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By D. B. RUSHJIORE

(New York -Meeting, February, 1912.) TORCHES were used by the early Romans for mine-lighting, and these were followed by open lamps or earthen jars filled with tallow or oil, and later by candles. In early coal-mining, explosive gases seldom occurred, and, if they were encountered, the danger of explosion was materially diminished by the absence of any ventilating-system and the consequent insufficient circulation of air to form with the methane an explosive mixture. As the art advanced, the danger of fire-damp became more apparent, and methods for testing the air were resorted to as early as in the fifteenth century. The method of testing consisted in lowering a clog in a, basket down the shaft. As soon as he encountered fire-damp he would commence to howl, after which he was withdrawn, and a leafy bush was fastened to the end of the rope and run rapidly up and clown the shaft. This so disturbed the accumulation of gas as to cause it to rise out of the shaft. Later this odd method of testing was improved upon through the discovery that a light inserted in a body of fire-dam p would produce a blue flame. Candles were used for this purpose, and, when fire-damp was thus discovered, brushing or some other primitive method of fanning was resorted to for driving out the gas. In some instances the gas was burned away, regardless of the danger thereby incurred. A man, wearing a well-moistened coat and a mask with glass spectacles, descended in the mine a few hours before each shift. With a long stick, to which was fastened a burning torch or candle, lie would crawl on the floor with the stick so raised that the light would sweep the roof and ignite the gas which it encountered. In this position the flame of the explosion would pass over him, after which he would retreat from the gases resulting from the combustion. The occurrence of serious accidents resulted in

Jul 1, 1912

Jan 1, 1883

By P. F. MINISTER

AT Lime Spur, Mont., the East Butte Copper Mining Co. has been quarrying limestone for twenty years. The quarry is beside the Northern Pacific R. R. in the Jefferson River canyon, 4 ½ miles east of Cardwell, at Lime Spur, Montana. HISTORY This quarry was opened early in 1900 by Dan Morrison of Whitehall, the discoverer of the Morrison cave, to supply a demand for smelter flux. Limestone was sold to the Pittsmont smelter of The East Butte Copper Mining Co. and to the Butte Reduction Works. As no particular effort was made at the quarry to select the rock that delivered to the smelters was unduly high in magnesia and impurities. The East Butte com¬pany, therefore. Bought the quarry. in 1909 and confined operations to the high-grade beds in order to supply rock of the desired purity for its own smelter and the Butte Reduction Works until the latter shut down. It also developed a market for some of its rock with the sugar factories. The latter market increased until in later years all rock, larger than 4 in. in size over a bar grizzly, was being shipped to the sugar factories, and the rock smaller than 4 in. was being used as a flux in the blast furnaces at the Pittsmont smelter. In 1924, the East Butte concluded a contract with the Anaconda company for the treatment of its ores, and the Pittsmont -smelter -was shut down: which made the minus 4-in. rock a useless by-product. Since there was not enough revenue in the sugar rock alone and also because of limited waste room it became necessary, if Lime Spur was to continue to operate, to increase- the proportion of plus 4-in. rock and to develop a market for the minus 4-in.

Jan 1, 1930

By David Cole

THE New Cornelia Copper Co. is mining and treating a 'monzonite " porphyry" copper deposit that is all hard rock. The oxidized surface shell, which constitutes the leachable part of the orebody, is measurably more resistent to crushing and comminution processes than is the underlying sulfide portion. The siliceous ribs running through the whole orebody are harder to crush than the main mass and there is no soft crumbly material to furnish the large volume of primary fines that features the crusher feeds of most other porphyry properties. New Cornelia ore reaches the primary crushers with a greater. proportion of large 'pieces. When the New Cornelia company first equipped its 'property, it used the following machines and flow , scheme to reduce the ore to leaching size:

