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By Walter Crooke

Regenerative hot-blast stoves are now in general use in all parts of the world, and are so well understood and appreciated, that I need not take up your time with an account of their history and introduction into the United States. My object in writing this paper is to give you a short description of a stove that is now being very favorably received and adopted here (see drawing). The stove was first introduced into this country in 1887 by M'Clure & Shuler (now M'Clure & Amsler), who have the management of the patent right in the United States. The English design had to be modified to suit the exigencies of American blast-furnace practice, which, in many respects, widely differs from our English experience. In the first place, the fire-bricks used in America expand to an extent unknown in England, and it became necessary to make special provision for this by increasing the number of cross-walls, and by leaving a space at the top of the stove through which the lining could expand. The expansion laterally was, however, more difficult to provide for, as the combustion-chamber in the center, being the hottest part of the stove, must necessarily expand more than the outer walls, and therefore tend to squeeze up the flue-openings. On first introducing these stoves to American ironmasters, a feel ing seemed to prevail that a " four-pass " stove did not utilize the whole of its surface. They also had an idea that the " two-pass " stove let the burning gas go before all the duty had been extracted from it; so that it was found neceseary to design a stove of a special character to suit their wishes. Hence the "three-pass" chimney top stove now before your notice, the advantage claimed for which is that each stove is independent, requiring no underground chimney flue or stack, and can be erected at a very light cost. The working of these stoves has proved to be very successful wherever they have been introduced.

Jan 1, 1891

By W. Vickers

Single-point rotating cantilever fatigue tests have been carried out at 550" to 650°C on beryllium produced by a variety of fabrication routes. All the specimens gave similar plots of stress against number of cycles to failure but failure occurred at a lower stress range in the hot-pressed material than in the extruded material. A discontinuity or "kink" appears to exist in the curves and this is considered. A true endurance limit was not evident up to 10 cycles. When Brush hot-pressed warm-extruded beryllium was tested at 600oC a relationship where Nf = number of cycles to failure, ?ep = plastic strain range, and c = constant, was shown to be applicable for values of ?ep > 6.3 x 10-4. Further for this moterial and temperature and for frequencies between 150 and 4500 cycles per min, the variation of number of cycles to failure with frequency obeyed the expression N = Af0.44 where N =number of cycles to failure, f = frequency, and A = constant. Examination of the fracture surfaces indicated that they were generally intergranular and in all cases the higher the stress the more irregular was the fracture. Microexamination has shown that grain boundary cavities and fine intergranular cracks were associated with the fractures. REVERSING or cyclic stresses set up in fuel elements can lead to failure by fatigue. Fatigue stresses may be developed by instability of the fuel element in the coolant flow leading to rattling against the channel wall or fin vibration. Thermal cycling also sets up reversing stresses due to differential expansion of fuel and can. Fatigue resistance is of some importance therefore in the evaluation of canning materials. At the time the work described in this paper was initiated, beryllium was being considered for the can and endcaps of an advanced gas-cooled reactor fuel element. With this in mind, beryllium obtained from different manufacturing routes was tested on single-point rotating cantilever fatigue machines at temperatures the same as those envisaged in the reactor to obtain appropriate fatigue data. The results obtained indicated a discontinuity in the S-N curves coinciding with the yield stress in the specimens. Although in some cases the data is insufficient to warrant a detailed quantitative analysis, a qualitative analysis of this effect was thought to be justified. 1) EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS The materials used are given in Table I together with the production route and available analyses. The specimen shape is shown in Fig. 1. The fatigue specimens were machined slightly oversize, after which they were given a stress-relieving anneal of 1 hr at '750° C in vacuum. This was followed by an etch in sulfuric-phosphoric-chromic acid mixture down to the finished dimensions given in Fig. 1. Etching served to remove the interference colored oxide film formed on the surface during annealing and very small recrystallized surface grains too. The specimen was mounted in the grips of a cantilever machine and rotated inside a furnace controlled at the testing temperature. The specimen was loaded in increments as the speed was increased until the required load was applied at 5000 cycles per min. A revolution counter was used to record the total number of cycles.

