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By A. Matsubara

Jan 1, 1922

By W. M. Ross

AMONG the comparatively few A radical changes in mining equipment in recent years is the introduction and use to an ever greater degree of detachable bits for rock drills. Just how great the possible field for economic application of this innovation is, and to what ex- tent detachable bits are used instead of the conventional type of drill steel, are matters of conjecture. Just as a rough approximation, one might conceive that at least three-quarters of the drilling done in mines today could better be performed by steel with detachable bits, instead of only about one-quarter as at present.

Jan 1, 1939

Discussion of the paper of CHARLES T. MALCOLMSON, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 98, February, 1915, pp. 271 to 289. E. W. PARKER, Washington, D. C.-The briquet or boulet, or coalette (whatever name is used) has come to stay as a part of the fuel supply, particularly for domestic purposes. During the past winter I have had some personal experience with the use of boulets made from anthracite coal. All of this winter I have used boulets in my furnacee and in my grate at my home in Washington. One reason for doing so is that we get the boulets at a price considerably cheaper than the prepared sizes of anthracite coal. The fuel has proved entirely satisfactory. One advantage possessed by the boulet is its absolutely uniform size, which makes the ventilation of the firebed practically perfect. The boulets burn until entirely consumed. There is not, even in an open grate fire, if the fire is kept constantly going, any unconsumed fuel passing through the grate bars. The boulets hold their form until entirely consumed and then break away into a clean white ash, with absolutely no clinker. That in itself is a particularly favorable recommendation to the housekeeper. Mr. Malcolmson has mentioned the fact that notwithstanding the smokeless character of anthracite, the boulets made from it emit smoke. The emission of smoke is due to the coal-tar pitch used as a binder. This is particularly noticeable if the fireman is somewhat careless, or wants to save labor, and feeds too much of the fuel on the fire at one time, cooling it down and thus causing an unnecessary amount of smoke. The smoke lasts but a short time, however, and if the fire is fed a little more frequently, with a small quantity of fuel at one time, the smoke is reduced to a minimum. I believe it will not be long before some of our engineers will have overcome the objectionable smoke; and will produce either from anthracite or from the so-called smokeless New River and Pocahontas semi-bituminous coals, a briquet which will be as smokeless as anthracite for all. practical purposes.

Jan 5, 1915

By W. H. Blauvelt

THE subject of fuel-briquetting has attracted much attention on the part of engineers and investors for the past 15 or 20 years, and especially in recent years, during which a number of plants have been built, with more or less commercial and technical success. Our technical literature contains numerous descriptions of certain processes, and discussions of the industry in general. For a history of the development of the art in the United States, and for descriptions of many of the processes which have been tried, reference may be made to the files of our Transactions, and, for more recent information, to a paper by C. T. Malcolmson, read before the First Annual Convention of the International Railway Fuel Association in June, 1909. The purpose of the present paper is to describe the briquette-plant of the Solvay Process Co. and the Semet-Solvay Co. at Detroit, Mich., which, after a period of long and costly evolution, is now operating satisfactorily on a commercial basis. I believe that it will be of interest to some of our members to have the details of operation, lower-consumption, labor, etc., as worked out on a practical and commercial scale in a going operation. The briquette industry has had a somewhat checkered career in the United States, and much the larger portion of the failures has been due entirely to commercial causes. It seems axiomatic to say that before undertaking the installation of a plant for manufacturing briquettes it is necessary that the local situation should be carefully examined : First, to determine the kind of briquettes, if any, the local market will consume; that is-to say, whether the available fuel-supply is such that briquettes would be a welcome addition, and whether the most promising field is the industrial or the domestic market. Second, if there is an available supply of raw material, as coal,

