Search Documents

By C. P. Watson, R. E. Collom

Various chapters already written in the history of development of the North Dome of Kettleman Hills are monotonoysly identical in the one underlying' theme of conservation of oil and gas. Discovered on Oct. 4, 1928, by Milham Exploration Co. with its wildcat Elliot No. 1, the field has been subjected to practically every modern form of production restraint in the name of conservation. The record thus far developed shows that conservation was had for a time, at a price; and that unitiza-tion must be blessed by single ownership or 100 per cent participation to be effective. In fact, incomplete unitization places a heavy handicap upon its participants in the competitive development that follows. Shut-in Agreement of July 25, 1929 Not long after discovery at Kettleman but after the Continental Oil Co. and the Standard Oil Co. had completed several producing wells in the discovery group, came the so-called Shut-in Agreement negotiated at the instance of the Department of the Interior. This agreement became effective July 25, 1929. The fundamental purpose of the agreement was to prevent bringing on production of some 30 wells then being drilled and forestall a flood of Kettleman oil on the market. A cooperative scheme was developed whereby wells in the discovery group would continue to produce. Two of them could not be shut in. Drilling wells would be completed to a water shutoff in top of Temblor and operations suspended. Producing wells would contribute the value of 10 to 25 per cent of their production to the owners of suspended qualifying wells. The percentage rate of drainage contribution was left to a committee or umpire. Some acreage was not placed under the agreement. This same acreage later did not come into the Kettleman Unit Agreement. Several wells on this acreage did not contribute to the drainage fund. The total amount of oil produced during the 17 months of the shut-in agreement, by Milham, Continental and Standard from wells in the discovery group, was 5,297,262.22 bbl. The total amount paid out in "drainage" contributions was $2,046,048.18, representing sales value of 1,266,044.06 bbl. of oil.

Jan 1, 1937

By C. F. Floe, N. J. Grant, A. Joukainen

A CCORDING to Guertler,¹ Smith and Hamilton were the first to study the Cu-Ti alloy system, but because of the presence of large amounts of impurities their data are inconclusive. Hensel and Larsen² in 1930 and Kroll³ in 1931 determined the high copper end of the diagram. In 1939 Laves and Wallbaum,4 in a short summary of compound determinations in titanium binary alloys, mentioned the existence of a face-centered cubic compound, Ti2Cu, with 96 atoms per unit cell, and also a compound, TiCu3, which was said to have a deformed hexagonal close-packed structure in which ordering had been observed. The existence of a compound, TiCu, was also found but the crystal structure was not determined. Craighead, Simmons, and Eastwood determined the effect of copper on the allotropic transformation in titanium. The investigation was limited to alloys containing from 0 to 5 pct Cu, using titanium of fairly high impurity content. Experimental Procedure The methods used for determination of the diagram included metallographic examination and X-ray and thermal analyses. The system was first worked out using the higher purity "Process A" sponge titanium and oxygen-free copper. The high titanium region was next determined more accurately using iodide titanium and vacuum-melted, oxygen-free copper. Preparation of Alloys: The alloys were prepared by arc melting under prepurified helium atmos- pheres in water-cooled copper crucibles. The high purity iodide titanium alloys were prepared by melting three compositions along with a specimen of unalloyed titanium in a single charge. A multiple crucible was used which consisted of a copper plate with four cup-like depressions. The unalloyed titanium was melted first and acted as a getter for any oxygen and nitrogen in the melting chamber. Since these elements harden titanium, the hardness of the standard specimen was an index of the highest probable contamination of the alloy melts. The sponge titanium alloy melts weighed from 100 to 200 g each and the iodide titanium melts from 20 to 25 g. In order to insure greater homogeneity most of the alloys were melted, turned, and remelted twice. The larger buttons made from sponge titanium were sectioned or crushed before remelting. These alloys up to 30 pct Cu were further homogenized by forging at 925°C. They forged readily up to 20 pct Cu but numerous cracks were formed in the alloys containing from 20 to 30 pct. Above 30 pct Cu the sponge titanium alloys were homogenized by heating for 200 hr at 850°C under prepurified helium. Similarly, the iodide-grade titanium alloys containing up to 3 pct Cu were homogenized at 1000°C for 24 hr and all others at 880°C for 200 hr.