Jan 1, 1925

By J. W. Richards

Plating iron with copper has received great attention from practical and scientific men, but, aside from the deposit secured by immersion of iron in copper salts, by electro-plating, or by welding together thin sheets of iron and copper, these efforts have met with no success. Failure of these efforts, in the production of copper plating, has been due to the fact that the conditions normally and necessarily present in the plating operation are antagonistic to the production of copper-plated iron. In most, if not quite all of them, a bath of molten copper has been used. The temperature of a molten copper bath is so high that the iron becomes oxidized before it can be immersed in the molten copper, and unless a protective flux for the molten copper is used, the surface of the copper will become oxidized, and, in any event, the plated iron will oxidize immediately on its being withdrawn from the molten bath. I recently had the pleasure of visiting the works of The Metals Plating Co. at Elizabeth, N. J., where I witnessed the plating of iron sheets with copper by a new process.l The plating metal is applied to the sheet in the form of a liquid mixture by means of rolls, such as inking rolls. The sheet, after being coated with the mixture, is automatically carried forward and deposited on a link-belt conveyor, which carries it through a furnace maintained at a temperature well above that of molten copper. The basic principle involved in this method lies in the application of the plating metal to the sheet while the sheet is cold and then melting the metal in place on the sheet under conditions which are favorable to the formation of the plating. Plating Mixture The liquid plating mixture is composed of either copper oxide or finely divided copper, or a mixture of both, ground to the consistency of a light varnish in a crude oil having an asphaltic base, of a specific gravity of from 14" to 16' Be. The plating mixture which gives the best results

Jan 1, 1919

By D. R. Knowlton

IF I were a minister, and this were a sermon, and such a passage appeared in the Bible, I would choose for my text: "From whence cometh the oil for our war?" And no preacher was ever more serious than I am. You petroleum engineers recognize that the producing branch of the industry is passing through an era of plenty and inflated potentials into an era of scarcity and unmet allowables. Not too long ago the oil operators of Kansas, California, and Texas were appearing before operators' meetings and regulatory authorities asserting that these States were capable of producing at rates far in excess of what the demand at that time would absorb. Today every oil-producing area in the United States except the Texas Gulf Coast and West Texas is producing close to or in excess of its maximum efficient rate.

Jan 1, 1943

By J. F. Myers, S. E. Sharp

The safety data presented in this paper are based upon replies to a Questionnaire sent out to representative mining companics. The authors feel that it is a fair cross section of the milling industry, in that the 17 companies, of the United States and Canada, reporting on 22 mills, are scattered from the Hudson Bay to the Mexican border and from coast to coast. These data concern the accident records of the various plants from 1939 to 1944, inclusive and the six years are divided into two periods. The first period (1939, 1940 and 1941) represents something of a normal operating condition. The second period (1942, 1943 and 1944) represents the period of time that was most affected by war conditions. During the second period there was a high labor turnover, inexperienced workers were numerous, women replaced men in many kinds of work, a labor shortage existed more or less throughout the industry, and supervision was pushed for peak production. All of the companies reporting compiled their accident experiences for these six years in accordance with the standards set up by the American Standards Association (New York, N. Y.), consequently the tabu lated data presented herein are comparable. The authors of this paper feel that the industry as a whole is greatly indebted to the personnel of the companies that furnished these data, which make this study possible for presentation. This survey covers a total exposure of 74,528,880 man-hours, with 105,471 man-days of lost time from 870 accidents. Safety Records In Table I, the safety record is shown of the various mills reporting. The severity rate is usually conceded to be the most vital statistical figure in safety parlance, therefore the participating companies are listed in order of their severity rate for the combined six-year period, under size of organizatiori. The table also shows the frequency rate as well as the frequency-severity ratio (F/S). As noted in Table I, most of the companies suffered an increase in both severity and frequency rates during the second period; only six of the 22 enjoyed an improvement. From correspondence with the various plants, it seems that a few had very little labor shortage or turnover, and these were not greatly affected. A few plants, anticipating the situation, strengthened their training facilities and actually were able to show a better experience during the second period. This gives great credence to the value of organized training in any safety program. The frequency-severity ratio (F/S) shown in the last column of Table I offers

Jan 1, 1947

By S. E. Sharp, J. F. Myers

The safety data presented in this paper are based upon replies to a Questionnaire sent out to representative mining companics. The authors feel that it is a fair cross section of the milling industry, in that the 17 companies, of the United States and Canada, reporting on 22 mills, are scattered from the Hudson Bay to the Mexican border and from coast to coast. These data concern the accident records of the various plants from 1939 to 1944, inclusive and the six years are divided into two periods. The first period (1939, 1940 and 1941) represents something of a normal operating condition. The second period (1942, 1943 and 1944) represents the period of time that was most affected by war conditions. During the second period there was a high labor turnover, inexperienced workers were numerous, women replaced men in many kinds of work, a labor shortage existed more or less throughout the industry, and supervision was pushed for peak production. All of the companies reporting compiled their accident experiences for these six years in accordance with the standards set up by the American Standards Association (New York, N. Y.), consequently the tabu lated data presented herein are comparable. The authors of this paper feel that the industry as a whole is greatly indebted to the personnel of the companies that furnished these data, which make this study possible for presentation. This survey covers a total exposure of 74,528,880 man-hours, with 105,471 man-days of lost time from 870 accidents. Safety Records In Table I, the safety record is shown of the various mills reporting. The severity rate is usually conceded to be the most vital statistical figure in safety parlance, therefore the participating companies are listed in order of their severity rate for the combined six-year period, under size of organizatiori. The table also shows the frequency rate as well as the frequency-severity ratio (F/S). As noted in Table I, most of the companies suffered an increase in both severity and frequency rates during the second period; only six of the 22 enjoyed an improvement. From correspondence with the various plants, it seems that a few had very little labor shortage or turnover, and these were not greatly affected. A few plants, anticipating the situation, strengthened their training facilities and actually were able to show a better experience during the second period. This gives great credence to the value of organized training in any safety program. The frequency-severity ratio (F/S) shown in the last column of Table I offers