Mar 1, 1910

By C. Atkinson

A method is described for the numerical solution of the diffusion equation with a composition-dependent diffusion coefficient and applied to the radial growth of a cylinder; the radial growth of a sphere, and the symmetric growth of an ellipsoid. Sample applications of the method are made to the growth of particles of proeutectoid ferrite into austenite. RECENTLY&apos; we described a method for numerical solution of the diffusion equation with a composition-dependent diffusion coefficient for the case of the growth of a planar interface. In this paper we extend this method to describe the radial growth of a cylinder, the radial growth of a sphere, and the symmetric growth of an ellipsoid. In the latter case, limiting values of the axial ratios of the ellipsoid reduces the problem to one of a cylinder, a sphere, or a plane depending on the axial ratio. A check on these limiting values is made in the results section. In all of these cases we consider growth from zero size. A natural consequence of this assumption as applied to the sphere, for example, is that the radius of the sphere is proportional to the square root of the time. This is consistent with the condition that the radius is zero initially, i.e., grows from zero size. It may be argued that it is more realistic to consider particles which grow from a nucleus of finite initial size; even in this case the analysis of this paper is likely to be applicable. This can be seen if a comparison is made of the work of Cable and Evans,2 who consider a sphere of initially finite size growing by diffusion in a matrix with a constant diffusion coefficient, with the results of Scriven3 for growth from zero size. This comparison shows that the rates of growth in each case differ trivially by the time the particle has grown to about five times its initial size." This investigation is a generalization of those of Zener,4 Ham,5 and Horvay and cahn6 to the situation often encountered experimentally, in which the diffusion coefficient varies with concentration. First let us consider each of the cases separately. I) GROWTH OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES FROM ZERO SIZE In this case the differential equation in the matrix depends only on R, the radius in spherical coordinates, and can be written: ? 1 <^\ ^13D . , dt U\dRz + R 3Rj + dR dR [ J where C is the composition, t is the time, and D is the diffusion coefficient which depends on c. The boundary conditions will be: c = c, at the moving interface in the matrix, c = c, at infinity in the matrix (and at t = 0, everywhere in the matrix), c = X, is the composition in the spherical particle. Each of the above compositions is assumed constant. In addition there is the flu condition at the moving interface which can be written: , dR0 ~/3c dt \dR/H =Ra where R,, which is a function of t, is the position of the moving interface. We make the substitution q = RI~ in [I] reducing this equation to: & - m - *ws) »i where we have written D = D,F(c) or simply D,F, and Do = D(c,). Thus F[c(q0)] = 1 where q, = ~,/a is the value of the dimensionless parameter q evaluated at the interface. Multiplying Eq. [2] by dq/dc and integrating, we find: where the lower limit of the integral has been chosen so that dc/dq — 0 as c — c,, thereby satisfying the boundary condition at infinity. We require, then, to solve Eq. [3] subject to the condition c = c, when q = q, (this follows from putting R = R, at the interface) together with the flux condition which can be rewritten in terms of q as: Eqs. [3] and [4] together with the condition c = c, at q = q0 enable us to find 77, and the concentration profile c = c(q). Numerical Method. We treat Eq. [3] in the same way as we did the corresponding equation for the planar interface problem&apos; i.e., by dividing the interval c, to c, into n equal steps so that: cr = ca -rbc [5] where r takes the values 0, 1, ... n and we call no,, q1, ... nn the values of n corresponding to the compositions c,, c,, ... c,.

Jan 1, 1970

By George M. Fowler, R. E. Illidge

Part I. Developing BY GEORGE M. FOWL INTRODUCTION The Tri-State district comprises an area of about 2000 square miles in southwestern Missouri, southeastern Kansas, and north [ ] eastern Oklahoma. The part that is in and contiguous to Missouri is still sometimes designated as the Joplin district (Fig. I). EARLY OPERATIONS Mining operations in what is now the Tri-State district date from about 1848 and have been continuous to the present. Apparently the first discoveries of ore were made about the same time near the present sites of Joplin, Oronogo, and Granby. Lead minerals were found at grass roots, probably in shattered rock in shallow excavations, then these minerals were followed in shear zones to deeper horizons. The mining of zinc followed. Before 1874, zinc ore was worthless and discarded as waste. According to published records, the total production of lead to that date was 49,000 tons of metal from 70,000 tons of concentrates. PRODUCTION The aggregate ore production from the Tri-State district was recorded at interval

Jan 1, 1943

By T. Egleston

THE materials containing copper which are refined in the United States, are, for the most part, the native, coppers of Lake Superior. Until quite recently but little pig copper was made for sale, and that came principally from the pure sulphurous ores of New England and the South, and was generally sold to refineries not far from the ore furnaces. A small amount found its way into the market which was produced either as the by-product of the treatment of gold and silver ores, or as the result of the treatment of impure copper ores; but both these grades, on account of the impurities they contained, were looked on with suspicion, and were not sought for. All the grapes of pig copper are sold by the unit of copper contents, a great reduction being made in the price when impurities are present. There are at the present time only three works which treat native copper, the two of the Detroit and Lake Superior Copper Company, and the works of C. G. Hussey & Co., in Pittsburgh. There are a few works which smelt sulphurous ores and refine their pig; besides these there are a few small works where pig copper is refined only. Some of these purchase black copper, refine scrap, or simply refine such grades of ingot copper as are found in the market, but mostly that from Lake; Superior, for the purpose of getting it into such shapes that can be handled commercially to advantage, such as in making large plates or high grades of wire for electrical purposes. A number of such works are situated in the Naugatuek Valley and elsewhere in New England. The recent discovery, of valuable ores in Arizona makes it probable that within a few years the refining of copper in the United States will make great developments. Up to the time of the discovery of the mines on Lake Superior, only a very small quantity of native copper had ever been found, not sufficient to justify the erection of works for its special treatment. It had, besides, never been found in very Large masses, so that the discovery of great-blocks of it presented serious difficulties, not only in mining it,† but in bringing it into a merchantable condition. It seemed a very simple process to melt these large masses, * Road at the Lake Superior Meeting, August, 1880. †Transactions American Institute Mining Engineers, vol. vi, page 2S2.