Jan 1, 1964

By AIME

In Emporia or Claremore, time was when a path was beaten to the door of the local sage. Nowadays, the beginnings of such a path are discernible in Tennessee, as folks of the metallurgical persuasion find it to their pleasure and profit to call upon the Sage of Copperhill. They come, more and more respectfully as the years go by, yet to ever fewer persons is he known as Mr. Myers, but to more, eloquently, as Jack. Find better ways to run your mill, find happier means of co-ordinating your humanities or serving your professional society, and it's just like the man said about the mousetrap. A druggist's son, born in Wisconsin, May 24, 1889, reared on the Bible in Ohio and Indiana, and completing his education in Colorado, this now indisputably 24-carat Tennesseean has had a checkered career. Going West as a laborer at the tail end of the 1907 panic, he did not make his fortune but he did gain an understanding of labor that in later years endeared him to his men. Graduating in 1913 from Colorado School of Mines with the degree of E. Met. and a string of football letters (also earned the hard way, at tackle) he went to work in Butte & Superior, just at the beginning of the Golden Age of flotation.

Jan 1, 1949

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who registered at Institute headquarters during the period May 10 to June 10: Rene de Sallier, New York, N. Y. Karl Koelle, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. H. S. Chamberlain, Chattanooga, Tenn. W. A. Wilson, Salt Lake City, Utah. F. R. Pretyman, Oyster Bay, N. Y. P. E. Barbour, Candor, N. C. R. Eustice, South Australia. R. C. Blanchard, London, England. F. C. Darby, South Australia. S. K. Tong, Shanghai, China. Grant H. Tod, Livermore, Cal. W. T. Burns, Great Falls, Mont. J. Murray Clark, Toronto, Canada. F. W. Bacorn, Butte, Mont. J. H. Adams, Birmingham, Ala. H. B. Pulsifer, Chicago, 111. A. Faison Dixon, Encontrador, Venezuela. Dwight E. Woodbridge, Duluth, Minn. C. W. Merrill, San Francisco, Cal. Heinrich Ries, Ithaca, N. Y. Francis Church Lincoln, Boston, Mass. H. L. Slosson, San Francisco, Cal. Frank R. Corwin has severed his connection with the Arizona Copper Co., Clifton, Ariz., and is now shift superintendent at the smelting plant of the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Co.. Douglas. Ariz.

Jan 7, 1914

IN CHAPTER I it was shown that the approximate market value of the copper produced at the twelve big Porphyry mines from 1905 to 1931, inclusive, was $2,821,300,000. This represented the refined metal ready for shipment to the consumer. In addition, at least $50,000,000 worth of gold and silver had been produced, more than $30,000,000 coming from the Utah mine alone. Consequently, the revenues totaled about $2,871,300,000, as shown in Table 58. Society paid this sum for a given quantity of metal that it wanted for industrial use. Where did the money go? Who were the direct beneficiaries of the creation of this new wealth? These questions this chapter will answer in a general way. Because some necessary data are not available, an exact tabulation in detail can not be made, but Table 58 is believed to reflect with reasonable accuracy the disposition made of the aggregate income from the twelve operations. The word "operations" is used advisedly because the complexity of corporate relations precludes the possibility of picking out companies, as could be done if each enterprise were an independent entity such as Miami, for example. Some explanation of the table and some elaboration of the items under "Outgo" is desirable. In the first place, it is assumed that the sum of surplus current assets existing in various treasuries at the end of 1931 was substantially equivalent to the “new” money that actually was put into the enterprises as a group. Less than $20,000,000 in new capital was realized from securities sold by the Utah Copper Co., the remaining funds coming from earnings. In respect to some of the others, such as Chuquicamata, Inspiration, and Andes, the amount of new money was much greater. However, of the two items-total new capital invested and total current surpluses-the former