Jan 1, 1947

By Bernard N. Moore

At present the demands of the United States for strorltium are met by imports from Germany, England and Canada, which vary considerably in proportions of ore and finished salts, in tonnage and in value. Statistics for the period 1926-1932 are given in Table 1. Domestic deposits arc known in many states, but the larger and purer ones are in the West, particularly in the desert region of southeastern California and western Arizona. These deposits are large enough to command interest, particularly in consideration of future cheap power at the Boulder Dam. The deposits described in this paper were examined during an investigation of the mineral resources of the Boulder Dam region by the United States Geological Survey for the United States Bureau of Reclamation in the spring of 1934. Mr. D. F. Hewett, who had general charge of the investigation, Mr. W. T. Schaller and Mr. M. I. Goldman contributed many helpful suggestions. Mr. N. H. Harshman assisted efficiently during the field work. Celestite Deposits The celestite deposits described in this paper are of sedimentary origin and Tertiary age. They are widely scattered, as shown on Fig. 1,

Jan 1, 1935

By Bernard N. Moore

At present the demands of the United States for strorltium are met by imports from Germany, England and Canada, which vary considerably in proportions of ore and finished salts, in tonnage and in value. Statistics for the period 1926-1932 are given in Table 1. Domestic deposits arc known in many states, but the larger and purer ones are in the West, particularly in the desert region of southeastern California and western Arizona. These deposits are large enough to command interest, particularly in consideration of future cheap power at the Boulder Dam. The deposits described in this paper were examined during an investigation of the mineral resources of the Boulder Dam region by the United States Geological Survey for the United States Bureau of Reclamation in the spring of 1934. Mr. D. F. Hewett, who had general charge of the investigation, Mr. W. T. Schaller and Mr. M. I. Goldman contributed many helpful suggestions. Mr. N. H. Harshman assisted efficiently during the field work. Celestite Deposits The celestite deposits described in this paper are of sedimentary origin and Tertiary age. They are widely scattered, as shown on Fig. 1,

Jan 1, 1935

By AIME AIME

PAST President R. C. Allen, then State Geologist of Michigan, gave George Corless his first job-tracing ?magnetic? with the dip compass in northern Wisconsin. His second job was also with a man now Past President of the Institute-"Chief" Buehler, for whom he worked at Joplin three years. Then came seven years as geologist and later as assistant manager of the Chanute Spelter Co., a subsidiary of The American Metal Co., Ltd. His entrance into the oil business was not planned. During a lull in the zinc industry in July, 1926, he stopped at Houston, after a trip to the Rio Grande Valley, and was so impressed with the city that he decided to migrate. His first job there was with the Texas Company, whose impressive building across from the Post Office caught his eye after he had mailed a letter saying that he was settling in Houston and would not be home until Christmas. Some months later, A.I.M.E. Past President Philip N. Moore learned that he was in. Houston and wrote an unsolicited recommendation that resulted in his present employment with the Humble Oil & Refining Co. Today he is superintendent of the Gulf Coast Division of its production department. The Division extends from Jackson County, Texas, to New Orleans, and includes such pools as Sugarland, Conroe, Toni Ball, Thompsons, Anahuac, and Friendswood. -

