeeth's question as to how the conglomerate indicates a syncline, it would seem that if there is present in a closely folded area a band of sediment that is younger than the surrounding rocks, it must be in a syncline in those rocks. As to an apparent contradiction in the statement on page 693 regarding the compressive stress, it does not seem that such contradiction exists; I think every one will take the same meaning as Dr. Smeeth has taken, which is exactly what was intended.

Jan 12, 1918

By Clemens Jones

THE analytical history of phosphorus in its relation to the metallurgy of iron is an interesting study, the progress of which runs parallel with the development of the greatest industry in the world. Without the means of finding out how much phosphorus crude pigiron contained, the Bessemer steel process would have been impossible. To do this was originally tedious and slow work. On the other hand, the " direct" process of to-day, as well as the various special processes for steel or iron, have demanded the utmost rapidity in the operations of analytical chemistry. In general, any rapid process for the conversion of unrefined metal into a product of standard composition depends upon the rapidity of some accurate means employed to control it. Moreover, in our modern practice, it is not improbable that the differences in physical properties among the various makes of iron or steel are affected, if not produced, by the use of different methods of analysis. Recourse is always had for correction to the ((standard methods," but I incline to think that these methods are susceptible to error. It is very certain that the system of duplicates would not be resorted to, if the fact were otherwise. Even when duplicated, under the most careful and skilful manipulation, these standard methods produce disagreements. In proof of statements like these, which may sound. heretical, I hope, further on, to cite some evidence worthy of attention. I do not now mean to lay claim to the distinction of discovering the ultimate corrective. That result will come, no doubt, in. time, as the product of the experience of many workers. In the case of phosphorus, as of the other ingredients of iron or steel, a great deal has been done to accommodate the methods of analysis in rogue to the growing necessity for more rapid procedures: Much of this work has concerned what might be called the incidents of method. There is no better example of the accumulation of these incidental improvements than the work done on phosphorus; and I

Jan 1, 1890

By J. F. Kemp

IN submitting an additional contribution to the discussion on ore-deposits in the recent volumes of the Transactions, it is my desire to adhere closely to matters of material importance as affecting the actual processes. Judging from the discussion by Professor Van Hise, and from one or two reviews or other articles by associates of his in geological work, the impression seems to prevail that, in so far as my paper* referred to ,his masterly essay,†I was guilty of misconceptions regarding both the part attributed by him in it to the igneous rocks and the ubiquitous presence of the ground-water. I should regret extremely to be wanting in these particulars or to have misunderstood one for whose great services in this and other branches of geology no one has a higher esteem than myself. I have, however, in the most careful way, and with these points in mind, read his essay again, anti, taking it as a whole, I cannot gain any different impression of relative magnitudes than the one first received. The importance of the igneous phenomena and the restrictive influence of the processes described by " cementation " in their effect upon the ground-water, as set forth in Professor Van Hise's " Discussion " (Trans., xxxi., 292), impress me as being in very marked contrast with the same things in his first essay. If the point seems to anyone of sufficient importance, it can easily be decided by reading the originals. My paper was the result of some years of observation, reading and reflection, and was meant to be an independent contribution, controversial only in some subordinate particulars. In depicting the drama of the deposition of ores, I cannot but feel that Professor Van Rise assigned to the chorus and the scene-shifters some characters which, it seems to me, should

Jan 1, 1913

By Oswald J. Heinrich

IN the coal review for the United States for 1875, the Engineering and Mining Journal, January 1st, 1876, remarks about the Richmond coal basin " It has contributed but little to the supply of fuel during the year past, notwithstanding the fact that it is the most favorably situated of all our coal-fields, and possesses a fuel of good quality, well adapted to many important uses. An unaccountable lethargy seems to have fallen on all who have touched this field ; and yet, in the future it can scarcely fail to become one of the great sources of coal supply." In most respects indorsing the above remarks, I take occasion to lay before the Institute the following facts in defence of the Rich¬mond basin; and not willing to criticize other mining enterprises in this field, I will make this one remark in general for all of them. While it is true that very little coal has been raised during the year in this field, it is equally true that even the little that has been raised could hardly be sold. When the output of the largest coal districts in the United States decreases, in consequence of the state of the market, it is not to be wondered at that the former small output of this basin dwindled down to almost nothing. But a far deeper¬seated evil, under which this field is suffering, may be discerned from the following remarks, which I hope will show that the latter part of the above remark in the Journal is not altogether fair. As the history of one mine in this district very nearly represents the history of the whole field, I will endeavor to give an account of the development of the Midlothian Mines, ranging amongst the old¬est in the district, partially taken from a report of Col. Wooldridge, in 1841. Coal was mined in this neighborhood as early as 1700, and used (then so-called extensively) in the vicinity in 1775. A