Jan 1, 1933

By AIME AIME

Council.* PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND* New York, N. Y. (Term expires February, 1909.) VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE COUNCIL. SAMUEL B. CHRISTY BERKELEY, CAL. JOHN A. CHURCH NEW YORK, N. Y. PERSIFOR FRAZER PHILADELPHIA, PA. (Term expires February, 1909.) J. PARKE CHANNING NEW YORK, N. Y. FREDERICK 1V. DENTON PAINESDALE, MICH. JOHN B. FARISH DENVER, COLO. (Term expires February, 1910.)

Mar 1, 1908

By AIME AIME

Council.* PRESIDENT O. THE COUNCIL. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND NEW YORK, N. Y. (Term expires February, 1909.) VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE COUNCIL. SAMUEL B. CHRISTY BERKELEY, CAL. JOHN A. CHURCH NEW YORK, N. Y. PEPSIFOR FRAZER PHILADELPHIA, PA. (Term expires February, 1909.) J. PARKE CHANNING NEW YORK, N. Y. FREDERICK W. DENTON PAINESDALE, INCH. JOHN B. FARISH DENVER, COLO. (Term expires February, 1910.)

Jan 5, 1908

President MRS. HARRISON SOUDER Smith Paramus Road Ridgewood, N. J. First Vice-president MRS. ROBERT HURSH 10 Kilburn Road Belmont, Mass. Second Vice-president MRS. ERLING L. JORGENSEN 95 Knollwood Rd. Short Hills, N. .1. Third Vice-president MRS. PERCY E. BARBOUR 1R(; Riverside Drive New York, N. Y. Fourth Vice-president MRS. C. B. MURRAY 2040 Stearns Rd. Cleveland, Ohio

Jan 1, 1938

By AIME AIME

Council. * PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL. JAMES F. KEMP NEW YORK, N.Y. (Term expires February, 1913.) VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE COUNCIL. S. B. CHRISTY BERKELEY, CAL. W. A. LATHROP PHILADELPHIA, PA. GARDNER F. WILLIAMS WASHINGTON, D. C. (Term expires February, 1913.) KARL EILERS NEW YORK, N. Y. WALDEMAR LINDGREN WASHINGTON, D. C. BENJAMIN B. THAYER NEW YORK, N. Y. (Term expires February, 1914.)

Mar 1, 1912

By E. J. Roberts

Prior to 1916, thickening was an art, and any accurate decision as to what size of machine to install to handle a given tonnage of a specific ore must have been one of those intuitive conclusions, based on both intimate and extensive acquaintance with thickners and ore pulps. Then in 1916 "knowledge of acquaintance," became "knowledge about" with the publication of the Coe and Clevenger paper.' The unit operation of thickening had graduated to the status of an engineering science. The fundamental similitude relationships for the two major phases of the operation were defined so clearly that batch tests on models as small as liter cylinders could serve to specify protypes as large as 325 ft in diameter.

