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By W. N. Marchant, P. T. Brooks, P. B. Altringer, R. O. Dannenberg

The US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines conducted laboratory tests to devise a process for recovering a marketable grade of tungsten from the brine of Searles Lake, Calif. The brine contains only 56 ppm W (70 ppm W03). Using ion exchange resins synthesized by USBM chemists, 98% oft he tungsten was extracted from the brine and 92% of the tungsten was recovered as a marketable iron-tungsten concentrate containing 44% tungsten as tungsten trioxide. Although major technical problems have largely been resolved, research is progressing to escalate testing in a process research unit to provide more reliable data for an economic appraisal.

Jan 8, 1979

By John F. Burst

Nanafalia aged bauxitic kaolins which straddle the Chattahoochee River in a NE-SW trending line anchored by Eufaula, Ala., and Andersonville, Ga., apparently derive from the same Piedmont source. A genetic interpretation is offered which describes the Nanafalia as a shoreline deposit in which the blanket elastics of the Andersonville area represent an ancient freshwater swamp and the lenticular Eufaula bauxites represent meander fills in an ancient tidal flat or barrier island. Mining operations in both areas are described and economic forecasts are presented.

Jan 1, 1975

By Reed W. Hyde

Some information has been published on the sulphur dioxide concentration of gases from D wight-Lloyd machines sintering lead ores but most of this relates to the customary practice in which the charge is relatively high in lead and is sintered in two passes Over the machine. It is thought, therefore, that the following observations on sintering in one pass a low-lead, low-sulphur charge may be of interest. The data were obtained in sintering lead sulphide notation concentrates mixed with minus 20.mesh oxide ore, the mixture carrying 16,8 per cent Pb and 5.3 per cent S. No returns were used because of the limited amount of sulphur available as fuel, but the mixture pelletized readily. to make a satisfactorily permeable bed on the sintering machine. As there was a possibility that the SO z might be utilized, a series of runs was made to determine the concentration ofSO2 in the gases at different points along the wind box, and the effect on this concentration of changes in the wind-box vacuum. Several runs each were made with vacuums (as measured in inches of water at the wind box) of (1 2 to 1 in., ('1 4 to 3% in. and (3) 6 to 5% in. The averages of the determinations from each series are platted On the graph (Fig, 1). The vertical scale shows the percentage by volume of SOz (as determined by the Reich method), and the horizontal scale shows the time e~pressed as percentage of the total sintering time. Sintering was considered to be complete when no SOz could be detected in the gases. In all cases the depth of bed was 4 1/2 in. and the weight of dry charge per square foot of hearth area was 45.2 lb. Other data are given in the table. The volume of gases corresponding to the several points along the wind box at which SO2 determinations were made could not be measured, but has been calculated from the SO2 Content and sulphur elimination on the assumption that the volume is uniform throughout the sintering period. This is not strictly true, as with a given vacuum the volume usually will drop slightly toward the middle of the period and increase toward the end. However, this made is a reasonable approximation. several interesting features are brought out by these data. In general, the published data on SO 2 concentration in sintering under ordinary conditions show a high SO2 concentration in the early stages followed by a rapid decrease in concentration and with relatively little SOz in the gases from the last half or third of the operation. In other words, the greater part of the sulphur elimination is obtained in the first third or half of the period. In these runs, the 6-in. vacuum, which approximates the usual operating condition, gives a curve that follows this customary pattern. Maximum SO2 concentration is obtained 234 min. after

Jan 1, 1944

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LOCAL. SECTION Executive Committee SEELEY W. MUDD, Chairman C. COLCOCK JONES, Vice-Chairman FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Secretary-Treasurer, 631 Higgins Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. RALPH ARNOLD A. B. CARPENTER In. order to make the meetings of the, Section more interesting and fruitful, the Executive Committee has formed a sub-committee on programs for. Section meetings, which announces for the coming autumn and winter season, four dinner meetings, at intervals of two months, in which the co-operation of all Section members is urgently. requested. The subjects chosen for discussion at these meetings, with the proposed dates, are as follows: Sept. 28, 1915. Mining Geology of Mojave County, Arizona. Dec. 14, 1915. General Geology and Mining Conditions in Southern California. Feb. 1, 1916. Petroleum, its Geology and Technology. April 4, 1916. General Mining Conditions in. South America. F. J. H.. MERRILL, Secretary.