Jan 1, 1881

By J. J. Gilman

WHEN a zinc crystal is immersed in liquid N, and then plastically bent, it is observed that it bends a certain amount and then fractures. This fracture occurs at a fairly reproducible radius of curvature, and the radius varies systematically with the crystal orientation. Because this phenomenon provides an unusually well-defined set of fracture conditions, it is possible to examine various possible fracture criteria and select the best one. Zinc crystals of various orientations were bent about axes lying in their glide planes (0001) and perpendicular to their glide directions [1210]. The crystals were 0.150 in. diam and had chemically polished surfaces. They were immersed in liquid N, while they were being loaded on an Instron testing machine. A three-point bending jig was used to load them. Table I lists the beam radius at which fracture occurred for each orientation. Each value is the average of at least six measurements. The normal stresses on the cleavage planes, at the time of fracture, were calculated as follows: First, from the fracture radius, R,, the orientation angle, x,, of the (0001) plane at the outer fiber was calculated. If x, = angle between the (0001) and the rod axis prior to bending, d = rod diameter, and X, = angle between the (0001) plane and a tangent to the bent crystal, then1 sinX, _ 2R, sin xn 2R, + d Since the glide shear strain is given by&apos; y &apos; cot X, — Xo the glide strain at fracture, x,, can be calculated. Next, it is necessary to know the tangential stress in the outer fiber at fracture. This depends on the plastic flow curve, so a series of tensile tests were performed at —196°C on another set of zinc crystals. A curve of the average resolved shear stress versus glide strain was prepared. From this curve, shear stresses, r,, corresponding to the glide strains in the bend tests were taken. These values are listed in Table I. Then the normal stresses in the outer fibres, u,, were calculated from the relation U, = r, tan X, This analysis assumes that the fiber stresses in a bent beam are the same as the stresses in simple

Jan 1, 1959

By Walter O. Snelling

Continuation of the discussion of the paper of WaltER o. SnelLIng, presented at the New York and San Francisco meetings, February and September, 1915, respectively, and printed in Bulletin No. 100, April, 1915, pp. 695 to 704 and Trans., li, pp. 657 to 671. A. C. McLaUghlin, San Francisco, Ca1.—It seems to me that Mr. Snelling&apos;s work, if it is what it appears to be, is one of the most important contributions to petroleum technology that has been brought out in the last 25 years. If his end products are what they seem to be, he has made. a discovery, which, in my judgment, will revolutionize the petroleum industry. As to industrially carrying out these processes I do not think there is the slightest difficulty, for I have had some work recently where crude oils were handled successfully at a temperature of 750" F, and pressure of 750 lb. per square inch. William A. WillIams, San francisco, Ca1.—What metal did you use, Mr. McLaughlin? A. C. McLauGHILIN.—Ordinaly seamless tubing, extra strong. William A. Williams.—Tests were made in Dr. Rittman&apos;s experimental plant at Pittsburgh, upon samples of residuum furnished by Mr. Bell, the residuum being the remainder of the crude oil after the lighter fractions had been removed. After the material had been run through Dr. Bittman&apos;s plant, yields of from 43 to 58 per cent. of material, boiling under 150" C. were obtained. The distillate had a peculiar odor, due to the presence of benzene, toluene, and other unsaturated hydrocarbons. W. N. Best, New York, N. Y.—What is the difference between the Rittman and the Snelling process or system? William A. Williams.—he fundamental difference is that reactions take place under relatively higher temperatures and pressures and with none of the oil present in its original or liquid state, while the reactions secured by Mr. Snelling and other investigators have been from the liquids in the presence of some vapors. Under such conditions as Mr. Snelling operates, the temperatures and pressures used are limited and the flexibility in the control of these variables is extremely limited when compared with the Rittman process.

