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By HAROLD VINTON COES

MANAGEMENT has been tersely defined as getting things done through the efforts of other people; but before we proceed further, let us distinguish between administration, management, and organization. Oliver Sheldon in his book, "The Philosophy of Management," offers the following definitions: Administration is the function in industry concerned in the determination of the corporate policy, the co-ordination of finance, production, and distribution, the settlement of the compass of the organization, and the ultimate control of the executive.

Jan 1, 1943

By E. H. Sellards

ON Oct. 9, 1929, a sink formed in the Sour Lake salt dome oil field in Texas, and on Oct. 12 a second smaller sink formed at the north margin of the first. The purpose of this paper is to give such observations as it has been possible to make on the earth movement incident to this subsidence. Sour Lake salt dome is typical of the salt domes of the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas. Structurally the dome is a plug of salt which rises to within 900 ft. or less of the surface. Above the salt is a cap rock consisting of anhydrite with more or less calcium carbonate. The salt plug, as contoured on the cap rock, is circular in outline with, however, some appreciable irregularities. Overlying the cap rock are relatively uncompacted sediments consisting of sand, clay and gumbo.. At the crest of the dome these deposits are no more than 700 or 800 ft. thick. However, the sides of the dome are steep, and the sediments thicken rapidly away from the crest. The sink formed about 1500 ft. northeast of the crest of the dome where the sediments overlying the cap rock are from 1000 to 1200 ft. thick. The cavity permitting the subsidence was quite certainly either in the cap rock or in the salt below the cap rock, so that the sink was formed by the caving of as much as 1000 or 1200 ft. of earth.

Jan 1, 1930

By D. Mills, G. B. Craig

ZIRCONIUM has been float-zone-refined in an electron-beam furnace and the redistribution of oxygen, iron, and tungsten has been measured. The iodide zirconium used in the present experiments initially contained both oxygen and iron in the range 100 to 200 ppm by weight, and tungsten in amounts less than 10 ppm. Float-zone refining of zirconium, using induction heating, has previously been attempted by Kneip and Betterton1 and Langeron.2 Kneip and Betterton were primarily interested in the removal of iron and nickel. They achieved some purification, with respect to both these elements, in material given up to six passes at 150 mm per hr under an argon atmosphere. Langeron reported purification for a large number of elements after four completed passes in a static vacuum system operating at pressures less than 10-6 mm of Hg and with rates of zone travel between 30 and 40 mm per hr. He did not report oxygen concentrations, but stated that there was inverse segregation of this element. westlake5 has also used a minimum of four zone passes to remove iron from zirconium. No rates or conditions were given. Belk6 has shown that tungsten contamination can occur during electron-beam melting. He reported an increase from 0.01 to 0.05 pct by weight tungsten in molybdenum after four complete zone passes. The vacuum system for the electron-beam unit used in the present investigation consisted of a single-stage rotary pump backing a liquid-air-trapped oil-diffusion pump. A pressure of less than 10-8 mm of Hg was obtained with Dow-Corning 705 fluid in the diffusion pump. In order to avoid contamination of the zirconium by evaporation from the tungsten filament, a special focusing cage4 was employed. Three rates of zone travel, 114, 38, and 4 mm per hr, were investigated, with the liquid zone moving from the bottom to the top of the bar. The bars used were 3 mm diam and the total melted length was 130 mm. Oxygen was analyzed by neutron-activation analysis using a neutron flux of 10' neutrons per sq cm per sec to form the isotope N16 by the 016 (n,p) N16 reaction. The standard deviation is quoted for each oxygen determination. The iron and tungsten analyses were performed spectrographically, and the precision is estimated to be ±6 pct. Analyses for tungsten were all below the detectable limit of 10 ppm, confirming the protection given by the focusing cage. No significant redistribution of oxygen was found at the two higher rates of zone travel. The redistribution of oxygen and iron obtained after five passes at a rate of zone travel of 4 mm per hr (1.1 x 10-4 cm per sec) is recorded in Tables I and 11. Burris, Stockman, and Dillon3 have estimated the distribution of solutes during multipass zone refining. Using their curves for an effective distribution coefficient of Keff = 1.5 and 2 for oxygen and Keff = 0.3 for iron, the expected concentrations were estimated for the present material. These are shown in Tables I and 11, along with the experimentally measured values. The calculated concentrations are based on a molten-zone length of 10 pct of the total melted length, whereas in the present experiments the molten zone was approximately 5 pct of the total melted length. The effect of zone length on solute redistribution is most pronounced after a large number of zone passes. Comparison with Pfann's published data8 for solute redistribution for various Keff's and zone lengths indicates only small differences at low numbers of completed zone passes. It is evident that the expected distribution has not been realized in the case of iron. Scrapings of material deposited on the inner surfaces of the electron-focusing cage were found to be magnetic. It is, therefore, concluded that redistribution of iron is masked by evaporation. Deposition of iron inside the focusing cage was observed at all rates of zone travel. The results of the investigation may be summarized as follows: 1) Segregation of oxygen is typical for a solute with a distribution coefficient, Keff > 1. 2) No redistribution of oxygen takes place at high rates of zone travel. 3) The distribution coefficient for oxygen lies between 1.5 and 2.0. 4) Purification with respect to iron occurs mainly by evaporation. 5) The focusing cage is effective in preventing tungsten contamination.