Jan 1, 1938

PAUL. D. MERICA, Bayonne, N. J. (written discussion*)..-The mode of intercrystalline oxidation which the authors" have so well observed and described is characteristic of nickel that has been exposed' to: the action of an oxidizing atmosphere at higher temperatures, such as, those at which; it is annealed or heated for rolling or forging. Oxidation under such conditions proceeds inward from the surface along the, crystal boundaries' producing a net-work, probably of oxide; which causes a very brittle condition of this surface material. This, in turn, generally results in surface cracking and checking during further, rolling and a defective sheet or other product is produced. An example of this is shown in Fig. 2, which shows the surface, of a badly surface-cracked sheet of nickel produced by incorrect heating con-ditions. A cross-section of this sheet etched with nitric acid is shown in Fig. 1, which reveals the intercrystalline oxidation network adjacent to both surfaces.These layers are so brittle that it is not possible to deform them by rolling without severe cracking along these lines or, planes of weakness. The best, and possibly only, remedy for this condition lies in its prevention by the maintenance of a neutral soft flame for heating and annealing nickel during the entire course of its manufacture. I should like to suggest that, those making microscopic investigations of nickel and nickel-rich alloys try the use of acetic-acid .solutions of nitric acid for etching these metals rather than aqueous solutions, of nitric acid. I have found that a solution containing 50 per cent. nitric acid, from 25-45 -per. cent. acetic acid, and from 25-5 per cent. water gives excellent results with. Wrought and cast nickel and Morsel metal and superior results to those obtained with nitric acid, alone. The acetic. acid seems to inhibit the passivity that nickel often assumes toward nitric acid and much more uniform etching may, be obtained. The proportions of nitric and acetic, acid may be varied somewhat from those given without mate-rially altering the quality of the etching, although without any distinct improvement in it.

Jan 12, 1919

COLUMBIA SECTION S. S. FOWLER, Chairman., J. C. HAAS, Vice-chairman, LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, 720 Peyton Bldg., Spokane, Wash. W. H. LINNEY. J. F. MCCARTHY. On July 15, 16, and 17, 1918, through the good offices of Secretary Stoughton, and the courtesy of War Department officials, Columbia Section was able to secure a series of moving pictures which were presented under the auspices of the Spokane Engineering and Technical Association.. The title was "The Way Out," representing the activities of individuals who had lost an arm, a leg, or both, yet whose apparent misfortunes were made the stepping stones to advancement in various human activities. The exhibitions were given at Natatorium Park in the evening, each of the three performances being attended by 1000 per-sons. Later the films were shipped to Kellogg, Idaho, where they were shown in the principal playhouse one evening to a full house. On July 31, 1918, the Columbia Section participated in the luncheon and other entertainment in honor of Alfred D. Flinn, Secretary of the Engineering Council, who made a trip through the country to meet different classes of engineers, members of the National Societies, for whom he had a message. The entertainment was under the auspices of the Spokane Engineering and Technical Association, Mr. Peter Mogensen presiding. The luncheon was held in the Elizabethan Room, Davenport Hotel, at noon, 35 engineers being present, of whom about one-third were our members.

Jan 9, 1918

By C. W. Spencer, B. F. Addis, G. H. Bishop, C. A. Steidel

STUDIES of the inter granular attack of metals by liquids have generally been confined to polycrys-talline specimens. This note reports the results of preliminary studies of the penetration of bismuth-rich Ni-Bi liquids into oriented bicrystal specimens of nickel. It is found that isothermal penetration follows a parabolic rate law and shows a definite anisatropy with respect to direction on the grain boundary surface. Nickel bicrystals containing < 100> tilt boundaries were grown using the Czochralski method. Relative misorientation of the parent crystals was controlled to ± 1deg. The boundaries are straight in the growth direction, i.e., the common <100>, and generally straight in the transverse direction, as shown in Fig. 1. The starting material, Inco HPM grade nickel was contained in a recrystallized alumina crucible and maintained under argon. Bicrystals typically contain 30 ppm C, less than 10 ppm S, O, N, and 50 ppm residual metallics, principally iron and silicon. Specimens, as schematically illustrated in Fig. l(c),were cut from bicrystal ingots using a thin water-cooled abrasive wheel. To insure removal of all residual strain, which accelerates the penetration, specimens were round through 600 grit silicon-carbide, chemically polished, and annealed for 4 hr at 1375°C under argon. The procedure described by Cheney et al.1 for exposing specimens to