Jan 10, 1915

By Edgar A. Scholz, Attilio G. Spat

The rapid worldwide increase in labor costs, prices of goods and services, and the rising tide of economic nationalism do not bode well for the future of mineral exploration and the mining industry. The increasing complexity and difficulty involved in finding economic mineral deposits makes these trends particularly significant. A comparative cost analysis of domestic and foreign exploration projects which developed into mines during the period 1960-74 may be useful in indicating the general nature of exploration expenditures as these trends continue. This analysis is based on a survey of 18 US and Canadian mining companies. Due to the inexact nature of exploration expenditure data, plus the fact that no two mining companies follow the same system of cost allocation, the results of the survey must be considered quite general in character.

Jan 6, 1977

By H. A. Doerner

METALLURGICAL problems relating to manganese and chromium ores have striking similarities. Ferroalloys, essential to the steel industry, are produced from both ores. Most of these alloys are obtained from imported ores, as domestic deposits have not yielded enough ore of metallurgical grade to meet more than a small fraction of vital needs. A survey of domestic manganese and chrome de- posits reveals numerous small, dispersed bodies of fairly good ore, none of which appears to be capable of yielding significant amounts of marketable products. To stimulate development of such deposits and to increase Government stockpiles, General Services Administration is offering $115 per long ton for limited amounts of chrome ores and $110 per long ton for 48 pct manganese ores that meet metallurgical specifications, with bonuses or penalties for grades above and below specifications.

Jan 4, 1953

By R. C. Ellman

In the United States, the consumption of lignite and subbituminous coals is increasing. A variety of energy-oriented companies have leased large blocks of reserves, new large power plants are in operation and being constructed, and new producing mines are being developed. The Bureau of Mines has maintained an active interest in the utilization of low-rank coals for many years. In 1951, with the completion of the Bureau's Grand Forks Coal Research Laboratory, an organizational unit was established for studies in lignite preparation. Since that time, numerous investigations have been completed. This research has dealt almost exclusively with lignite, but since subbituminous coals have many similar characteristics, the findings can often be applied to both types of coal.

Jan 1, 1970

By Joseph Pogue

THE prices of crude petroleum and its derivatives have shown an upward trend from 1915 to 1920, and a downward trend from 1920 to 1923, see Table 1. Over the former period, oil prices were dominated by the rapidly increasing demands and inflation incident to the war and its aftermath, while over the latter period oil prices were influenced at the outset by deflation and then by the conditions of overproduction that have characterized the past three years. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the broader features of the more recent price movements in the petroleum industry and to relate these features to basic economic conditions in the industry.

Jan 3, 1924

The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and outstanding attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of the Iron and Steel Division. The following were the Howe lectures and lecturers for the years indicated 1924 What is Steel? By Albert Sauveur. 1925 Austenite and Austenitic Steels. By John A. Mathews. 1926 Twenty-five Years of Metallography. By William Campbell. 1927 Alloy Steels. By Bradley Stoughton. 1928 Significance of the Simple Steel Analysis. By Harry D. Hibbard. 1929 Studies of Hadfield's Manganese Steel with the High-power Microscope. By John Howe Hall. 1930 The Future of the American Iron and Steel Industry. By Zay Jeffries. 1931 On the Art of Metallography. By Francis F. Lucas.

Jan 1, 1923

Discussion of the paper of J. C. Febles, presented at the Butte meeting, August, 1913, and printed in Bulletin No. 79, July, 191.3, pp. 1267 to 1283. J. W. RICHARDS,. South Bethlehem, Pa. :-In looking at these precipitating launders the idea has come to me that the iron could probably be kept much cleaner if there were laid on the bottom of the . launders some sheet copper, with which the iron would be in contact, and as the solution passed over the tendency would he to precipitate the copper on the sheet copper and thus keep the iron cleaner than it is under present conditions. As soon as a piece of iron becomes coated with copper, its surface becomes inactive, and the presence of a sheet of copper in electrical contact with the iron would tend to precipitate the copper on the sheet copper and to keep the iron clean.