Jan 1, 1967

By R. J. Grissom

PHOSPHATE deposits have been worked in many countries of central and south central Tennessee, but only ht ebrown rock deposits of Maury and Giles Counties will be discussed at any length in this articles, as all of the major opeations are now located there. They are: Mt. Pleasant District-Federal Chemical Co., Hoover and Mason Phosphae Co., International Minerals and Chemical Corp. (Maury and Giles Counties), Virginia-Carolina Chemical Corp. (formerly Charleston Mining Co.), and Victor Chemical Co. Columbia District-Armour Fertilizer Works and Monsanto Chemical Co. In the near future, the well-known, extensive deposits of blue rock in Lewis and Hickman Counties,also the brown rock in Hickman, Willamson, Summer and Davidson Counties, will again come into production. Certain physical peculiarities of the Tenessee deposit have played an important part in the design and use of mining and milling equipment.

Jan 1, 1944

By J. D. Meakin

J. D. Meakin (The Franklin Institute Laboratories)— In a recent paper Garofalo12 has shown that a number of experimental creep results can be represented by the empirical relation In this expression ? is the steady creep rate, s is the applied stress, and A is a constant at a given temperature; a and n are adjustable parameters. Garofalo has shown that Expression [6] approximates to a power function at low stresses and a simple exponential function at high stresses. Among the data used by Garofalo are the results we published for creep of copper." For these results we found that the best correlation was an exponential law with different parameters in the low-and high-stress region, respectively. That is, i = A exp qs where A and q have different values above and below a critical stress a,. In Ref. 13 are listed a variety of observations which support the proposal that different mechanisms are operative at stresses above and below a,, and it is not felt appropriate to repeat those observations here. The purpose of this note is to demonstrate that, although the representation used by Garofalo does fit the experimental data very well, this fit cannot be used to conclude that only one mechanism is rate-controlling. The argument is best made graphically and is illustrated in Fig. 9. The continuous curves 2 and 3 represent pairs of simple exponential functions which intersect at i = 10-5. The curve 2 closely resembles the copper results in that a change of slope of 2:1 occurs at i = 10-5; the two functions shown are in fact: e = 10-7 exp (1.150) and ? = 10-6&apos; exp (0.576s) For purposes of comparison, curve 3 represents two exponential functions with a change of exponent of 3:1 and curve 1 has the exponent 1.150 throughout. It is quite clear that a satisfactory straight-line fit is obtained on a Garofalo plot for all three curves. The curves represent processes which have either a single stress exponent or two ex- ponents in a ratio as high as 3:l. It must, therefore, be concluded that the ability to obtain a linear dependence between log i and log (sinh cyo) cannot be taken as evidence for a single activated process. In fact, to some extent the way the experimental points quoted by Garofalo lie about a best fit straight line on the log (sinh as) plot indicates that two processes are indeed occurring. This is seen in Figs. 7(c) and 8(c) of Ref. 12 where it is particularly evident that the experimental points deviate from the straight line in a manner similar to curves 2 and 3 of Fig. 9. It is, of course, recognized that the generally used exponential form is an approximation to the hyperbolic sine function which is not valid for exponents of less than 1.2, e.g., qs < 1.2. The only curve in Ref. 12 which is affected by this restriction is Fig. 6(b) where the deviation from a In ? vs s