Jan 1, 1916

By R. J. Grace

Primarily, this report presents the results of direct efficiency tests which were conducted on the 200-hp Coal-Pak, hot water generator, No. 3 unit, at the Otterbein College heating plant in Westerville, Ohio. Also included is a comparison of fuel consumption of the old plant with that of the new plant, a comparison of efficiencies obtained by the indirect method on a 300-hp Coal-Pak, and the cost of gas vs coal to show the savings effected by the latter. Tests were conducted with ten different bituminous coals selected by Mr. S. A. Frye, business manager at Otterbein College. The coals, of ten different suppliers, from four different states and eight different seams, represented competitive products economically available to the heating plant. The tests were conducted by the usual plant personnel which consisted of the plant superintendent and two assistants. No outside supervision of any kind was given during the tests. The tests were made from Dec. 13, 1960, through Mar. 4, 1961. During this period, 300.03 tons of coal were burned in the No. 3 unit. This tonnage represented 25.5 pct of the total coal requirements for the 1960-61 season. Operation during the period was typical for the comfort heat load which the plant supplies. Of the 78.12 operating days, the boiler was on bank or holdfire 14.31 days, or 18.32 pct of the time. The length of individual bank periods varied from 2 hr to three days. Run periods varied from about 2 hr to 7.26 days. DESCRIPTION OF PLANT AND HEATING EQUIPMENT The new Otterbein College heating plant, completed in the summer of 1957, is located in a 50x50 ft boiler room on the lower level of a combination maintenance building and heating plant. The building is situated away from the main college complex on a hillside, which allows for on-grade delivery of coal to the three bunkers. The bunkers are located directly above and connected with the individual stoker hoppers. Fig. 1 shows an in-plant view of the Coal-Pak installations. The No. 3, hot water, unit is at the extreme right. The heating plant consists of three 200-hp Coal-Paks. Unit No. 1 is operated at 4 psi and carries the steam heating load of 14,000 sq ft EDR (steam) installed in two buildings. Provision has been made to convert these buildings to hot water heating at some future date. Since the unit under maximum load conditions operates only at about 50 pct steaming capacity, a heat exchanger was installed to convert steam to hot water. Thus, during light loads in mild weather the unit can be employed more efficiently to supply both steam and hot water and eliminate the need for operating either of the two hot water units. Units No. 2 and No. 3 serve a hot water heating circuit for a large group of 21 buildings of the College. These boilers deliver hot water at temperatures up to 200°F to the various buildings through distribution lines in tunnels. The present calculated maximum heat loss for the College is 15.195 million Btu per hr. The Coal-Paks have individual design capacities of 6.700 million Btu per hr. Table I lists the design date for the Coal-Paks. The No. 3 unit was chosen as the test unit, primarily because of its bunker location at the far end of the delivery ramp. Because of this location any excess coal above bunker capacity could be conveniently stored and isolated from the adjoining bunkers. Each bunker has a capacity of 30 to 35 tons of coal. The No. 2 and No. 3 hot water generators are equipped with automatic controls which maintain the

