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R. H. Sweetser, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. (communication to the Secretary*):—The recent work of furnace No. 1 of The Algoma Steel .Co., at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, using for fuel, first all charcoal, then a mixture of charcoal and coke, and finally all coke, upsets the estimates given by Mr. Hall in the last two paragraphs of his interesting paper. Furnace No. 1 was built for a charcoal-furnace, and it was run on charcoal fuel from March 6 until July 9, 1905; then, for a week, a mixture of charcoal and coke was used, and, since then, coke alone has been the only fuel. It is to be regretted that at no time, during the run on charcoal, was there enough charcoal on hand and " in sight" to warrant blowing the furnace as hard as it should have been blown. During April and May the supply of charcoal limited the amount of blast to about 8,000 cu. ft. of air per min.; in June, to about 8,900 cubic feet. For a few days in July about 10,000 cu. ft. were blown, and then the maximum daily output, 173 tons (2,240 lb.), was reached. At all times the quality of the charcoal was poor, having been made from wood cut from three to four years before. Doubtless this furnace could have produced 200 tons of iron per day, even with this quality of charcoal, provided the supply had been sufficient; and with

Jan 1, 1906

S. F. EMMONS RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP. The movement was started by a number of the friends and admirers of the late S. F. Emmons, Economic Geologist of the United States Geological Survey, to perpetuate his name through a fellowship to be known as the " S. F. Emmons Research Fellowship," and they have succeeded in raising some $13,000 for the purpose of carrying on research work in economic geology. The Committee in charge of this Memorial Fund has succeeded in obtaining the co-operation of Professors Kemp, of Columbia, Irving, of Yale, and Lindgren, of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in the administration of this fellowship. These three gentlemen are respectively geologists of the institutions mentioned and are exceptionally qualified to determine in what direction the fund can be best administered. It is hoped that additional contributions will be forthcoming from many who have heard of this movement. Subscriptions are invited and may be sent to any one of these gentlemen, or to Benjamin B. Lawrence, Treasurer, No. 60 Wall Street, New York City.

Jan 11, 1913

Looking forward to growing demand for the output of the coal mines over the next decade, producers face serious problems in meeting the market. Among the difficulties are the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, wildcat strikes, growing shortage of skilled and supervisory labor, pollution control and rising costs. The two-day program, planned by R. L. Frantz, covered all of these subjects and presented a few remarks on such wholesomely noncontroversial matters as ground support. A prediction of coal for electricity generation in 1980 was made by Philips amounting to 550 million tons, an amount equal to total output now, With respect to competition in this market, he said: "For the foreseeable future there is enough energy demand for all participating fuels." Banana oil conies not from bananas but from coal and science may just convert coal to meat loaf or some other surprising application may come out of research for product markets. Philips sees no revolution in mining methods although longwall mining will be expanded.

Jan 1, 1970

Colorado School of Mines Scientific Society held its first meeting on Friday evening, Jan. 14.1916. H. C. Parmalee gave an interesting talk on the Loss of Cyanide by Hydrolysis. F. E. BRIBER, Secretary. The School of Mines Society of the University of Minnesota held a meeting on Thursday evening, Jan. 13, 1916, at which Fred A. Jordan gave a talk on Magnetic Concentration of Iron Ores. Mr. Jordan is at present testing the new magnetic concentrator designed at the. School of Mines Experiment Station. This apparatus, if successful, will open up an enormous tonnage of ore on the Cuyuna and Mesabi ranges. ADOLPH DOVRE, President. At the College of Mines, University of Washington, Seattle, 33 mining men, with experience varying from one to 25 years, have enrolled in the 19th Annual Three Months' Short Session. At the annual smoker tendered the Short Session miners by the student branch of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Capt. R. H. Stretch of the Alaska Bureau, Seattle Chamber of Commerce, delivered an address on The Mineral Belts of Alaska.