Jan 1, 1949

By W. J. Joslin

The frontal-advance equation can determine how the fluid withdrawal rate and subsurface operating pressure influence oil recovery from pressure-maintained reservoirs having characteristics favorable for efficient vertical segregation. For effective vertical segregation in formations having low dip angles, the requirements are: thick, massive sands, low viscosity oil and high vertical permeability with few discontinuous shale members. This approach has been successfully applied to the LL-370, which is a massive Eocene sandstone reservoir containing crude with an average gravity of 26" APT, a dip of only 3" and vertical permeability of ½ darcy. The average gas cap saturation was calculated for various rates of vertical gas-oil contact movement corresponding to a wide range of reservoir producing rates. This method also evaluated the effect of different pressure maintenance levels on oil recovery. Applicability of this procedure for calculating the present oil saturation in the LL-370 gas cap has been substantiated from field performance, where the oil saturation was computed by comparing oil recovery with the gas cap volume vacated. INTRODUCTION During the natural depletion history of the LL-370 reservoir, located in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, excellent vertical segregation resulted in the formation of a thin gas zone over a substantial portion of the oil-productive area. Subsequently, gas injection forced this thin gas-saturated zone slowly downward, reducing the oil saturation in the gas cap to a low value. The oil recovery has been raised considerably above earlier predictions where vertical segregation effects were under-estimated. In order to determine the maximum efficient producing rate and optimum operating pressure for this reservoir, a vertical gas frontal-advance analysis has been made through application of the fractional flow equation. LL-370 RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS The reservoir consists of a truncated monocline of massive. highly-permeable Eocene sandstone, called the B-b formation, covering an area of more than 13,500 acres. The original oil in place was 2.17 billion STB. Internal non-sealing faults subdivide the structure into four blocks called the B-6-x.6, 10, 11 and 13, which are effectively bounded by major faulting on the flanks, an unconformity updip to the west, and an immobile aquifer to the southeast. The producing formation occurs at an average depth of 5,250 ft subsea and has a closure of more than 1,500 ft. A typical producing section has a net oil sand thickness of 170 ft. Scattered throughout the section are a few randomly-positioned shale lenses which increase in thickness and areal extent downdip. The reservoir rock and fluid properties vary with depth. The permeability and produced oil gravity are 1600 md and 28" API at the top, compared to 300 md and 18° API at the water-oil contact. The productivity of updip wells is, therefore, much higher than the reservoir average. The reservoir oil was originally saturated at the crest, grading to a slight degree of undersaturation at the water-oil contact. There was no original gas cap; and material balance and the field performance indicate no water influx. Except for the northern B-6-x.6 block, the fluid and rock properties have already been published.' Average LL-370 reservoir properties are shown in Table 1. RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE UNDER NATURAL DEPLETION Fig. 1 shows production performance from 1939 to date. Early development was gradual, with 30 wells pro-

Jan 1, 1965

By Howard N. Eavenson

DURING the past year, as in the preceding ones, prices continued to fall, production to decrease, and more mines were closed. Much attention is being given by the industry to suggested plans for betterment of its position, and if the scheme recently brought out for consolidation of sales agencies into district agencies is loyally carried out, it cannot but help to improve conditions. The progress in the anthracite industry is shown in the report of its chairman, E. H. Suender; changes in coal preparation are outlined in the report of J. B. Morrow, chairman of Committee on Coal Preparation, while increased mechanization of the western mines is described by Eugene McAuliffe, chairman of the Committee on Machine and Strip Mining. In spite of the depression, interest in the Coal Division has been increasing, its meetings have been well attended, and its committees are active and have been doing excellent work.

Jan 1, 1932

By John M. Lovejoy

FEDERAL regulation of the petroleum resources of the nation has long been an interesting topic for discussion. A plan to accomplish Federal control has now taken definite form. At the request of the President of the United States, a bill to be known as the Petroleum Conservation Act of 1939 has been presented to Congress-H. R. 7372, offered by Representative Wm. P. Cole, Jr., and more usually known as the Cole bill. It is an act ostensibly designed to conserve our petroleum resources, through regulation of production practices. Hearings are being held currently by a subcommittee of the Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, in compliance with the request of the President to report the bill early in the next session of Congress.