Jan 1, 1876

By Oswald J. Heinrich

In the coal review for the United States for 1875, the Engineering and Mining Journal, January 1st,, 1876, remarks about the Richmond coal basin: "It has contributed but little to the supply of fuel during the year past, notwithstanding the fact that it is the most favorably situated of all our coal-fields, and possesses a fuel of good quality, well adapted to many important uses. An unaccountable lethargy seems to have fallen on all who have touched this field ; and yet, in the future it can scarcely fail to become one of the great sources of coal supply." In most respects indorsing the above remarks, I take occasion to lay before the Institute the following facts in defence of the Richmond basin; and not willing to criticize other mining enterprises in this field, I will make this one remark in general for all of them. While it is true that very little coal has been raised during the year in this field, it is equally true that even the little that has been raised could hardly be sold. When the output of the largest coal districts in the United States decreases, in consequence of the state of the market, it is not to be wondered at that the former small output of this basin dwindled down to almost nothing. But a far deeperseated evil, under which this field is suffering, may be discerned from the following remarks, which I hope will show that the latter part of the above remark in the Journal is not altogether fair. As the history of one mine in this district very nearly represents the history of the whole field, I will endeavor to give an account of the development of the Midlothian Mines, ranging amongst the oldest in the district, partially taken from a report of Col. Wooldridge, in 1811. Coal was mined in this neighborhood as early as 1700, and used (then so-called extensively) in the vicinity in 1775. A

By James F. Kemp

In submitting an additional contribution to the discussion on ore-deposits in the recent volumes of the Transactions, it is my desire to adhere closely to matters of material importance as affecting the actual processes. Judging from the discussion by Professor Van Hise, and from one or two reviews or other articles by associates of his in geological work, the impression seems to prevail that, in so far as my paper* referred to his masterly essay, I was guilty of misconceptions regarding both the part attributed by him in it to the igneous rocks and the ubiquitous presence of the ground-water. I should regret extremely to be wanting in these particulars or to have misunderstood one for whose great services in this and other branches of geology no one has a higher esteem than myself. I have, however, in the most careful way, and with these points in mind, read his essay again, and, taking it as a whole, I cannot gain any different impression of relative magnitudes than the one first received. The importance of the igneous phenomena and the restrictive influence of the processes described by " cementation " in their effect upon the ground-water, as set forth in Professor Van Hise's "Discussion" (Trans., xxxi., 292), impress me as being in very marked contrast with the same things in his first essay. If the point seems to anyone of sufficient importance, it can easily be decided by reading the originals. My paper was the result of some years of observation, reading and reflection, and was meant to be an independent contribution, controversial only in some subordinate particulars. In depicting the drama of the deposition of ores, I cannot but feel that Professor Van Hise assigned to the chorus and the scene-shifters some characters which, it seems to me, should

Jan 1, 1903

ALTHOUGH it might seem more fitting to discuss this subject in the Ninth Book in connection with the smelting of iron where I had thought to treat of it in detail, this process of making steel appears to be almost a branch of the above chapter on iron itself; hence I did not wish to separate these two so far that they might seem to be [18v] different things. Therefore I wish to write of it here and to tell you that steel is nothing other than iron, well purified by means of art and given a more perfect elemental mixture and quality by the great decoction of the fire than it had before. By the attraction of some suitable substances in the things that are added to it, its natural dryness is mollified by a certain amount of moisture and it becomes whiter and more dense so that it seems almost to have been removed from its original nature. Finally, when its pores have been well dilated and softened by the strong fire and the heat has been driven out of them by the violence of the coldness of the

Jan 1, 1942

By Charles Catlett

Much has been done of late years to facilitate preliminary stratigraphical investigations, and for examination at considerable depths and in a certain character of material the diamonddrill, in its general forms, certainly stands pre-eminent among the tools for such work. But there are large classes of deposits —indeed, I may say the larger proportion in which ordinary. prospecting is done—which lie near the surface and are interbedded with soft and fine material. The method usually employed for prospecting these is by means of small shafts. These are sunk with considerable slowness and at considerable expense, depending largely upon the character of the material encountered, and are greatly interfered with by water. In this region the smallest are 3 by 4 feet, but they are usually considerably larger. Having had occasion during the past year to do a large amount of prospecting work, I have found the use of a hand-auger and drill of immense value in this respect, and in my practice it has largely superseded, and always preceded, the other forms of investigation. I believe that the information desired mas