Jan 1, 1962

By C. O. Lee, R. H. Feierabend, Z. W. Bartlett

DESPITE the fact that American brimstone production has increased 2 times since the prewar period 1935-1939, the demand for sulphur exceeds the supply. To alleviate this situation efforts are being made to increase the production of sulphur and bring the shortage to an end. The most important developments are being undertaken on the Gulf Coast. One new brimstone mine has been put into operation and three others are being developed. These projects are expected to account for a large part of the additional sulphur production now anticipated for the free world.&apos;.&apos; Except for a small amount of byproduct sulphur from sour natural gas and refinery gases, American brimstone is produced by the same process devised by Frasch 60 years ago, consisting essentially of the injection of superheated water at about 325°F into sulphur-bearing formations through wells which are drilled from the surface by standard oilfield methods. Sulphur deposits vary in depth from a few hundred feet to 2500 ft from the surface; in a typical deposit the sulphur occurs as crystalline aggregates in porous limestone and gypsum in concentrations varying from 5 to 40 pct, the thickness of the formation ranging from a few feet to several hundred.3 The deposits are usually surrounded by formations impermeable to the flow of hot water, the top and sides being enclosed by impermeable sediments and the bottom by dense impermeable anhydrite. As the hot water leaves the well bore, it percolates through the formation and transmits its heat to the rock and sulphur. When the sulphur reaches 240°F it melts, separates from the rock, and flows through the hot channels downward to the bottom of the well. Here it is freed from incoming water and from formation water, which saturates the porous rock, by gravity separation, liquid sulphur being 1.8 times as heavy as water. It then is pumped to the surface in a relatively pure state, 99.5 pct or better. Chief contaminants are organic impurities, such as petroleum residues, which are soluble in sulphur and tend to discolor it.&apos; Sixteen deposits of commercial magnitude have been discovered in the Gulf Coast area. Five of these deposits have been depleted and abandoned with production totalling more than 26,886,000 tons. Eight properties are operating and have produced 65,875,-000 tons to Jan. 1, 1952, for a total Frasch-type production of 92,761,000 tons. Three new deposits are under development. Aforementioned deposits are listed in Table I. Each of these deposits has been found in the cap-rock overlying shallow intrusive salt plugs or domes and buried in several hundred to as much as 2500 ft of sediments. All salt domes do .not contain sulphur; only 16 sulphur deposits have been found in a total of 231 salt domes which are known to exist in the Gulf Coastal states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Ten of the salt domes lie in the Gulf of Mexico offshore from the Texas and Louisiana coasts. Additional offshore domes may be found, but their value as a sulphur potential is questionable owing to the great hazard and high cost that can be visualized at these exposed locations where depths of water reach 50 ft. Marsh operations of Freeport Sulphur Co. are in the southeast section of Louisiana. In general, the country is low, flat, relatively uninhabited marshland broken by many shallow lakes and bayous which extend for irregular distances inland. Geologically, the coastal area is of sedimentary origin, having been built up gradually under the sea by deposition of material carried down by large streams to their deltas. Offshore bars were formed enclosing

Jan 1, 1953

By C. O. Lee, Z. W. Bartlett, R. H. Feierabend

DESPITE the fact that American brimstone production has increased 2 times since the prewar period 1935-1939, the demand for sulphur exceeds the supply. To alleviate this situation efforts are being made to increase the production of sulphur and bring the shortage to an end. The most important developments are being undertaken on the Gulf Coast. One new brimstone mine has been put into operation and three others are being developed. These projects are expected to account for a large part of the additional sulphur production now anticipated for the free world.&apos;.&apos; Except for a small amount of byproduct sulphur from sour natural gas and refinery gases, American brimstone is produced by the same process devised by Frasch 60 years ago, consisting essentially of the injection of superheated water at about 325°F into sulphur-bearing formations through wells which are drilled from the surface by standard oilfield methods. Sulphur deposits vary in depth from a few hundred feet to 2500 ft from the surface; in a typical deposit the sulphur occurs as crystalline aggregates in porous limestone and gypsum in concentrations varying from 5 to 40 pct, the thickness of the formation ranging from a few feet to several hundred.3 The deposits are usually surrounded by formations impermeable to the flow of hot water, the top and sides being enclosed by impermeable sediments and the bottom by dense impermeable anhydrite. As the hot water leaves the well bore, it percolates through the formation and transmits its heat to the rock and sulphur. When the sulphur reaches 240°F it melts, separates from the rock, and flows through the hot channels downward to the bottom of the well. Here it is freed from incoming water and from formation water, which saturates the porous rock, by gravity separation, liquid sulphur being 1.8 times as heavy as water. It then is pumped to the surface in a relatively pure state, 99.5 pct or better. Chief contaminants are organic impurities, such as petroleum residues, which are soluble in sulphur and tend to discolor it.&apos; Sixteen deposits of commercial magnitude have been discovered in the Gulf Coast area. Five of these deposits have been depleted and abandoned with production totalling more than 26,886,000 tons. Eight properties are operating and have produced 65,875,-000 tons to Jan. 1, 1952, for a total Frasch-type production of 92,761,000 tons. Three new deposits are under development. Aforementioned deposits are listed in Table I. Each of these deposits has been found in the cap-rock overlying shallow intrusive salt plugs or domes and buried in several hundred to as much as 2500 ft of sediments. All salt domes do .not contain sulphur; only 16 sulphur deposits have been found in a total of 231 salt domes which are known to exist in the Gulf Coastal states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Ten of the salt domes lie in the Gulf of Mexico offshore from the Texas and Louisiana coasts. Additional offshore domes may be found, but their value as a sulphur potential is questionable owing to the great hazard and high cost that can be visualized at these exposed locations where depths of water reach 50 ft. Marsh operations of Freeport Sulphur Co. are in the southeast section of Louisiana. In general, the country is low, flat, relatively uninhabited marshland broken by many shallow lakes and bayous which extend for irregular distances inland. Geologically, the coastal area is of sedimentary origin, having been built up gradually under the sea by deposition of material carried down by large streams to their deltas. Offshore bars were formed enclosing