Jan 1, 1939

By B. H. Caudle, A. B. Dyes

In a recent publication' it was shown that wells with a free surface in a homogeneous gravity-drainage reservoir have a hyperbolic decline with index n '. This paper reports efforts to extend this theory to practical field cases. As a first step in making the extension, a large number of lease production curves from gravity-drainage fields in the stripper stage were fitted with the general hyperbolic decline equation, q/q, = 1/(1 + y) y and n in each case being determined by statistical methods. It was found that this equation is reliable for decline curve extrapolation for periods up to at least 25 years. The resrilts obtained were disturbing in the sense that values for the index, n, were often smaller than one, which fact leads to the prediction that a well would produce all infinite amount of oil in infinite time. A theoretical investigation based on the results of the previous paper provides a suitable explanation for these low values of n. It suggests that these are obtained if production occurs from two or more layers of diflerent permeabilitv and thicktress or two lnyers having different skin effects. It is predicted that as the more permeable layers are exhausted, the index of decline, n, will rise from a value smaller than 2, to n = 2. A practical method is given for fitting the general hyperbolic decline Eq. 6 to production decline data. When this method is used, the index of decline observed in gravity-drainage reservoirs in the stripper stage when wing only data over early years 01 decline usually agrees quite closely with that determined using data over 25 years or more. This indicates that the hyperbolic decline equation is reliable for predicting behavior of such reservoirs. A method is also suggested for taking into account any changes in the value of the index INTRODUCTION As a result of both experimental work with models and theoretical deductions, it was recently concluded' that wells having a free surface in a homogeneous reservoir producing by pure gravity drainage should have a hyperbolic decline with n = 2. The present report details efforts to extend this work on ideal homogeneous reservoirs to actual field cases. It should be remembered that both the previous work and the present extension are based on the assumption that the reservoir is at very low pressure, and hence, nearly all the potential available for driving fluid to the well is the gravity head. Attempts to apply conclusions of this study to reservoirs which have considerable pressures supplementing the gravity drive may lead to difficulty. WELLS WITH NO FREE SURFACE In a dipping gravity-drainage reservoir such as that shown in Fig. 1, some of the down-dip wells have no free surface. The previous study' showed that the up-dip wells, which have a free surface, should follow Eq. 1. The following approximate analysis, of a type which was justified experimentally for up-dip wells in the work just mentioned, leads to results for the down-dip wells.

PRESIDENT L E Young', Pittsburgh, Pa PAST PRESIDENTS Clyde Williams, Columbus, Ohio W. E Wrather, Washington, D C VICE-PRESIDENTS Robert W Thomas', Ray, Ariz C Harry Benedict, Lake Linden, Mich D H McLaughlin, San Francisco, Calif A B Kinzel, New York, N Y Philip Kraft, New York, N Y VICE-PRESIDENT AND TREASURER Andrew Fletcher, New York, N Y

Jan 1, 1949

By M. H. De Hora

(Butte Meeting, August, 1913.) IN giving my opinion of the importance of Colombia as a field for investment for those interested' in mining for the precious metals, I must begin by quoting Sir Clement Markham, who, in one of his presidential addresses to the Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain, called the attention of its members to the fact that " although Colombia is the least known and least developed of the South American republics, it is far and away the richest mineral country of them all." This to American investors is extremely interesting, as the country is the most accessible of all the South American republics from the United States. .Almost all of the gold shipped by the Spaniards from Madre de Dios, now Colon, came from Colombia, and statistics from the Mint at Medellin, the capital of the Department of Antioquia, go to show that the . total production of the precious metals of Colombia, dating from the Spanish conquest in the fifteenth century to the present time, aggregates the enormous total of $700,000,000. Of this amount, nearly 70 per cent. represents gold obtained from the placers of the Republic, more than one-half of which came from the Department of Antioquia, the balance, being divided between the placers of the Choco and the rest of the Republic. The remaining 30 per cent. of the $700,000,000 represents the silver and gold obtained from the quartz mines, the silver greatly predominating. A glance at the map of Colombia shows the territory somewhat in the shape of an outspread human left hand extended palm downwards on the paper, with the wrist adjoining the Republic of Ecuador, the bones of the hand, fingers, and thumb representing the divisions of the great Andean mountain chain known as the Cordilleras of Colombia. The first finger represents the Eastern Cordillera, with the thumb as the extension to the Nevada de Santa Maria, forming

Jan 7, 1913

By AIME AIME

COUNCIL.* PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL. JAMES F. KEMP : NEW YORK, N. Y. (Term expires February, 1913.) VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE COUNCIL. S. B. CHRISTY BERKELEY, CAL. W. A. LATHROP PHILADELPHIA, PA. GARDNER F. WILLIAMS WASHINGTON, D. C. (Term expires February, 1913.) KARL EILERS NEW YORK, N. Y. WALDEMAR LINDGREN WASHINGTON, D. C. BENJAMIN B. THAYER NEW YORK, N. Y. (Term expires February, 1914.)