Jan 1, 1962

While coal was undoubtedly seen by the Spanish explorers in Texas, no mention can be found of it in any of their available published records; it was likely noticed by the first Americans, and coal along the Rio Grande River was reported in 1834.1 The next record is that of brown coal in Bastrop County in 1837 by James Nicholson and Judge Pinckney Hill? Dr. Riddell saw brown coal along the Trinity River in 1839 and described it as follows: "In the banks of the Trinity, associated with the iron ore, and overlying the brown coal, whole trees and fragments of trees, piled sometimes one upon another, present themselves completely transformed into stone. In some logs a diversified metamorphosis is observable; one portion of the vegetable structure having been replaced with silex, another with brown oxide of iron, and a third is bitumenized or converted into coal. "In concern with Dr. F. B. Page, I took considerable pains in the exploration of the Trinity brown coal formation., As no excavations for working have yet been made, the best places for inspecting the formation are where the Trinity cuts its way through the highlands, or where its banks present themselves in bold high bluffs, as at New Cincinnati, and near the site of the projected town of Osceola. The coal lies in horizontal strata, dipping one foot in thirty to the northwest. The main stratum at the latter place, just above Bedias creek; is represented by the concurrent statement of W. C. Brookfield, surveyor, Mr. James S. Hunter, of Huntsville, Texas, Dr. Page, and some other persons whom I consulted, as between six and seven feet in thickness, the lower portion being between three and four feet above low water mark. Unfortunately, during my sojourn there, the river was unusually high and turbid for the season of year; I could not consequently verify the same by personal observation and measurements. The most considerable coal beds which I had opportunity fully to inspect, were in the Trinity bluffs, southwest side, at New Cincinnati, six miles lower down, and just below the mouth of Salt creek, near six miles above. The workable stratum of brown coal in each of these localities is about five feet thick, and situated some fifteen feet or so above low water mark. In quality it is said to be precisely similar to the coal in the seven feet bed."2 . Moore in 1840 mentioned coal in the vicinity of Great Salt Lake, through which the Brazos flows; lignite in Bastrop County; lignite in the banks of the Colorado River a few miles above Lagrange in Fayette County; a deposit of excellent coal in the bed of the Sabine River, 30 miles above the

Jan 1, 1942

By James A. Roberson

THE mechanical behavior of molybdenum has become a matter of considerable interest in recent years because it has a reasonably high strength at high temperatures. Various aspects of its fatigue behavior have been investigated previously,1-3 and the results can be summarized as follows. Recrys-tallized molybdenum exhibits a fatigue limit which decreases continuously with increasing temperature. The ratio of fatigue-limit stress to ultimate tensile stress is high (0.6 to 0.8) and reasonably constant. The present work was undertaken to determine the effect of variations in environment on the fatigue of molybdenum stressed in fully reversed axial tension compression. In order to provide a basis to which these data could be compared, a complementary series of fatigue tests were made in vacuum. All of the specimens used were made from one mill lot of unalloyed molybdenum which had been vacuum-arc melted, worked down to 1-in.-diam bar, re-crystallized, then warm-worked to 5/8 in. diam. The interstitial content by weight was as follows: C—0.022 pet, 02-0.0026 pet, Hz-0.0001 pet, and N20.0002 pct. The average grain diameter in the transverse direction was about 0.035 mm, and the average grain length was about 0.15 mm. Typical tensile-test data are shown in Table I. None of the specimens tested exhibited an upper yield point.