Jan 1, 1964

By J. W. Freeman, J. P. Rowe, R. F. Decker

HEAT-to-heat variations in properties of an alloy of constant nominal chemical composition have been a perplexing problem to the metallurgist. These heat-to-heat differences have been especially baffling in high-temperature metallurgy. In order to establish fundamental reasons for these heat-to-heat variations, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has sponsored and financially assisted an extended research program on heat-resistant alloys at the University of Michigan. As part of the program to find the contribution of processing variables, Frey, Freeman, and white&apos; studied effects of heat treating on nickel-base alloys and Ewing and reeman&apos; investigated effects of hot-working practice on N155 alloy. To extend the program to the study of effects of melting practice on high-temperature properties, a 55 Ni-20 Cr-15 Co-4 Mo-3 Ti-3 pct A1 composition was selected for experimentation. The objective of this program was to establish the melting-practice variables which influenced the hot-working characteristics and creep-rupture properties and, at the same time, establish the metallurgical mechanisms for the effects. During the course of the investigation of practices using vacuum melting, it became increasingly evident through chemical analyses supplied by industrial concerns that a major variable was melt reaction with the crucible. This paper is devoted to the results of this phase of the melting-practice study. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Experimental 10-lb heats were induction melted in the University of Michigan vacuum-melting unit with the melting practices outlined in Table I. Aim analysis for the basic alloy, in wt pct, for all heats was as follows: Cr Co Mo Ti Al 20.0 15.0 4.0 3.1 3.1 Mn Si C Ni 0.12 0.12 0.08-0.15 Bal. Small amounts of boron and zirconium were added to certain heats as listed in Table I. These additions

Jan 1, 1959

By Eugene Guccione

Australia could eventually become a major world supplier of uranium oxide-but how quickly that happens depends on the outcome of a highly complex and emotional battle among different special interests.

Jan 1, 1977

By J. E. Lawrence

Copper-decorated lattice disorders in silicon have been analyzed by electron transmission microscopy, chemical etching, and P-N junction reverse current measurements before and following different gettering treatments. Lattice disorders acted as the nucleating sites for copper precipitation. Copper precipitates in silicon resist chemical etching, absorb electron beams more than silicon, and cause excess reverse currents. Totally gettered disorders will chemically etch rapidly, be transparent to electron beams at extinction contrast, and not contribute to excess reverse currents. Three different gettering procedures were performed to determine the effectiveness of different EXTRANEOUS metal contamination can alter the minority carrier lifetime and resistivity of bulk silicon as well as cause excessive reverse currents in semiconductor devices. Previous workers have reported such activity for gold,1,2 copper,&apos;-* iron,&apos; and rnanganese.2,5 Gettering is a method employed to render these impurities electrically inactive. However, some property of the junction-degrading metals prevents gettering procedures from being wholly reliable. The comparative effectiveness of gettering with different agents has been the topic of earlier publications.2,3,6-11 Two mechanisms for gettering metallic impurities have been proposed: the distribution coefficient mechanism by Thurmond and Logan7 and the compound formation mechanism by Goetzberger and Shockley.2 Both of these models evolved from data gettering mechanisms. First, phosphorus was allowed to enter a protective SiO2 film but remain away from the Si-SiO2 interface to test the effectiveness of the compound formation gettering mechanism. Second, phosphorus was allowed to enter the backside of silicon wafers to test the effectiveness of the lattice strain gettering mechanism. Finally, nickel was diffused into the backside of silicon wafers to test the effectiveness of the distribution coefficient gettering mechanism. In each case, copper precipitates dissolved as a result of the gettering treatment. Tightly packed precipitates will resist gettering more than loosely packed copper precipitates. acquired by the electrical analyses of gettered semiconductor materials. An electrical analysis, however, cannot identify the fate of the gettered metals. The radiotracer technique has recently been applied to determine the redistribution of metals following different gettering treatments.3,9,10 The spatial resolu tion of the radiotracer technique prevented the analysis of metal precipitates which contribute to the excessive reverse currents of P-N junctions. The gettering processes employed by the earlier workers, almost without exception, allowed the gettering agent to enter the silicon lattice. This procedure makes it quite difficult to differentiate between the distribution coefficient and the compound formation mechanisms. The metallographic analysis of gettered copper precipitates discussed in this work supplements the earlier work by obtaining direct evidence of silicon lattice defects decorated with copper before and following different gettering treatments. The effectiveness of a process which restricts the gettering agent, phosphorus, to a dielectric film and thus away from the silicon lattice is discussed in addition to the ef-