Jan 1, 1953

By J. R. Low, D. F. Stein

Single crystals of iron have been grown from three different lots of Ferrovac "E" of somewhat different chemical composition by the strain anneal technique. Using a technique to seed the crystal similar to Dunn's for silicon-iron, it has been possible to orient the crystals grown in both direction and plane of growth. Crystals having the plane of the strip oriented (100) , (110), (111), (112), (123), and (491) have been grown. The growth directions used have been [100], [110], 45 deg from a [110}, and various others of no specific crystal orientation. The usual dimensions of the crystals were 8 by 1 by 0.08 in. Attempts to grow crystals were about 90 pct successful. METHODS of growing single crystals of high purity iron have been reported in the literature.1-4 However, each of these methods was not completely reliable when used on materials having slightly different chemical composition and in some instances a small number of successes were obtained using identical materials. Except for the method used by S. Dohi and T. Yamoshita,1 it has not been possible to reorient single crystals of high purity iron to give any desired orientation. The method to be described has made it possible to grow single crystals from three different lots of material having different compositions, and to orient the crystals with respect to growth direction and surface. STARTING MATERIAL The material used during this investigation was a vacuum melted high purity iron marketed by the Vacuum Metals Corporation designated Ferrovac "E." Three lots of Ferrovac "E" having the following composition were used with equal success: The compositions listed are those of the as-received material; and they may have been modified before the growth of single crystals. Analysis of heat B just before growth and after growth revealed that the heat treatment prior to growth did not change the carbon content, but the oxygen content was changed from 0.0092 pct to 0.0034 pct and the nitrogen content from 0.0003 pct to 0.0001 pct. After growth of the single crystals, the carbon had dropped to 0.001 pct. None of the heat treatments would be expected to change any of the other impurities very markedly. Heat C would be expected to have a metallic impurity content similar to heats A and B. PROCEDURE Ferrovac "E" iron which had been obtained in bar form having a diameter of about 1 in. was rolled into strip for growing single crystals. By passing the 1-in. bar through a cold rolling mill several times, it was reduced to a strip 0.15 in. thick. The strips obtained were then cut into suitable lengths for heat treating (about 9 in. long), annealed at 925°C for 2 hr in dry hydrogen and water quenched. It was then necessary to bake the strip at 200°C for 24 hr in air in order to prevent cracking during further rolling operations. While it was possible to cold roll the 1-in. bar directly to the desired 0.080-in. strip, the intermediate anneal was used because the strip so obtained produced better single crystals. The strip obtained by rolling the 1 -in. bar directly to 0.080-in. strip produced single crystals having a large number of occluded grains. Experiments showed that the optimum reduction in area by rolling prior to the growth of single crystals was about 50 pct. Attempts to grow single crystals from material that had been reduced less than 40 pct were unsuccessful presumably because the matrix did not possess the critical amount of texture necessary for growth. The strip obtained after the rolling operations had very irregular edges which were ground to give a strip with uniform dimensions. The strip was then annealed at 825°C for 3 hr in hydrogen and furnace cooled. Fig. 1 illustrates the grain size obtained. A temperature of 940°C was used for the annealing temperature on one group of strips

Jan 1, 1962

By Charles Morgan

AN increased demand for brown iron ore in the Birmingham district during the past 18 months has caused renewed activity both in prospecting and mining these ores. In recent years the production in Alabama has ranged from 41,559 tons in 1932 to 639,351 tons in 1928. During the last 9 years about 83 per cent of the total brown ore produced in the United States has come from Alabama (Tables 1 and 2).

Jan 1, 1937

By L. P. Teas

The main facts brought out by the study of the blende-bearing ores examined are as follows: 1. Chalcopyrite as minute triangular or rectangular dots, or as

Jan 1, 1918

By J. N. Ong, J. P. Ratledge, J. H. Boyce

Since German operators opened the Tsumeb mine in the early 1900's, continuous operation has been interrupted only by enforced shutdowns during two world wars and the depression of the 1930's. Original metallurgical practice was blast furnace smelting. This was applicable only to low zinc ore, leaving large tonnages of high zinc ore to be stockpiled on the surface. A gravity concentrator using tables, buddles, and jigs operated for several years, but differential flotation of the ore did not get beyond the experimental stage. When the property was put up for sale by the South African Custodian of Enemy Property there was an estimated 434,000 tons of ore on surface dumps. The dump material, assaying 4.48 pct Cu, 15.8 pct Pb, and 10.9 pct Zn, had become highly oxidized during a stay of many years on the surface. But these dump ores had to be used in evaluating possible metallurgy because the shaft became flooded after the 1940 shutdown and underground ore was unavailable. Many companies examined Tsumeb but quickly lost enthusiasm because of the formidable metallurgical problems presented by the dump ore. However, on the basis of extensive test work, the present company decided that differential flotation would be successful and purchased the property after competitive bidding.