Jan 3, 1916

By Louis C. Just, Robert L. Sandefur, Carl E. Williams

In 1981 Ertec Rocky Mountain, Inc. completed a significant development in contemporary planning support; MINEPAK was completed, tested on various properties and offered for license. MINEPAK was one of the first computer systems for ore body analysis and mine planning that - Was designed as an interactive and completely integrated system - Was portable so that it can run on many hardware systems - Was really user friendly - Can run on minicomputers and on some microprocessors - Was built around a data base management system MINEPAK was designed to be a completely general block modeller and it achieved that goal. Since it contained a gridded file type, surfaces could be easily modelled but the system needed extensions to allow layered deposits to be modelled with the same ease as block models. So COALPAK was designed. COALPAK is an extension as well as a modification of MINEPAK. A 'layer' file type was defined and retrofitted into the existing system, new software tools were developed for modelling layered deposits, and tools for strip mining were written.

Jan 1, 1983

By Edwin H. Olson, Morton Smutz, Charles J. Baroch

IN 1949 an orebody containing some 10 billion lb of recoverable rare earth metals was discovered in the Mountain Pass district of San Bernardino County, California.1 The following year Molybdenum Corp. of America purchased a number of claims at the deposit and a mill on the property which had been constructed to process the district's gold ores. Average composition of ore from the San Bernardino deposit is less than 0.1 pct ThO2, 25 to 35 pet calcite, 10 pet rare earth oxides, 15 to 20 pet silica, and 30 to 40 pet barite.2 Rare earth content of the ore analyzes 50.7 pet CeO2, 4.2 pet Pr6O11, 11.7 pet Nd2O3, 1.3 pet Sm2O3, and 34.3 pet La2O3, and others.2

Jan 3, 1959

By J. H. Kittel

THE properties of the metal molybdenum have been the subject of recent investigations1,2 = which have included studies of the changes that occur in the metal when it is annealed after having been cold worked. Most of the data which have been reported have pertained to only one aspect of annealing, that is, the conditions under which recrys-tallization has been observecl. The process of recovery which may precede recrystallization docs not appear to have been investigated, and it is the purpose of this note to report observations on the recovery process in cold-worked molybdenum as determined by changes ill the thermoelectric power which occur as the metal is annealed. The measurements were made on commercially pure molybdenum wires which, after annealing at 1035°C in dried hydrogen for 1 hr, were swaged to give a series of reductions up to a maximum of 84.5 pct. The variously cold-worked wires were then annea1c.d in dried hydrogen for periods of 16 hr at progrc:ssively highel. temperatures from 200" to 1000 c with a final annealing treatment of 70 hr at. 1100°C. After each annealing treatment the ther.ma1 emf's were determined against a length of original unwo~,ked material that had received the initial hydrogen anrit,aling treatment. The difference in temperature between the hot and cold junctions was maintained at about 75'C. and. the thermal emf's were measured with a potentiometer that could be read. to 0.01 microvolt. Fig. 1 shows the thermoelectric power. (dE/dT) in microvolts per C between annclalcd and cold-worked molybdenum as a function of the degree of cold work. The effect of annealing is shown in Fig. 2. The general shape of the curves in both figures is similar to results which have been obtained for copper." It was observed that after annealing at temperatures as low as 200°C recovery was well under way. The rapid changes irt thermoelectric power observed near 900 C are probably associated with recrystallization, since such a relation has been observed with copper. Beyond 900°C the thermal emf's changed in polarity. indicating that from this point or1 the specimens were more highly annealed than the standard. Annealing treatments could not be given at temperatures higher than 1100°C due to limitations of the furnace, and it is evident that, since equilibrium values of thermoelectric powers were far from having been attained, temperatures considerably higher are required to fully anneal molybdenum. References Robert M. Parke: Molybdenum, A New High-Temperature Material. Metal Progress (1951) 60, pp. 81-96. * R. A. Long, K. C. Dike, and H. R. Bear: Some Properties of High-Purity Sintered Wrought Molybdenum Metal at Temperatures up to 2400 °F. NACA TN 2319 (March 1951): G. W. Brindley: A Thern-io-Electric Study of the Cold-Rolling and Heat-Treatment of Copper, Report of a Conference on the Strength of Solids. Physical Society, London (1948) pp. 95-106.