Jan 1, 1969

By W. J. Rude

LARGEST of the known commercial deposits of pebble phosphate are those found in Polk County, Florida. The phosphate bed, commonly known as the matrix, will consistently average 6 to 9 ft. in depth, and is found under 3 to 60 ft. of over-burden. The phosphate pebbles, white and black in color, varying greatly in grade, are found imbedded in a matrix of sand and clay; and range in size from the fines to pebbles 1 1/2 in. in diameter, although the average coarse size is approximately 1/2 in. in diam¬eter. On some of the washers all material under 14 mesh is lost. High-grade phosphate (75 per cent plus of bone phosphate of lime, CasP2Oa) is generally soft, the pebbles breaking up during the mining operation and in pumping; low-grade phosphate, 67 to 69 B.P.L., is black in color with hard pebbles with no loss encountered in pumping.

Jan 1, 1941

By C. D. Rubert, W. J. Parton

A flotation plant was placed in operation in 1945 at the Tamaqua colliery of the Lehigh Navigation Coal Co. Inc., to recover fine anthracite which is discharged from the cleaning plant with the washery water.‡ In addition to the recovery plant, facilities were provided for the complete clarification of the washery water, recirculation of this clarified water for breaker use, and disposal of the refuse solids in a waste impounding dam. Fig I shows a view of the settling tanks and the flotation plant. Flow Diagram The flow diagram for the complete recovery project is given in Fig 2. All the waste water from the cleaning plant is collected in a sump A outside the breaker structure, from which a 7000 gpm pump B delivers it through a 16 in. line to a 75-ft diam hydroseparator C. The hydroseparator, acting as a classifier, is set to give a separation at approximately 200-mesh. The minus 200-mesh overflow is discharged by gravity into the 180-ft thickener D for final settling of the solids. The classifier underflow sludge is pumped to the flotation plant by a 6-in. quadruplex diaphragm pump E. A 10-ft diam hydroseparator F is used to make a second classification on the sludge solids at approximately 28-mesh. The underflow from this classifier containing the coarse particles is elevated by a 6-in. diaphragm pump G and is discharged on two 4- by 6-ft vibrating screens II. These screens are dressed with approximately 28-mesh cloth. Screen oversize product flows directly to the centrifuge that dewaters the cleaned froth. The screen underflow and the overflow from the 10-ft classifier flow to the flotation circuit. The flotation feed is conditioned in a 12 by 12-ft agitator tank J at a pulp density of I:2.33 (30 pct solids). Reagents are fed to the circuit by reagent feeder I. The conditioned pulp is then diluted to a pulp density of approximately I: 5 (18 pct solids) and is fed to two banks of four 100-cu ft froth flotation cells K for primary coal recovery and cleaning. Additional reagents from reagent distributor L are added to the feed weir-box of Nos. 2, 3, and 4 cells of each bank of flotation machines. Clean coal removed from these cells flows directly to the clean-coal sump. Dilute tailings from the primary cells is re-thickened in a 30-ft diam thickener M and is then retreated in a scavenger circuit for final recovery of coal. The scavenger circuit consists of a 6- by 6-ft agitator tank N and two banks of four 24-cu ft froth flotation cells 0. Coal froth from these cells flows to the dewatering equipment and the tailings flows to a vertical refuse pump which delivers it to the 180-ft diam waste thickener D. Dewatering of the coal products is accomplished in a 54- by 72-in Bird centrifugal filter P. The cake product is dropped onto a conveyor and is loaded

Jan 1, 1949

By John Goodell

CIVIL engineers seem to number in their ranks more advocates of licensing than are found among the practitioners of other branches of the pro-fession. Licensing was not originated by civil engineers but it was forced upon them in two ways. In the first place, the civil engineering profession has hangers-on like every other profession. The first legislative result of their imperfect accomplishments with which I am familiar occurred in the far West. It was found that early irrigation works were so badly planned in some cases that not only were water rights made very uncertain but considerable sums were invested in structures and ditches which proved inadequate and occasionally complete failures. Water was too valuable to be wasted in that way and money too hard to obtain. In those sections, therefore, laws were passed many years ago which made it obligatory for the design of irrigation works and other structures utilizing water to be made by engineers who had satisfied a board of examiners that they possessed the technical qualifications to plan such works properly. The basic thought on which such laws rest is the same as that on which laws governing the licensing of boiler operators rest, namely, the safety and welfare of the public. While boiler explosions still occur and irrigation works are built which are not wholly satis-factory, these laws have helped the, public, it is gener-ally agreed.