Jan 1, 1953

By C. O. Lee, Z. W. Bartlett, R. H. Feierabend

DESPITE the fact that American brimstone production has increased 2 ½ times since the prewar period 1935-1939, the demand for sulphur exceeds the supply. To alleviate this situation efforts are being made to increase the production of sulphur and bring the shortage to an end. The most important developments are being undertaken on the Gulf Coast. One new brimstone mine has been put into operation and three others are being developed. These projects are expected to account for a large part of the additional sulphur production now anticipated for the free world.1,2 Except for a small amount of byproduct sulphur from sour natural gas and refinery gases, American brimstone is produced by the same process devised by Frasch 60 years ago, consisting essentially of the injection of superheated water at about 325°F into sulphur-bearing formations through wells which are drilled from the surface by standard oilfield methods. Sulphur deposits vary in depth from a few hundred feet to 2500 ft from the surface; in a typical deposit the sulphur occurs as crystalline aggregates in porous limestone and gypsum in concentrations varying from 5 to 40 pct, the thickness of the formation ranging from a few feet to several hundred.3 The deposits are usually surrounded by formations impermeable to the flow of hot water, the top and sides being enclosed by impermeable sediments and the bottom by dense impermeable anhydrite. As the hot water leaves the well bore, it percolates through the formation and transmits its heat to the rock and sulphur. When the sulphur reaches 240°F it melts, separates from the rock, and flows through the hot channels downward to the bottom of the well. Here it is freed from incoming water and from formation water, which saturates the porous rock, by gravity separation, liquid sulphur being 1.8 times as heavy as water. It then is pumped to the surface in a relatively pure state, 99.5 pct or better. Chief contaminants are organic impurities, such as petroleum residues, which are soluble in sulphur and tend to discolor it.4 Sixteen deposits of commercial magnitude have been discovered in the Gulf Coast area. Five of these deposits have been depleted and abandoned with production totalling more than 26,886,000 tons. Eight properties are operating and have produced 65,875,000 tons to Jan. 1, 1952, for a total Frasch-type production of 92,761,000 tons. Three new deposits are under development. Aforementioned deposits are listed in Table I. Each of these deposits has been found in the caprock overlying shallow intrusive salt plugs or domes and buried in several hundred to as much as 2500 ft of sediments. All salt domes do not contain sulphur; only 16 sulphur deposits have been found in a total of 231 salt domes which are known to exist in the Gulf Coastal states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Ten of the salt domes lie in the Gulf of Mexico offshore from the Texas and Louisiana coasts. Additional offshore domes may be found, but their value as a sulphur potential is questionable owing to the great hazard and high cost that can be visualized at these exposed locations where depths of water reach 50 ft. Marsh operations of Freeport Sulphur Co. are in the southeast section of Louisiana. In general, the country is low, flat, relatively uninhabited marshland broken by many shallow lakes and bayous which extend for irregular distances inland. Geologically, the coastal area is of sedimentary origin, having been built up gradually under the sea by deposition of material carried down by large streams to their deltas. Offshore bars were formed enclosing

Jan 1, 1952

By Carl F. Floe, Hung Liang, Michael B. Bever

DATA on the solubility of hydrogen in iron-silicon alloys are of practical interest, as hydrogen causes gas unsoundness and embrittlement in iron and steel and is also a factor in the metallurgy of cast iron. Zapffe and Sims1 have recently demonstrated that in deoxidized iron and steel castings gassiness and bleeding are primarily functions of the hydrogen content of the liquid metal. These authors also suggested convincingly that ordinary melting and casting practice provides several sources of hydrogen for absorption by the metal. Norbury and Morgan,2 and Boyles3 have shown that dissolved hydrogen affects the graphitization of cast iron. Schneble and Chipman4 included in a study of the effects of superheating on the properties of cast iron an investigation of the part played by hydrogen. Schwartz, Guiler and Barnett6 investigated the significance of hydrogen in the metallurgy of malleable cast iron. A complete interpretation of investigations of this kind calls for equilibrium values of the solubility of hydrogen in the liquid and solid phases. From the theoretical standpoint, the solubility of gases, especially hydrogen, may reveal some aspects of the nature of liquid metallic solutions. This was implied in the early work of Sieverts6 on the effect of alloying additions on the solubility of hydrogen in copper. Recent work by Bever and Floe7 has shown that in liquid copper-tin alloys the solubility of hydrogen changes abruptly at the composition of the intermetallic compound Cu3Sn. It is of considerable interest to determine whether liquid alloys of iron also have compositions at which the solubility of hydrogen exhibits a discontinuous or otherwise unique behavior. Among the various alloys of iron the iron-silicon system is important because of the presence of silicon in various structural alloy steels, transformer sheets, cast irons and special acid-resisting castings. The various grades of ferrosilicon, finally, cover almost the entire remainder of the composition range. Published information on the solubility of hydrogen in iron-silicon alloys is meager. The first values for pure liquid - iron were reported in 1910-1911 by Sieverts and Krumbhaar8 and by Sieverts.9 They found that 100 grams of iron absorbs 28 C.C. of hydrogen at 1550°C. and one atmosphere pressure, and 31 C.C. at 1650°C. In 1938 Sieverts, Zapf and Moritz10 published a value of 26.3 c.c. at 1550°C. Data on the solubility of hydrogen in liquid iron-silicon alloys and in liquid silicon