Jan 1, 1953

By Gilbert P. Moore

Production in the Argentine in 1930 amounted to 1,415,099.7 metric tons, which converted into barrels of 42 gal., using the factor of 6.29, amounts to 8,909,773 bbl. This is a decrease of 481,613 bbl. from the 1929 production, which was 9,391,386 bbl. The production for 1930 was divided among three fields, as shown in Table 1. Table 2 covers Table 1.—Argentine Oil Production, 1930, by Fields Barrels Comodoro Rivadauia District Government........................................... 4,547,670 Railways Co........................................... 1,314,358 Astra-Eastern......................................... 1,016,024 Anglo-Persian......................................... 365,021 Solano Co............................................. 24,613 Dutch Shell........................................... 6,963 7,274,649 Neuquen District Government........................................... 569,245 Standard Oil-Argentina................................. 659,551 Astra-Eastern......................................... 8,234 Challaco Co. (Sol)...................................... 121,598 1,358,628 Salta District Government........................................... 90,576 Standard Oil-Argentina.................................. 185,920 276,496 8,909,773

Jan 1, 1931

By J. H. Frye, J. L. Scott, J. W. Woods

THERE are at least two effects of temperature on the stress required to produce plastic flow. 1) Metals plastically strained for the same amount at different temperatures possess different stress-strain curves and different internal structures (e.g., nature and density of imperfections). 2) There is both experimental and theoretical evidence that the stress necessary to produce plastic flow may vary with temperature even though the internal structure remains constant.1-5 Much of the data in the literature is difficult to interpret because these two effects are simultaneously present. In the work reported here, they are considered separately. Standard 0.505 in. tensile specimens were prepared from high-purity Mond nickel and OFHC copper. Nickel specimens were annealed in hydrogen at 1150°C for 30 min and furnace cooled. This produced an average grain diameter of 1.4 mm. Copper specimens were annealed in vacuum at 525°C for 6 hr and furnace cooled. This produced an average grain diameter of 0.11 mm. Nickel tensile specimens were prestrained in tension at 500°K, whereas copper tensile specimens were prestrained in tension at room temperature. All specimens were cooled to 74°K and heated to room temperature. After these treatments all of the tensile specimens of a given set possessed identical structures. All specimens were returned to the tensile machine and tested at various temperatures and constant cross-head speed. Many of the tensile curves showed well defined yields but, in order to minimize personal judgment, the yield was always chosen as the stress corresponding to 0.2 pct plastic deformation. Results are summarized in the graph of yield vs temperature of test, Fig. 1. All of the specimens corresponding to any one line have had identical treatments and, therefore, have identical internal structures. Thus, each line gives the relation between yield stress and temperature for one constant internal structure. The lowest line, which is for annealed nickel, shows no measurable variation of yield with temperature. This is similar to Blewitt's6 results on copper single crystals, but a variation in yield with temperature was found by Andrade and Henderson' in single crystals of nickel, and by Car-recker and Hibbard8 in annealed polycrystalline copper. The three other lines, which are for prestrained materials, show that there is a linear relation between yield stress and temperature when the internal structure remains constant. Such a relation might be expected from a rate equation such as that of Kauzmannl on the assump- tion that the activation energy is either independent of or linear with temperature. These results would also be expected if the shear moduli of copper and nickel are linear functions of temperature for, as Cottrell and Stokes have pointed out," in all dislocation theories of strength the flow stress appears proportional to the shear modulus of the material. In copper and nickel, since the modulus of elasticity decreases roughly linearly with increase in temperature," it is probable that the modulus of shear also decreases approximately linearly with increasing temperature. A detailed discussion of the effect of these and other factors on the temperature dependence of flow stress in face-centered-cubic metals has recently been given by Seeger.4