Jan 1, 1898

By C. J. McHargue

THE angles between the crystallographic planes in cubic crystals have been given by Bozorth,¹ in magnesium, zinc, and cadmium by Salkovitz,² and in tin by Nicholas. The determination of the orientation of single crystals and the study of plastic deformation require the knowledge of these angles and are often facilitated by use of a standard projection. Tables of these angles and standard projections have not been published for titanium or zirconium which have c/a ratios considerably less than those hexagonal metals for which this data is available. Accordingly, Table I has been prepared giving these angles. Fig. 1 presents a standard (0001) projection of titanium. The angle between (h1k1i1l1) and (h2k2i2l2) was calculated by means of the formula: h1h2 + K1K2 + 1/2 (h1k2 + h2k1 + cos 4 = [(hi2 + K + h1k1 + 3/4 l12 (h2² + C" a² 3/4 — l1 l2 C² k2²+ h2k2 + 3/4 —l2²) ] 1/2 c² The c/a ratio for titanium is taken from the data

Jan 1, 1953

By E. W. Felegy

THE need for improved mine communication to increase efficiency and to insure greater safety has long been recognized. General and unrestricted communication between all points underground, and between the surface and all points underground, is probably the least advanced phase of the mining industry. An ideal system of mine communication must require no fixed wire installations. The equipment must be small, lightweight, and readily portable, and the power requirements low. A system that can be used not only under normal circumstances but also in an emergency, when the continuity of wires, tracks, and pipelines may be disrupted, must function independently of any aid furnished by standard installations. Radio communication offers possibilities of meeting all the requirements necessary for an ideal communication system in underground mines. Transmission of signals must be achieved through one or both of two mediums, through the air in mine openings or through the strata. The results or lack of results obtained by early investigators showed conclusively that radio communication by space transmission cannot be accomplished effectively beyond line-of-sight distances in underground passageways. A radio system underground therefore must depend solely upon transmission through soil and strata. The application of radio to underground mine communication was investigated by many individuals and agencies at different times in the last several decades, but little success was achieved before World war 11.2-0, The results of experiments during the war, and further knowledge gained in experiments with vastly improved communication methods and equipment after the war provided the background for additional research in radio communication in underground mines. During 1950 to 1.952 the University of Minnesota sponsored an investigation to determine the possibility of developing: a system of radio communication universally applicable in underground metal mines in the Lake Superior district. The possibility of using radio equipment to determine the imminence of rock bursts in deep copper mines in that district also was investigated. The investigation supplemented previous and concurrent emergency mine communication studies of the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Testing equipment and laboratory facilities maintained by the Bureau of Mines at Duluth, Minnesota, were used in the research program, which was conducted as a mining engineering graduate research problem by the present writer under the direction of T. L. Joseph and E. P. Pfleider. The radio units used in the research program were designed and built to specification solely to conduct tests of radio communication in mines. Two identical units were used in all tests. Each unit contained a transmitter section, a receiver section, and a power-supply section, mounted on a single chassis. The entire unit was enclosed in a single 10x12x18-in. metal case provided with a leather-strap handle for carrying purposes. The front of the case was hinged to open upward and provide easy access to the single control panel on which all controls were mounted. Storage batteries supplied the operating power for all tests. Standard 6-v automobile batteries were utilized to provide adequate capacity to conduct tests for a full day without exhausting the battery. A frequency range from 30 to 200 kc was covered in eight pre-fixed steps on each unit. The carrier frequencies were crystal-controlled and amplitude-modulated. The receiver employed an essentially standard superheterodyne circuit and was sufficiently sensitive to detect signal strengths of 5 micro v. A heterodyne circuit was employed in the transmitter to obtain the low-carrier frequencies used in the units. Power output of the transmitter, usually less than 2 w, rarely exceeded 3 w in any test. Tests were conducted in mines on the Vermillion iron range in Minnesota, the Gogebic iron range in Wisconsin, the Menominee and Marquette iron ranges in Michigan, and a copper mine in the upper Michigan peninsula. All tests were conducted when the mines were operating normally, and usual mining, maintenance, and transportation activities were in progress, so that any interference caused by normal production activities could be evaluated during the tests. Tests were made between different points underground in each mine, and between underground and surface points at some mines. Test readings obtained at any one mine were calibrated in the laboratory before another series of tests were begun at the next mine. The transmitter and receiver were separated by one or more levels in each test, and generally there was no other means of communication between test points. Two 100-ft lengths of rubber-covered wire were used for antenna wires on each unit in both transmission and reception. The ends of the wires were connected to ground points in one of several methods, depending upon physical conditions at each test site. The wires were clipped to metal rods about 200 ft apart in the back, side, or bottom of the mine opening where the character of the rock permitted driving rods. Both wires were clipped to points about