Jan 1, 1946

By C. K. Leith

THE resolution presented at the Annual Meeting of the A.I.M.E., calling on Congress to provide now for postwar accumulation of mineral stock piles under Government control, expresses, I think, the nearly unanimous view of the mining industry. As a result of the trying experiences of the first World War, Mr. Baruch, in his report of Dec. 24, 1919, to the President, urged that steps be taken at once to ensure adequate supplies of raw materials for future emergency. In the twenty years that followed, the same program was vigorously urged on Congress by many individuals and agencies, public and private, including the Secretaries of War and Navy, many members of Congress, the Bureau of Mines, the Planning Committee for Mineral Policy appointed by President Roosevelt, the A.I.M.E., the Mining and Metallurgical Society, and others.

Jan 1, 1943

Charles Catlett, Staunton, Va. (communication to the Secretary*):—Mr. Chance&apos;s suggestions that the brown hematite-ores of the Potsdam formation are due to the alteration in place of iron sulphide, and that their extension may reasonably he expected to contain valuable deposits of unaltered sulphide, are interesting; hut the facts marshaled by him are too limited

Jan 1, 1909

By W. E. Bonini, E. A. Hickok

IN the course of an investigation directed toward expanding ground-water facilities in Essex and Morris counties, New Jersey, the Board of Water Commissioners of the city of East Orange authorized a seismic-refraction survey&apos; for the purpose of de-lineating bedrock topography below unconsolidated overburden. Results of the survey were highly satisfactory and led to the preparation of a comparatively detailed bedrock contour map. Knowledge of the bedrock depth and configuration was an important aid in selection of sites for test drilling. The portion of the East Orange Water Reserve under consideration is in the flood plain of the Pas-saic River about 10 miles west of Newark, N. J. The flood plain is about 175 ft above mean sea level and is bordered by low hills rising to elevations of approximately 250 ft. The bedrock underlying the Water Reserve consists of sandstone and shale of the Triassic Brunswick formation and is covered everywhere by deposits of unconsolidated glacial outwash sand and gravel, lacustrine clay, and recent river silt as much as 150 ft thick. Yield of wells in the sandstone and shale averages 100 to 200 gpm. Since production wells constructed in the sand and gravel aquifer in the buried river valley shown on the contour map (Fig. 1) yield 300 to 1400 gpm, it was proposed to locate additional production wells in this buried valley, where the yields per well would be maximum. In 1939 and 1946 the East Orange Water Dept. had electrical-resistivity surveys made to determine depths to bedrock. From the resistivity data the exploration company prepared a bedrock contour map. A well field expansion program begun in 1955 utilized this information to locate sites for test wells along a predicted northward extension of the buried valley in which existing production wells are located. After several test wells (wells 201-205) had been drilled, it became apparent that the resistivity information was unreliable." For example, test well 201 recorded bedrock at a depth of 72 ft, whereas the resistivity depth determination was 130 ft. As a consequence, the test drilling program was temporarily suspended and a seismic survey was under- taken to determine the topography and extent of the buried valley known from well records to underlie the existing well field. In the first phase of this study, several seismic shot point locations were placed at sites where well logs had been obtained previously. This procedure is necessary in a new area to determine whether the seismic method is applicable and what degree of accuracy is to be expected. At the East Orange Water Reserve, depths obtained from the shot points near test wells 202, 203, and 204 were within 8 to 11 pct of the depths logged (Table I). With this assurance that accurate results could be obtained, additional seismic spreads were located on the Water Reserve. Using a portable refraction seismograph, in the fall of 1955 a crew of four men shot a total of 29 reversed seismic spreads in a period equivalent to six field days. Charges as heavy as 3 1b of 40 pct dynamite were necessary at a few places to overcome ground vibrations caused by traffic on nearby highways. At most other sites, a 1-1b charge was sufficient. Travel-time plots were made for all spreads, and depths and true velocities were calculated according to formulas for multiple sloping layers by Ewing, Woollard, and Vine.&apos; The plot of spread 7 (Fig. 2) is typical of the short spreads in which bedrock was shallow—about 50 ft in this case. Where there were not enough arrivals through the bedrock to define the high velocity bedrock line, the spreads were lengthened. This was done by placing shots on line several hundred feet away from each end of the line of geophones. It was then possible to construct complete reverse plots for both short and extended shot points (see spread 27, Fig. 3). Four individual depths were calculated from each extended spread. Three and in some cases four seismic layers were observed. The surficial layer had a velocity range of 900 to 1200 fps, the lowest velocity recorded. This seismic layer is above the water table and is interpreted as recent river silt. The bedrock had the highest velocities, which ranged from 10,600 to 16,400 fps. Intermediate velocities ranged from 4500 to 6800 fps. In every case the intermediate layer was within