Jan 1, 1958

Closed-circuit television was first installed under- ground by United States Steel's Tenessee Coal & Iron Division during the summer of 1957. Placed at a rotary dump location in one of TCI's mines, the installation was designed to permit operation of all functions of the load car haul chain, rotary dump, and empty car haul chain from a remote location, and to improve safety. The initial installation was very successful, and similar ones were subsequently placed at all of TCI's operating ore mines. The 10-ton capacity, automatic coupled mine cars are placed on the load car haul chain by the main-line locomotives. The haulage dispatcher has been located at the skip loading point of the underground pocket, some 80 to 100 ft below the rotary dump. The video monitor is located so the operator has a constant view of the activities around the rotary dump. By means of remote controls, the TV camera can range through a four-way turret of lens changes, can pan 350° in about nine seconds, can tilt 45° up or 45° down in nine seconds, and also can range through an optical focus for any of the lens positions.

Jan 3, 1961

INSTITUTE MEDALS AND PRIZES ASIDE from the John Fritz Medal, in which the Institute partici¬pates through its representation on the John Fritz Medal Board, the Institute itself has three awards to make annually, as follows the Robert W. Hunt Medal and Prize, the J. E. Johnson, Jr. Award, and the James Douglas Medal. ROBERT W. HUNT MEDAL AND PRIZE The partners of Robert W. Hunt established a fund, which was presented to the Institute at a fitting ceremony on May 27, 1920, to establish an annual medal and a sum of money to be awarded under the following rules: 1. The award shall consist of two prizes, first of a gold medal, second of a sum of money, a certificate to accompany each prize The money prize shall not be awarded to a member over 40 years of age, but under unusual circumstances, both prizes may be allotted to one person provided that he is not over 40 years of age In general it will be understood that the Committee shall award the money prize to the younger men, rather than the medal

Jan 1, 1923

Utah Engineering Experiment Station, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. D. A Lyon, Director. Important work on ore dressing has been carried out at this station Before listing the Technical Papers and Bulletins available, it is well to point out especially that Technical Paper 1, Flotation fundamentals, 4, Flotation fundamentals (pt 2), and 5, Flotation fundamentals, pt 3, are out of print and can only be consulted at libraries or elsewhere. The Technical Papers and Bulletins available are as follows: Technical Paper 6, Recovery of zinc from ferrite compounds in the electrolytic zinc process, 25 cents; 7, Flotation fundamentals (pt 4), 40 cents; 8, The technique of preparing thin sections of rock, 75 cents; 9, Flotation fundamentals (pt. 5) 30 cents; 10, A new development in the preparation of briquetted mineral grains, 15 cents, 12, A method for the determination of cadmium in mill and smelter products, 25 cents; Bulletin 10 (revised 1931), Mine sampling and the commercial value of ores, 35 cents, 14, Report of research investigations (1922-23), with papers on these subjects Hydrometallurgy of zinc, Flotation experiments on Utah sulphur ore, Oil shale investigations, Zinc oxide investigations, 25 cents;

Jan 1, 1933

By J. W. Halley

COPPER has frequently been recommended as an alloying element for steel and the precipitation-hardening of steels containing from 1 to 2 per cent copper has been studied by a number of investigators. The straight copper steels, however, have not been used extensively and little advantage has been taken of the precipitation-hardening of complex steels containing appreciable amounts of copper. It is diffi-cult to produce a satisfactory surface on the straight copper steels and undoubtedly this has discouraged their use. During recent years a number of steels containing enough copper to make them susceptible to precipitation-hardening have been put on the market. These steels belong to the group usually referred to as "low-alloy high-tensile" steels. They were designed for use in the "hot-rolled" condition; transportation equipment and large structures that cannot be readily heat-treated have been their chief application. Little emphasis has been placed on the possibility of strengthening those containing substantial amounts of copper by precipitation-hardening. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the precipitation-hardening characteristic of one of the "low-alloy steels."