Jan 4, 1922

[Trans. No. Place Date Vol. Page 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa.* May, &apos;71.. 1 3 2. Bethlehem. Pa Aug., &apos;71.. 1 10 8. Troy, N. Y Nov., &apos;71.. 1 1S 4. Philadelphia, PaFeb., &apos;72.. 117 5. New York, N. Y.*May: &apos;78.. 120 5. Pittsburgh, PaOct., &apos;72.. 125 7. Boston, MassFeb., &apos;78.. 128 8. Philadelphia, Pa.* May, &apos;78.. 2 3 9. Easton, POct., &apos;78.. 27 10. New York. N. YFeb.. &apos;74.. 2 11]

Jan 1, 1946

IN international affairs, the great event of June was the meeting of representative bankers at Paris -for consideration of the arrangement of a large loan to Germany. The conference dissolved in futility. Following this abortive conference, the delegates to the parley at the Hague assembled there on June 15. America is not represented at the Hague, any more than at Genoa. The British view the conference seriously and have Leslie Urquhart, the highest authority on Russia, attending in an official capacity. The Irish had their election and voted by strong majority in favor of the treaty with Great Britain, which was happy, but the general situation in Ireland is miserable. In China there were spectacular military and political events. Economically, Japan was in trouble. Conditions are becoming better in India, although no yet settled. Egypt has troubles still. Australia has a better chance for welfare, following the overthrow of its labor govern-ment early in April last. In Europe it is hard to discern any improvement except in Great Britain. Business in Great Britain has been slowly widening. The future of Great Britain, which is chiefly an in-dustrial country, depends on finding employment for its, 1,750,000 idle men. Personalities figured largely in June. Lenin&apos;s health was represented as having failed so that the govern-ment of Russia has had to be-turned over to a trium-virate. All of this has been denied. It is clear that some. mighty events are transpiring there. The assassination of Doctor Rathenau in Germany is probably also an occurrence of portent. The murder of Field Marshal Wilson, in London, tended to in-crease anger in England against the Irish. In the United. States the attention of Congress was concentrated on the soldier bonus, the tariff bill and the subsidy for shipping. All of these projects are economically bad and are of the same nature, viz., the allotment of a bounty to some classes of people, without consideration to the general national interest and welfare.

Jan 7, 1922

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period of May 10, 1917, to June 10, 1917. ANDERSON, JAMES P.,-Mgr. of the Mines of the Ringwood Co., 50 Church St:, New York, N. Y. BAKER; THOMAS C., Mine Supt., Cia. Santa Gertrudis, S. A. Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. - BARCUS, W. J.. E., Min. Engr., Mining and Metallurgical Dept., General Chemical Co., 25 Broad St., New York,. N. Y. . BENNETT, GEORGE N.,.Min. Engr., Butte & Superior Mining Co., 616 West Gold St., Butte, Mont. BROCKMANN, GUILLERMO, Banker, Gmo. Brockmann & Co., Room 3115, 120 Broadway, New York, N. Y. BROWN, CLYDE L Mining, Box 703, Goldfield, Nev. BRUNSKOG, CARL W., Draftsman, Consolidated Arizona Smelting Co., Humboldt, Ariz. BURRELL,. OSSIAN C Mgr., American Zinc Co. of Tenn., Mascot, Tenn.