Jan 1, 1959

By AIME AIME

AN unusually interesting meeting devoted to the discussion of the ways and means of improving coal mining practice, through the larger use of machinery underground, was held in the Auditorium of the Engineering Societies Building on March 11. The meeting was organized by the Materials Handling Division of the A. S. M. E. and held under the auspices of the Metropolitan Section of that Society and the National Coal Association. The New York Section of the A. I. M. E., which had been invited to participate, found itself unable to do so formally because of a conflicting date for its March meeting but informally did its part to aasure the success of the meeting. As a result of the discussion at and preceding the meeting, the National Coal Association, through Walter Barnum, chairman of its research committee, has asked the A. S. M. E. and A. I. M. E. to join the Association in a study of the present problems of the bituminous coal industry. Messrs. Harry L. Gandy, Calvin W. Rice and H. Foster Bain have been selected to act as a committee which shall develop plans for a joint program.

Jan 1, 1926

By Krahmann, Rudolf

THE following is an account of a survey undertaken to test the possibility of outlining a kimberlite pipe by magnetouietric methods. Kimberlite is a basic igneous rock closely related to melilite-basalt or alnoite, which occurs either in the form of volcanic plugs or as dikes intruded into rocks of various types and geological ages up to and includ¬ing the Lower Cretaceous. The famous diamond mines of South Africa are all in kimberlite pipes and these pipes are probably the original source as well of the vast alluvial deposits found in various parts of the country. The pipe chosen for this experiment is one that &apos; occurs on the farm Goedgevonden No. 20, about sixteen miles north of the village of Klerksdorp and ninety miles southwest of Johannesburg. Some prospecting has been done on this pipe and diamonds were produced from it but not in paying quantities. The magnetometric survey was made in June, 1932, by R. Krahmann and H. Wallisch and the results are shown on the accompanying plan. On the plan are shown also the boundaries of the pipe as exposed at the surface and details in regard to the surrounding foundations. These are taken from a geological survey made at a later date by W. Beetz, of Johannesburg.

Jan 1, 1935

By David T. Day

IN 1897 I published a proposed explanation t for the variation in color and specific gravity of Pennsylvania oils. A resume of this subject was also presented at the First International Petroleum Congress, in Paris, in 1900. Since that time much experimental work bearing upon this explanation has been carried on by myself, in the United States Geological Survey, and under my direction, by Dr. J. Elliott Gilpin, Marshall P. Cram, and 0. E. Bransky, at the Johns Hopkins University. The experimental results thus accumulated seem to throw considerable additional light upon the variations in color and specific gravity of petroleum, as found in different parts of the world, and also upon the variations in chemical composition. Therefore, it seems as if a, summary of the evidence thus obtained might be of value to those members of the Institute who are interested in the examination of oil-fields. The summary is here presented for that purpose. The phenomenon has often been observed in many oil-fields that oils of different color, specific gravity, and chemical composition may be found within short distances of each other. A conspicuous example of this is the occurrence at Jennings, Welsh, and Anse la Butte, La., of petroleum chemically somewhat similar to Russian petroleum; that is, characterized by the presence of naphthenes. Another characteristic is the presence of considerable percentages of asphaltic compounds, sufficient in quantity to disguise the presence of solid paraffin wax, and perhaps also to render that paraffin wax more soluble * Published by permission of the Director of the United States Geological Survey. 1 Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, vol. xxxvi., No. 154, pp. 112 to 115 (January, 1897).

Jun 1, 1910