Jan 1, 1940

By T. P. Clendenin

THE northerly two thirds of Mexico falls into five main physiographic divisions, illustrated on the accompanying map. In form, these divisions are a series of strips, paralleling the northwest-southeast axis of the country.

Jan 10, 1951

By Robert Glass Cleland

THIS IS a history of a company whose roots run deep into the nation's past and whose field of operations has never been narrowly confined. The men who founded Phelps Dodge were men of initiative and imagination. They were men of strong convictions and upright character. They held fast to the simple virtues and traditions of the days when America was young. This heritage they passed on to their successors. From the very beginning, under such leadership, Phelps Dodge became a company of large affairs. It bought and sold, exported and imported, built factories and organized railroads, converted great forests into lumber, and operated coal and iron mines. Much of the iron, copper, and tin plate used in the United States for a generation was under its control. Its business abroad was extensive enough to warrant the organization of a separate partnership in England. Then, almost half a century after its foundation, the company began to substitute new activities for old and eventually transferred its major operations to the West, primarily to Arizona. The family partnership became a corporation. Exporting and importing gave place to mining and metallurgy. Phelps Dodge became one of the largest

Jan 1, 1952

By T. V. Falkie, Robert Stefanko

Coal Mine Health and Safety Act in December 1969, the most comprehensive law in the history of the coal mining industry went into effect. Hardly anyone will quarrel with the philosophy that all miners in the United States should be afforded equal protection under the law irrespective of the state in which they reside. Furthermore, it appears contrary to any sound judgment that a competitive advantage should appear to accrue to a mine operator because his operations are located in a state with less stringent (and costly) health and safety laws Yet it is recognized that the quality of state mine laws and inspection agencies has been extremely variable. Why, then, should there be such resentments over the passage of the Act? The Act was written In the highly emotionally charged atmosphere following the Consol No. 9 disaster: the technical expertise within the industry was discredited and largely ignored; and those directly involved in the writing of the Act were non- technical and largely nonmining people. The result was that the law incorporated certain requirements that were impossible to meet (automatic brakes are the classical example) and certain parts that were too ambiguous and consequently open to interpretation.

Jan 1, 1971

Bureau of Mineral and Topographic Survey, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. Arthur C. McFarlan, State Geologist The Kentucky Geological Survey was abolished by a recent legislative act and the Bureau of Mineral and Topographic Survey at the University of Kentucky was created in its place Publications of the former Survey are distributed by the present Bureau Several series of papers and volumes have been issued but only those of Series 3, 4 and 6 are now to be had in whole or in part Of Series 4, (1912-18) only one group of papers is available Vol: 1, pt. 2, Miscellaneous papers on fire clays, limestones and coals of parts of the state (1913), $125. Of Series 3 (1904-1912), the following bulletins are pertinent and may be had. Bulletin 3, Coals, clays, etc., of Kentucky (1905), 50 cents, 14, Coals of the Pineville Gap region (1912), $1.25, 16, The Waverlain formation of east central Kentucky (1912), 50 cents, 17, Coals of the Tradewater region (1912), 50 cents, 18, Coals of Quicksand region (1912), 50 cents; 19, Geology and coals of the Central City, Madisonville, Calhoun, and Newberg Quadrangles (1912), 50 cents

Jan 1, 1933

The work that has formerly been done by the Waste-reclamation Section of the War Industries Board has been tranferred to the Department of Commerce and will be continued as the "Waste-reclamation Service" of this Department. The plan contemplates the establishment of a national waste-reclamation system-comprehensively organized, effective and systematic, and animated by a sympathetic understanding of the purposes and principles of the Service. It is the expectation of the Service that the work will be taken over by the several municipalities or other local governments and made permanent through the creation of a department or bureau for the salvage of waste materials. The local Waste-reclamation Council should be composed of representatives of cooperating national organizations, selected by the mayor; or chief executive officer of the city, town, or village. It will be the duty of the Council to inaugurate an educational campaign to conserve materials so as to make less waste, together with a reclamation movement that shall reclaim the residue of waste in the community, thus conserving the resources of the country both in man power and in materials. The most important materials to reclaim at the present time are: paper, steel, copper, wool, iron, brass, cotton, zinc, aluminum, rubber, babbitt metal, tin-foil, lead, tin and leather.