Jan 11, 1913

Prof. Dr. H. Seger and Mr. E. Cramer, Chemisches Laboratorium fur Thonindustrie, Berlin, Prussia (communication to the President)* : We have learned, with much interest, from the pamphlet sent to us, of the work of Messrs. Hofman and Demond, particularly as we observe from their experiments that these gentlemen recognize the usefulness of the Seger cones, and that this method of determining temperatures in the furnaces of the ceramic industry and in the tests of refractory clays is valued, not only in all parts of Germany, but also in other countries. Permit us to say, with reference to the crucibles employed in tests for refractoriness, that we have used of late, besides the magnesia crucibles, also those made of Zettlitz kaolin, with the addition of alumina, previously calcined, with regard to which we beg to refer to our article in the Thonindustrie-Zeitung of December 9, 1893.

Jan 1, 1895

By J. E. Schaffer

Drilling activity in Ohio increased slightly in 1939. There were 1020 completions as compared to 910 in 1938. During the past six years the number of completions has varied little (Table 1). Oil production in Ohio has been gradually declining since 1896, when the peak production of 23,941,000 bbl. was reached (Fig. 1). Since that date production has slowly declined to an estimated production in 1939 of 3,144,134 bbl., the lowest in 53 years. This total production is divided approximately into the following grades of crude oil: Pennsylvania, 1,185,456 bbl.; Corning, 1,261,615 Flg 1. bbl.; Lima, 578,500 bbl.; Lodi, Based on figures of U. S. .Bureau of 104,740 bbl.; Cleveland, 13,823 Mines and Oil andGas Journal bbl. Table 2 shows the prices paid for the various grades of crude oil.

Jan 1, 1940

By George Schore

Radiation grafting of ion exchange structures contains ion exchange groups but may consist of neutral groups. High energy grafting of monomers on to polymers has-been known since 1950 (1.2); manufacture on an industrial level was-begun in 1970.(3) Proper choice of substrate and monomer will produce various ion exchange membranes with differing physico and chemical properties. Grafting a selected monomer to the proper polymer will provide selective ion exchange with assured chemical protection of the substrate. Ion exchange systems utilizing radiation grafted structures to polymers have been fabricated to "capture" gold from drag-out and rinse water and silver from cyanide rinse water. Other ion exchange systems can feasibly be produced to remove other precious metals. Rotating Cathode Technology is used to recover the metals from their concentrated eluating solutions as pure metal foil.

Jan 1, 1984

By J. E. Schaffer

Drilling activity in Ohio increased slightly in 1939. There were 1020 completions as compared to 910 in 1938. During the past six years the number of completions has varied little (Table 1). Oil production in Ohio has been gradually declining since 1896, when the peak production of 23,941,000 bbl. was reached (Fig. 1). Since that date production has slowly declined to an estimated production in 1939 of 3,144,134 bbl., the lowest in 53 years. This total production is divided approximately into the following grades of crude oil: Pennsylvania, 1,185,456 bbl.; Corning, 1,261,615 Flg 1. bbl.; Lima, 578,500 bbl.; Lodi, Based on figures of U. S. .Bureau of 104,740 bbl.; Cleveland, 13,823 Mines and Oil andGas Journal bbl. Table 2 shows the prices paid for the various grades of crude oil.

Jan 1, 1940

By R. S. Shoemaker, F. W. McQuiston

In this Monograph are presented operating data, operating costs, plant descriptions, and detailed flowsheets of twenty seven different cyanidation plants around the world. Twenty three of these are gold producers and four are primarily silver producers. With one exception, (Pueblo Viejo scheduled to start up in late 1974), all of the plants are operating at the time of this writing. Selection of operations was based on metallurgy and were grouped into free milling lode ores, other free milling ores, ores requiring sulfide flotation in addition to cyanidation, ores requiring roasting, telluride ores, South African ores, and silver ores. Each of the plants described illustrates some unique form of cyanidation metallurgy. It is the hope of the authors that publication of this Monograph will be an aid to metallurgists in bringing new and successful cyanidation ventures into operation.