Jan 1, 1954

By George W. Maynard

IN the biographical notice of Thomas F. Witherbee, published in Bulletin No. 32, August, 1909 (p. xxv), it is said that ". he is believed to have been the first manager in America to use the chemical laboratory for the purpose of controlling the regular running of the blast-furnace." Since the year is not given, I cannot decide as. to Mr. Witherbee's priority; but the statement leads me to contribute a bit of history, showing an early departure from the "rule-of-thumb " blast-furnace work to the employment of a chemist. In the autumn of 1868 the department of mining and metallurgy was established at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. In connection with the assay-department a laboratory was equipped for making general commercial analyses. In January, 1869, Alexander L. Holley, the manager and builder of the Bessemer plant at the Rensselaer Works of John A. Griswold & Co., the first plant erected in the United¬States under the Bessemer patents, began to send me samples of ore, pig-iron, and steel for analysis. Early in 1869 I was regularly retained as chemist for the Rensselaer Works; and while the laboratory was not located at the works, for all practical purposes it was the works-laboratory. The increase in work soon made it necessary for me to secure an assistant. I applied to Prof. Charles F. Chandler, who recommended Dr. August Wendel, who had been an assistant of Rammelsberg and had lately landed in New York. Dr. Wendel remained with me until 1873, when I left Troy. My leaving made necessary the erection of a laboratory at the Rensselaer Works, which, was done under my supervision, and Dr. Wendel was employed as chemist. During the period from 1868 to 1873 my work as consulting mining engineer frequently called me to the Lake Champlain

Nov 1, 1909

By Francis Peabody

THIS paper will not be a technical paper, because, although I have been in. the business of mining and selling coal for 30 odd years, I am neither a mining engineer nor a practical miner. If I digress from time to time from my thesis, I must be forgiven by the expert engineers and highly technical gentlemen for whose proceedings this article is written. Waste of the wonderful store of power that the Creator placed at our disposal appears to have been the theory and the basis of our methods of extracting this power-waste from the time the coal is mined to the time it is consumed. Let us consider the prime causes of this wastage which has been the heritage of the coal mining industry. In the early days-about 150 years after "Stone Cole" was discovered in Illinois by Joliet and Marquette, and Father Hennepin noted a, "sole" mine on his map-the mode of mining prevalent among farmer land-owners, on whose property coal was discovered near the surface or outcropping on the hillsides, was to enter the seam by a shallow shaft or drift into the hillside and remove the coal by wedging it down until a large room was left. The roof without support would fall and our primitive coal operator would then sink another shaft or drive another drift. In these early operations only the large lumps were taken and all small pieces and screenings were left to be covered by the fall of the roof-in fact this condition prevailed in Illinois up to about 1885. Gradually the method of mining changed from the open chamber, to a single entry with rooms turned to the right and left. Later, as the demand for coal increased and the necessity for larger mines became evident, the "room and pillar" system grew to be regular practice.

Jan 5, 1917

H. H. Kellogg (Columbia University)—The accurate measurements of the equilibrium gas ratios for the reaction: Pb(1) + H2S = PbS(c) + H2 [I] reported in this paper are a distinct contribution to the literature, and the authors are to be congratulated. I wish to comment, however, on the correlation of the data which is presented. The authors show a straight line correlation of log H2S/H2 vs 1/T, Fig. 1, and are satisfied with this for calculation of ?Fo even when extrapolated to low temperature (427 °C). Heat capacity data for the constituents of this reaction are available (at least to 900°K), however, and ACP for reaction [I] is finite and positive in the temperature range studied. Simplification of the heat capacity equations yields: ?CP= 2.71 + 1.65 x 10-3T (298°-900°K) This positive value of ?CP should result in a small but noticeable curvature of a plot of log K vs 1/T. That the experimental data fail to show such a curvature may be traced to another oversimplification of the author's treatment of their data. They assume that the activity of liquid lead is unity for all temperatures, so that

Jan 1, 1961

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who registered at Institute headquarters during the period Dec. 10, 1914, to Jan. 10, 1915: William E. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa. H. J. Brown, Chester, Pa. F. H. Winsor, Jr., Salt Lake City, Utah. H. Mortimer-Lamb, Montreal, Canada. Cecil W. Pocock, Peru, S. A. B. W. Vallat, Detroit, Mich. Willet G. Miller, Toronto, Canada. W. D. B. Motter, Jr., Benson Mines, N. Y Adolphe E. Borie has resigned as Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Taylor-Wharton Iron & Steel Co., to devote his time to the American Road Machinery Co. and the Good Roads Machinery Co., as Chairman of the Board of Directors.