Jan 8, 1919

Twelve Directors, the Secretary, and ten guests were present. It was unanimously resolved that the sense of this body is that the name of the Institute should be changed to American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. Messrs. J. W. Richards and Bradley Stoughton were appointed a committee to formulate the necessary steps for bringing the matter to a vote. The committee in charge of the New York meeting, with Allen Rogers, Chairman, was appointed. The rules of the American Engineering Standards Committee were approved. The Bulletin was presented to the Springfield Arsenal. The sum of $250 was appropriated to the Southern California Section. The By-laws were changed to increase the Secretary's cash from $500 to $1000. The report of the Treasurer was accepted. Sixty-eight members, thirteen associates, and forty-eight junior associates were elected. Four members were reinstated. The resignations of seven members were accepted. Thirteen members on active duty at the front had their dues remitted. Upon the recommendation of the Finance Committee, it was resolved that the clues of any members who have attained the age of seventy (70) years and have been members for a continuous period of at least thirty (30) years shall be remitted.

Jan 7, 1918

By R. V. Smith, M. H. Cullender

Rigorous equations for calculating subsurface pres.tures in flowing and static gas wells, and pressures along horizontal pipelines are presented in this paper. These general equations, based on the mechanical encrgy balance, contain no assumptions regarding temperature and can be used with either straight-line or curved temperature gradients. The friction factors recommended in this report are based on an absolute roughness of 0.0006 in. Flow is always considered to he turbulent. Although these general flow equations are solved by numerical means, the methods are as convenient as many of those used today to calculate pressures in gas wells and pipelines. These numerical methods are illustrated for flowing and static columns of gas in wells and for flow in pipelines. The authors believe that the use of these methods will result in more accurately calculated pressures in gas wells and pipelines and that [he methods are more flexible than any in use at the present time. Also, the methods are easily adaptable to automatic computers. INTRODUCTION The problem of calculating subsurface pressures in gas wells and along flowing pipelines has been studied by many investigators with the results that two widely-used methods have been presented in technical literature. One approximates conditions in a gas well or pipeline by assuming that temperature and compressi- bility are constants tor the entire gas column. The other method assumes that temperature is constant at some average value but permits compressibility to vary with pressure at the constant temperature. While these approximations may be justified for relatively shallow and low-pressure wells, they become more and more unrealistic as the calculations are applied to the deeper high-pressure wells. In wells or pipelines where there is an appreciable change in temperature between the inlet and outlet ends of the flow string, it is equally as important to consider the change in compressibility with temperature as it is to consider the change with pressure. Consequently, the methods presented in this paper were developed to provide a workable procedure for calculating pressures in gas wells and pipelines which makes no assumptions regarding either temperature or compressibility. The friction factors recommended for use with the equations were the result of study of published literature and extensive experimental work with gas wells. The F,. values in Appendix IV which contain the friction factor are equivalent to an absolute roughness of 0.0006 in. as calculated by the Nikuradse equation. The absolute roughness of 0.0006 in. was previously published by Cullender and Binckley2 for gas wells; it is in agreement with 0.00065 in. of Smith, Dewees, and Williams1 for gas wells and 0.00065 in. of Baker and Swerdloff4 for pipelines; it is in reasonable agreement with 0.0007 in. reported by the Bureau of Mines and the American Gas Assn.5 for large transmission lines. However, any type of friction factors may be used in the equations by a change in the F, values in Appendix [V].

Jan 1, 1957