Jan 1, 1975

By J. M. Karpinski, F. P. White, R. L. Stone

By means of laboratory balling tests and a procedure for determining bentonite concentration in a green ball, the present study revealed that the bentonite savings by mulling concentrate and bentonite prior to balling was sufficient to warrant installation of a full-size unit in a pellet plant. On the basis of this work, a muller was put on stream at Bethlehem Steel Corp.'s Cornwall pellet plant in June 1969, and has operated continuously since then. Plant tests showed that the use of the muller resulted in bentonite savings of about 50% without any loss of green, dry, and fired ball quality. Virtually no maintenance problems have been encountered. This information is important to future pelletizing operations both from the standpoint of product quality and economics.

Jan 1, 1972

By Adrian C. Dorenfeld, John T. Oleksy

Fuel problems of two lesser developed countries (LDC 's) are presented. In particular, the paper reviews cement technology and the fuel-intensive cement industries of the Philippines and South Korea. Based on current financial and cost data, analyses are presented of the proposed substitution of high-sulfur and slow-sulfur American coal in place of fuel oil. The analyses show that economic substitution of coal for oil is not only based on relative prices for coal and oil, as expected, but also to be an inverse function of degree of intensity of energy use, and a direct function of financial incentives such as accelerated depreciation, taxes on the savings made by the use of coal, and cost of capital.

Jan 4, 1979

During the year 1915 the Committee received 161 manuscripts, which were treated as follows: 3 accepted for. New York Meeting (110th) . 64 accepted for San Francisco Meeting (111th) 49 accepted for New York Meeting (112th) 3 accepted for Arizona Meeting (113th) 29 rejected 4 returned to authors for revision and not yet accepted 9 in committee. 161 Every paper which was presented at the San Francisco Meeting was published in advance in the Bulletin with one exception. The work of the Committee has been systematized and. the Executive Committee of the Committee on Papers and Publications has given prompt attention to all manuscripts, with the result that every paper received by the Committee on Papers and Publications is in the hands of the, printer within 30 days thereafter, unless delays occur owing to questions as to acceptability, in obtaining from the author permission for revision, or other like causes.

Jan 2, 1916

By W. Hume-Rothery

RECENT interest has been shown in utilizing solid-state techniques for obtaining large oriented grains in the Alnico Alloys.1-4 Unfortunately, due to the inherent brittleness of these materials it is difficult to introduce sufficient imperfections by deformation to support the nucleation and growth of new, recrystallized grains. As a result, recrystal-lization methods for obtaining large grains, such as the strain-anneal technique, do not appear to be feasible. Steinort et a1.2 used a combination of a thermal gradient and internal strains to obtain large single crystals of Alnico 5 from a poly crystalline casting by annealing at temperatures above 1200°C. It was suggested that the strains were the result of the precipitation of the y phase which exists between -850° and 1200°C. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the grain size of the cast Alnico alloys can be markedly increased by solid state techniques involv-

Jan 1, 1963

THE fifth annual convention of coal-operating men, with the usual exposition of coal-mine equipment, was held at Cincinnati, May 7 to 11 inclusive, and was fully up to the high standard set by previous years. This spring meeting has come to be one of the most helpful services to industry performed by the Ameri-can Mining Congress and a center at which operators and engineers easily and quickly get into touch with the newest and best things in practice and equipment. Over 200 exhibitors showed this year and very little if anything that is new `failed to be shown. The ex-hibits were well arranged and adequate rather than elaborate. They attracted the careful attention of the members and guests of the Congress, admission being by badge rather than by ticket sold to, the general public. Eight sessions were held for reading and dis-cussion of technical papers, one for Management and

Jan 6, 1928