Jan 1, 1965

By J. W. Putman, N. J. Grant, D. S. Bloom

SEVERAL recent determinations of the melting S point of pure chromium have been reported which give values of 1845°C1; 1895°C,² 1930°C,³ 1860°C,&apos; and 1890°C.5 because of this wide spread of values, it appeared desirable to make one additional attempt to obtain a more accurate, reliable figure. bloom and Grantx recently reported a phase transformation in chromium:.--- it was desired to check this, too, in the course of checking the melting point. To accomplish this, a much higher purity chromium was required. Electrolytic chromium containing about 0.5 pct 0 was crushed to a finer size and was then annealed in highly purified, dried hydrogen at 1375°C for 100 hr. This treatment produced chromium with about 0.008 pct 0, 0.002 pct N, and negligible carbon. The balance of the impurities was 0.3 pct Fe, 0.03 pct Si, 0.004 pct S, and less than 0.001 pct Mo. This chromium was melted in a stabilized zirconia crucible under pre-purified argon, using induction heating. Temperature measurements were made with annealed wolfram-molybdenum thermocouples and a Leeds and Northrup Speedomax Recording Potentiometer. The thermocouples were annealed for 1 min in hydrogen at a temperature of about 2400°C. Each leg of the thermocouple was immersed in an ice-water mixture using mechanical connectors to the lead wires. The thermocouple tip was immersed in the molten chromium in a zirconia protection tube which introduces an error of about 3°C as a temperature drop through the walls of the tube. The weight of chromium was about 183 g. The dimensions of the melt in the crucible were about 1.25 in. diam x 2 in. high. The tip of the thermocouple was held about ½ in. from the bottom of the crucible. Two new thermocouples were used with the above set-up giving the results shown in Table I. Since this chromium is purer than that used by Greenaway, Johnstone and McQuillan,&apos; by Carlile et al.,4 and other investigators,²,3 it is believed to be the more accurate. Thermocouple aging effects which are believed responsible for the high value of 1930°C³ were avoided in this work. This value of 1903°C is correct to about ±10°C. The right hand column lists the temperature of the a ? ß transformation on heating and the ß ? a on cooling.3 A sample curve is shown in Fig. 1. The value so determined is 1840°C + 15°C. Fig. 1 gives adequate evidence that there is a transformation in chromium at high temperatures.&apos; References &apos;H. T. Greenaway, S. T. M. Johnstone, and M. K. McQuillan: High Temperature Thermal Analysis USing the Tungsten-Molybdenum Thermocouple. Journal Inst. Metals (November 1951) 19, p. 109. ²J. W. Putman, R. D. Potter, and N. J. Grant: The Ternary System Chromium-Molybdenum-Iron. Trans. A.S.M. (1951) 43, p. 824. ³D. S. Bloom and N. J. Grant: Chromium-Nickel Phase Diagram. Trans. AIME (1951) 191, p. 1009; Journal of Metals (November 1951). &apos; S. J. Carlile, J. W. Christian, and W. Hume-Rothery: The Equilibrium Diagram of the System Chromium-Manganese. Journal Inst. Metals (1949) 76, p. 169. 5G. Grube and R. Knabe: Ztsch. Elektrochemie (1936) 42, p. 793.

Jan 1, 1953

By R. A. Pasternak, B. Evans

A dynamic technique for the determination of solubilities of gases in metals has been explored, using the N-Nb system as a test case. An initially clean sample, maintained at constant high temperature, is exposed to the gas at low pressure: the rate of sorp-tion and the corresponding change in sample resistance are measured continuously. A pronounced decrease in the slope of the resistance concentration curve is observed at the terminal solubility. The rate of gas uptake by the sample was determined in an ultrahigh-vacuum flow system equipped with a servo-control which maintains constant pressure in the sample chamber; the system and the technique have been described in detail elsewhere. 1,2 The sample was held at constant temperature during sorption by maintaining approximately constant power input into it; this results in constant temperature, since the emissivity of a metal is independent of moderate concentrations of dissolved gas. The simple electrical circuit used both for heating and for resistance measurement is shown in Fig. 1. The power input into the filament is where R is the filament resistance, RL is an adjustable resistance in series with the filament, and VT is the constant dc potential of the power source. If RL is set equal to R at the beginning of an absorption run, the power input becomes insensitive to subsequent resistance changes; for example, an increase of 20 pct in sample resistance is accompanied by a decrease in power input of less than 0.8 pct; i.e., the

Jan 1, 1967

By John A. Mathews

D R. CHARLES W. ELIOT, the great educator and philosopher-he of the five-foot book shelf-recently gave expression to a thought I had long been cherishing as a private opinion, when he said: "It is obvious that standardization has become a dangerous adversary of progress in both education and industry." This idea must have been more widespread than either of us knew, for some five years ago a writer of verse for one of the comic papers dealt with it at great length. I will quote only a few of his stanzas to illustrate his understanding of "A Standardized Existence" : A visitor at large, I stand Beneath a standard sky- Where everything is standardized To please the standard eye. Each tree is of a standard height, Each building is the same; Each man is uniform in height, And has a standard name. Above there is a standard star Beside a standard cloud, And a standard weather here prevails To please a standard crowd. With standard joy, and standard gain, The standard people live; And if there is one bit of pain T?is such as standards give.

Jan 1, 1926

By Harry H. Power

INDUSTRY has the right to expect the petroleum engineering schools to supply more than the minimum technical qualifications necessary to obtain or discharge the responsibilities of a particular job. The basic training, social and economic orientation, should go far beyond these minimum requirements. Petroleum engineering students should also be well grounded in the history of the oil business so that they may understand the industry&apos;s progress since the advent of the Drake well. Furthermore, according to P. H. Bohart, the schools "have a definite duty to help the students form a workable philosophy of life, which includes an appreciation of the service of science to mankind, and a belief in the obligation of the individual who enters a profession to exalt himself by continuing his studies and growth so that he may never cease making contributions to the advancement of science and industry."

Jan 1, 1948