Apr 1, 1912

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who registered at Institute headquarters during the period Sept. 10 to Oct. 10, 1914: James D. Mooney, Akron, Ohio. J. Kojima, Ashio Copper Mine, Japan. Bernard A. Wilkinson, Guadalajara, H. Starkweather, Cripple Creek, Colo. Mexico. S. S. Langley, New York, N. Y. A. B. Parsons, Candor, N. C.. J. H. Warder, Chicago, Ill. Arthur Feust, Santo Domingo, Nicaragua. Lloyd T. Buell, Butte, Mont. G. B. Marshall, New York, N. Y. George R. Rogers, Gowganda, Canada. Henry Krumb, Salt Lake City, Utah. H. 0. Hammond, Douglas, Ariz. Herbert S. Kohlberg, El Paso, Texas. Percy E. Hohne, El Oro, Mexico. Wilbur L. Cross, Jr., Glen Carbon, Pa. Percy E. Barbour, Candor, N. C. Thomas H. Leggett, formerly-in charge of the mining interests of the American Smelting & Refining Co., has resumed practice as consulting engineer with offices in the Singer Building, New York, N. Y.

Jan 11, 1914

Albin, B. R Billings, Mont. '28 Amster, Nathan L . , 25 Broad St, New York, N. Y. '28 Bache, Jules S 42 Broadway, New York, N. Y. '28 Barrett, C. P 5338 Harper Ave, Chicago, Ill. '28 Baum, Frank G Hobart Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. '28 Bayless, Ron. William S Russ Bldg , San Francisco, Cal. ' 28 Bean, Louts H., V.P., Dwight P. Robinson & Co, Inc 125 E. 46th St, New York, N Y. '23 Beatty, Ross J 1105 First National Bank Bldg., Chicago, Ill. '28 Benwell, Oswald F 205 Colorado National Bank, Denver, Colo. '28 Beymer, Albert S., V.P., Keystone National Bank Pittsburgh, Pa. '28 Bingham, Charles W 1542 Hanna Bldg, Cleveland, Ohio. '28 Blumenthal, Hugo 44 Pine St, New York, N. Y. '28 Boettcher, Charles Ideal Cement Bldg., Denver, Colo. '28 Bowlus, Thomas H Iola, Kans. '28 Bragg, E. B Carmel, Cal. '28 Brown, Colvin B Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C. '28 Burt, Maxwell Struthers Southern Pines, N. C. '28

Jan 1, 1923

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who registered at Institute headquarters during .the period Jan. 10 to Feb. 10, 1915: N. H. Emmons, 2d, Dover, Mass. R. 0. Hocking, Redruth, England. Paul W. Gaebelein, Cornucopia, Ore. G. H. Carnahan, New York, N. Y. H. D. Kinney, Easton, Pa. W. A. Wilson, Salt Lake City, Utah. W. D. McDougall, New York, N. Y. H. V. Winchell, Minneapolis, Minn. Kirby Thomas, New York, N. Y. Mrs. H. V. Winchell, Minneapolis, Minn. V. T. Lawshe, Newark, N. J. Keijiro Nishio, Tokyo, Japan. Henry S. Stebbins, who has been connected with the firm of Oglebay, Norton & Co., Cleveland, since 1892, has resigned to accept a position with M. A. Hanna & Co. of the same city. E. L. Newhouse has been chosen First Vice-President of the American Smelting & Refining Co. in place of the late Barton Sewell.

Jan 3, 1915