Jan 7, 1917

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who registered at Institute headquarters during the period Feb. 10 to Mar. 10, 1915: W. R. Van Liew, Batoum, Russia. Edward S. Jones, Scranton, Pa. Olof Wenstrom, Boston, Mass. Scott Turner, Tromso, Norway. D. G. Miller, Denver, Colo. A. H. Boyd, Denver, Colo. E. E. Olcott, New York, N. Y. M. M. Thompson, Morsemere, N. J. Francis R. Pyne, Elizabeth, N. J. F. C. Merry, Brooklyn, N. Y. Charles W. Goodale, Butte, Mont. Charles A. Filteau has been appointed General Manager for the Inca Mining & Development Co., Province of Carabaya, Department of Puno, Peru. Charles T. Kruse has been appointed Superintendent of the Jones & r, Loughlin mines in the Marquette and Menominee ranges.

Jan 4, 1915

By Herbert Hoover, Harlod Washburn

This paper is in the nature of a rough preliminary report on the progress that has been made in the application of the mass spectrometer to various problems arising in the petroleum industry. A few years ago the authors considered a number of the problems that were arising in the qualitative and quantitative measurement of small amounts of hydrocarbons. The methods available of making analyses by chemical techniques appeared to leave much room for improvement. Without going into the reasons at this point, attention was turned to the possibility of employing physical instead of chemical methods of accomplishing the desired results. A preliminary investigation disclosed that the mass spectrometer presented a possibility of solving many problems which could not easily be accomplished by other methods. Work was begun in developing the necessary apparatus and technique. A great deal of encouragement and many valuable suggestions were received from Dr. Robert A. Millikan, Dr. W. R. Smythe, and Dr. W. N. Lacey, of the California Institute of Technology, and from Dr. E. 0. Lawrence, who recently received the Nobel Prize, of the University of California. The authors particularly wish to acknowledge the very great willingness of these outstanding scientists to be helpful in solving many of the problems that were involved. So far as the authors are aware, this was the first application of the mass spectrometer to commercial work. The results were considerably better than had at first been anticipated. Briefly, it is possible to run a qualitative and quantitative analysis of an unknown mixture of hydrocarbon gases, with an accuracy of better than plus or minus 5 per cent of each of the various constituents. An exceedingly high degree of sensitivity has been obtained, and a relatively short time is required to complete an analysis. Furthermore, it is unnecessary to separate a mixture of gases into its various components in order to complete the analysis. The Mass Spectrometer The mass spectrometer should not be confused in any way with the optical 01 grating type of spectrograph now in general use. The operation of the mass spectrometer is entirely different in principle and bears practically no resemblance to the optical or grating instruments. The original conception and development of the mass spectrometer dates from and is generally credited to Aston, of Cambridge, England. An early accomplishment of his research, about 20 years ago, was the discovery that the inert gas neon was actually a mixture of two kinds of atoms, one of the atomic weight 20 and the other of atomic weight 22. These two components occurred mixed in such proportion as to yield the usual atomic weight of 20.2. The study was continued and most of the elements were shown to be mixtures of components whose atomic weights can, to in

Jan 1, 1941

By Harlod Washburn, Herbert Hoover

This paper is in the nature of a rough preliminary report on the progress that has been made in the application of the mass spectrometer to various problems arising in the petroleum industry. A few years ago the authors considered a number of the problems that were arising in the qualitative and quantitative measurement of small amounts of hydrocarbons. The methods available of making analyses by chemical techniques appeared to leave much room for improvement. Without going into the reasons at this point, attention was turned to the possibility of employing physical instead of chemical methods of accomplishing the desired results. A preliminary investigation disclosed that the mass spectrometer presented a possibility of solving many problems which could not easily be accomplished by other methods. Work was begun in developing the necessary apparatus and technique. A great deal of encouragement and many valuable suggestions were received from Dr. Robert A. Millikan, Dr. W. R. Smythe, and Dr. W. N. Lacey, of the California Institute of Technology, and from Dr. E. 0. Lawrence, who recently received the Nobel Prize, of the University of California. The authors particularly wish to acknowledge the very great willingness of these outstanding scientists to be helpful in solving many of the problems that were involved. So far as the authors are aware, this was the first application of the mass spectrometer to commercial work. The results were considerably better than had at first been anticipated. Briefly, it is possible to run a qualitative and quantitative analysis of an unknown mixture of hydrocarbon gases, with an accuracy of better than plus or minus 5 per cent of each of the various constituents. An exceedingly high degree of sensitivity has been obtained, and a relatively short time is required to complete an analysis. Furthermore, it is unnecessary to separate a mixture of gases into its various components in order to complete the analysis. The Mass Spectrometer The mass spectrometer should not be confused in any way with the optical 01 grating type of spectrograph now in general use. The operation of the mass spectrometer is entirely different in principle and bears practically no resemblance to the optical or grating instruments. The original conception and development of the mass spectrometer dates from and is generally credited to Aston, of Cambridge, England. An early accomplishment of his research, about 20 years ago, was the discovery that the inert gas neon was actually a mixture of two kinds of atoms, one of the atomic weight 20 and the other of atomic weight 22. These two components occurred mixed in such proportion as to yield the usual atomic weight of 20.2. The study was continued and most of the elements were shown to be mixtures of components whose atomic weights can, to in