Jan 2, 1915

By William R. Webster

In view of the good results which have followed the wide discussion of the rail-specifications of the American Section of the International Association for Testing Materials, I now offer for discussion its specifications for steel forgings and steel castings. It is not necessary to emphasize the importance of reaching definite conclusions on these subjects. Engineers, consumers and manufacturers are alike interested in securing good, reliable, uniform steel. In this connection, I would call particular attention to the important paper read by Mr. C. H. Ridsdale, last September, before the Iron and Steel Institute, as bearing on them; and, for convenience of reference in the discussion, I append the Table in Section VI. of his paper, on a Manifestations, Classified mider Heads of Faults of Different Types. appearing after Treatment by the User, for Tracing their Probable Source."* The discussion of these specifications will be practically a continuation of our former discussions on "The Physics of Steel." We have passed through a period in which the chemical composition of steel has received the greatest prominence; but failures of steel forgings and castings of the best chemical composition have shown that we could not control the quality of the finished product by the chemical composition alone. It must be admitted that differences in the physical properties of the steel, greater than those due to small variations in composition,are produced by heat-treatment, both in connection with the mechanical work of forging and otherwise. The present result is a strong tendency to deem the heat-treatment more important than the chemical composition. I think the mean course is the safer. We should give them equal importance; for we know that to produce the best results me must start with a good

Jan 1, 1903

By Charles H. Jacoby, Stanley J. LeFond

Salt, or halite, has had a long and most varied history. While we know the Chinese were producing salt as early as 3000 B.C., the first written reference to salt appears in the book of Job recorded about 2250 B.C., which reads: "Can nothing which is unsavory be eaten without salt?" We do not know when man first used or realized that he needed salt. Perhaps one of our early Eolithic ancestors noted a piece of salt shining along the shore of a salt lake or a bay. He may have been attracted by its shining luster and tasted it. He found that it had a tart, zesty, distinctive flavor and perhaps chewing a large piece, became ill. However, by experimentation he soon learned that taken in the proper proportions salt was a very pleasant additive to his food. He may have noticed, too, that it increased his feeling of well-being. Thus, when the curtain of recorded history rises, we find man using salt for his health's sake, seasoning his food with it, feeding it to his animals, and using it in many superstitious and religious ceremonies. These uses, however, are a far cry from the uses for salt today. The first attempts of white man to make salt in continental United States were reported in the year 1614, while the first commercial production was in 1790. Practically all of this salt was for human consumption, preserving food, and curing hides. Prior to the coming of the "white man" Indians are known to have made salt from such salt springs as those that existed at Avery Island, La., Charleston, W.Va., Saltville, Va., and Onondaga, N.Y. In 1862 the first rock salt was mined in the U.S. from the Avery Island salt dome. Almost immediately thereafter, rock salt was mined at Saltville, Va., and then at Retsof, N.Y., in 1885. Of the more than 40 million tons produced annually in the United States, about 68% or 27 million tons are consumed by the chemical industry in the production of chlorine, caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, sodium metal, and some 30 other basic chemicals. These basic chemicals, in turn, are used in the preparation of approximately 14,000 chemicals which range from soap and detergents, to such chlorinated hydrocarbons as DDT, BHC, carbon tetrachloride, etc.

Jan 1, 1975

By William Marsh Baldwin

[Two of the most useful and important equations available to the metallurgist for the study of plastic deformation of metals are the Huber-von Mises-Hencky1-3 and the St. Venant7-10 equations. HUBER-VON MISES-HENCKY EQUATION The Huber-von Mises-Hencky equation answers the question: When does plastic flow occur in metal that is subjected to a multi-axial stress? It occurs, according to this equation, when the three principal stresses,? al, a2, and a3 satisfy the equation: (s1 - s2)2 + (s 2 - s 3)2 + (s 1 ? s3)2 = 2K2 [I] Here K is the yield strength of the material as determined in an ordinary tensile test. If the quantities a1, a2, and a3 are assigned to the coordinates of a Cartesian three-dimensional system, this expression describes a cylinder whose axis of symmetry is inclined at equal angles to the three coordinate axes4,5 (Fig. I). The radius of this cylinder is v2/3K. For the purpose of simplicity, it is sometimes advantageous to ascribe the values s 1/K = si, s 2/K = s2, s 2/K = s3 to the three coordinate axes instead of the principal stress alone. In this case, Eq. I becomes (s1 - S2)2 + (S2 - S3)2 + (Sl - S3)2 = 2 [2] and the radius of the cylinder becomes 2/3v. In the latter method of representation, a point lying inside the cylinder indicates that the metal will react elastically, whereas a point lying on the cylindrical surface indicates that the metal will behave plastically. Some of the geometric features of this cylinder are worthy of study. Let us inquire first as to what interpretation may be placed upon what we will choose to call the "circles of latitude" of the cylinder (L in Fig. I) and the "meridians" of the cylinder (M in Fig. I). Circles of Latitude Circles of latitude are formed by allowing a plane, passing perpendicular to the cylinder axis, to intersect with the cylinder. Any point, P, on this circle is presumed to have the coordinates s1, s2, and s3. The coordinates of the point resulting from the intersection of the plane and the cylinder axis will be a, a, and a (since the cylinder axis is equally inclined to the three coordi¬nate axes). Let us now pass a line through the point on the circle and the point on the axis.]

Jan 1, 1946

By E. F. Loiseau

(Read at the Philadelphia Meeting, February, 1878.) UNTIL June, 1868, it had not been attempted, either in this country or abroad, to manufacture by mechanical means, from anthracite coal-dust, artificial fuel for domestic use. Several attempts had been made to utilize coal-waste by converting it into a fuel for manufacturing purposes, but none of the processes were original, and they were merely applications of the well-known European processes and machinery, slightly modified by American ingenuity and mechanical skill. With one exception all those attempts have been failures. The great difficulty in the application of European processes and machinery has always been the limited production, and the excessive cost of the manufactured product, as compared with the cost of mining and preparing the ordinary anthracite coal for the market. The only serious and intelligent attempt to manufacture, on a large scale, artificial fuel for manufacturing purposes, has been made by the Anthracite Fuel Company, whose works are erected at Fort Ewen, near Rondout, New York. This company, organized under the auspices of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, had to go through the usual course of difficulties, breakages, and disappointments, which seems to be the lot of every new industry. Thanks, however, to the energy and perseverance of Mr. L. L. Crounsse, a gentleman of means, from Washington, D. C., the enterprise succeeded, and it is to-day established on a permanent basis. In order to increase the production, and to reduce its cost, the Anthracite Fuel Company was compelled to change most of its plant, and to erect more powerful machinery, producing lumps of a larger size, almost twice the size of the lumps made previously by the same company. This increase in the size of the lumps has been resorted to in Europe as well as in this country, in order to increase

Jan 1, 1878

By E. F. Loiseau

Until June, 1868, it had not been attempted, either in this country or abroad, to manufacture by mechanical means, from anthracite coal-dust, artificial fuel for domestic use. Several attempts had been made to utilize coal-waste by converting it into a fuel for manufacturing purposes, but none of the processes were original, and they were merely applications of the well-known European processes and machinery, slightly modified by American ingenuity and mechanical skill. With one exception all those attempts have been failures. The great difficulty in the application of European processes and machinery has always been the limited production, and the excessive cost of the manufactured product, as compared with the cost of mining and preparing the ordinary anthracite coal for the market. The only serious and intelligent attempt to manufacture, on a large scale, artificial fuel for manufacturing purposes, has been made by the Anthracite Fuel Company, whose works are erected at Fort Ewen, near Rondout, New York. This company, organized under the auspices of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, had to go through the usual course of difficulties, breakages, and disappointments, which seems to be the lot of every new industry. Thanks, however, to the energy and perseverance of Mr. L. L. Crounsse, a gentleman of means, from Washington, D. C, the enterprise succeeded, and it is to-day established on a permanent basis. In order to increase the production, and to reduce its cost, the Anthracite Fuel Company was compelled to change most of its •plant, and to erect more powerful machinery, producing lumps of a larger size, almost twice the size of the lumps made previously by the same company. This increase in the size of the lumps has been resorted to in Europe as well as in this country, in order to increase

Jan 1, 1879