Jan 1, 1941

Albin, B. R Billings, Mont. Amster, Nathan L 25 Broad St., New York, N. Y. Bache, Jules S 42 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Barrett, C. P6338 Harper Ave., Chicago, Ill. Baum, Frank G Hobart Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. Bayless, Hon. William S Russ Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. Bean, Louis H., V.P., Dwight P. Robinson & Co., Inc 125 E. 46th St., New York, N. Y. Beatty, Ross J 1106 First National Bank Bldg., Chicago, Ill. Benwell, Oswald F 205 Colorado National Bank, Denver, Colo. Beymer, Albert S., V.P., Keystone National Bank Pittsburgh, Pa. Bingham, Charles W 1542 Hanna Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio. Blumenthal, Hugo 44 Pine St., New York, N. Y. Boettcher, Charles Ideal Cement Bldg., Denver, Colo. Bowlus, Thomas H Iola, Kans. Bragg, E. B Carmel, Cal.

Jan 1, 1929

NEW MEMBERS. The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the month of flay, 1913: Members. BASTIN, EDSON S., Geol U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C BUCHERER, Louis, Cons. Engr Apartado 1471, Mexico City, Mexico. BURDICK, CHARLES A., Min. Engr 74 Broadway, New York, N. Y. CARR, HOMER L., Min. Engr 109 W. 88th St., New York, N. Y. CARTER, RUSSELL S., Mech. Engr. & Asst. Gent Mgr., Ingersoll-Rand Co., 11 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Jan 6, 1913

By Walter Miller

AFter a year&apos;s continued impact of war, the task of the petroleum-refining industry stands out clearly and looms up in larger aspect. This time it is not, as it was so largely in the first World War, simply a matter of increased quantity—more and more of the same petroleum products that had substantially been standard for years. In this era the emphasis is largely on newer and improved materials which had been produced, if at all, in comparatively insignificant quantities, and for which manufacturing equipment was not available on a large scale. At the beginning of 1942 four great product needs (besides a number of lesser ones) confronted the industry: 100-octane aviation gasoline, toluene for T.N.T. production, high-quality lubricating oils for aviation and Army equipment service, and petroleum chemicals for synthetic rubber manufacture. The difficulty in presenting a review of engineering progress in petroleum refining during 1942 is that there is so little one is free to say about so much which has been and is being accomplished. At the opening of 1942 the program was to increase the then existing capacity of 50,000 bbl. a day of aviation gasoline to over 150,000 bbl. daily by building new plants at an estimated installation cost of $150,000,000. Later in the year. after the announcement by President Roosevelt of a large increase in the program for war-plane building, additional contracts were made between the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and rehers to raise the capacity to 250,000 bbl. per day. The greatly increased scope of the war activities in all parts of the world, the obligation of the United States as the arsenal of the United Nations, and the greater importance and use of bomber, transport, and cargo planes will undoubtedly bring about plans and installations for a further increase in production of aviation gasoline over the present announced plan. In this connection, Jesse Jones, Reconstruction Finance Corporation Chairman, announced that as of Oct. 31 the R.F.C. had through its subsidiary Defense Plant Corporation entered into contracts for the construction, expansion, or equipping of 28 plants to increase 100-octane aviation gasoline production, but gave no data on &apos;capacity involved or completion dates. His list did not, of course, include a number of existing plants, and some installations being made by companies who are themselves financing the construction. Production from existing operating installations was materially increased in a number of instances as a result of pooling knowledge of improvements in operation and also by the exchange of Components going into 100-octane blend to enable greater quantities of aviation gasoline to be produced from the over-

Jan 1, 1943