Jan 4, 1955

By James J. Norton, Lincoln R. Page

Effective methods for determining grade and reserves of pegmatites in advance of mining have been developed in recent years. When intensive work began on the economic geology of pegmatites during the early years of World War II, it was widely believed that grade and reserves could be estimated only in a most general way. The literature indicated that not all pegmatite deposits are unpredictable, but statements emphasizing unpredictability and irregularity seem to have been more widely accepted. Many standard references reflect the prevailing opinion that minerals are unsystematic in their occurrence in pegmatites. Pegmatites have been de- scribed as "notorious for their irregular structure," and minerals within pegmatites as "irregularly distributed," "irregularly disseminated,'' of "erratic occurrence," "proverbially erratic in distribution," "characterized by extreme irregularity in size and distribution of the essential minerals, and variety and proportion of the accessory minerals, and "spotty."

Apr 1, 1956

By O?Harra B. M.

THE work here described had for its purpose the procuring of data from which some quantitative estimate might be made of the results obtainable by using oxygen-enriched air in roasting zinc ores on a commercial scale. The principal metallurgical advantages of using enriched air in roasting zinc ores would be: 1. The rate of roasting would be increased, with consequent gain in the capacity of the roasting furnace. 2. As less air would be required for roasting, the volume of hot gases leaving the furnace and the heat carried out of the furnace as sensible heat in these gases would be less per ton of ore roasted; partly for this reason and partly because of the increased quantity of heat generated in the furnace by the larger amount of ore that could be roasted, the consumption of fuel by the furnace would be lessened; and by the use of air sufficiently enriched with oxygen the necessity of using fuel might be entirely obviated. 3. Roaster gas having a higher SO2 content could be produced; this would make possible greater capacity and more economical operation of the sulfuric-acid plant. Certain phases of the application of enriched air to roasting can be worked out only by experimenting with a furnace of commercial, or at least semicommercial, size. Thus the precautions necessary to secure proper. distribution of heat in the furnace;1 the volume of enriched air; and the proportion of oxygen in this air, necessary to give the desired increase in roasting capacity of the furnace and in SO2 content of the roaster gases;; and the most desirable frequency of raking, thickness of

Jan 11, 1924

Jan 1, 1935

By W. P. Haynes

The 1938 production for all of Rumania amounted to 48.984.200 bbl., as compared with 53.239.500 bbl. in 1937. which represents a drop of 4.255.300 bbl., or 8 per cent. Of the various fields. there are only two major increases in production—Baicoi-Tintea with 3.092.400 bbl. And

Jan 1, 1939

By W. P. Haynes

The 1938 production for all of Rumania amounted to 48.984.200 bbl., as compared with 53.239.500 bbl. in 1937. which represents a drop of 4.255.300 bbl., or 8 per cent. Of the various fields. there are only two major increases in production—Baicoi-Tintea with 3.092.400 bbl. And

Jan 1, 1939

Jan 1, 1962

Curious petroleum, mining and metallurgical engineers together with oceanographers, geologists, geophysicists and those in related disciplines, some 11,500 of them, poured into the Albert Thomas Convention Center in Houston, Tex. to see, and learn. This year's successful Conference, held April 22-24 featured a technical offering of 145 papers presented at 28 sessions. In addition, a total of 500 exhibits were provided by 260 companies.

Jan 1, 1970

By B. Ball, C. H. Cox, S. N. Yap

Electrokinetic measurements on cassiterite were made in the presence of sodium di-hydrogen phosphate, mono-hydrogen arsenate, bisulfite, and sulfate. Flotation studies were also conducted using sodium dodecyl sulfonate in the presence of these salts. It was found that the anions specifically adsorb on cassiterite in the order H2AsO-4 H2PO4 HSO3 SO4 and consequently cause flotation depression. The adsorption mechanisms of the various inorganic anions are discussed in detail.

Jan 1, 1980

By W. H. Lewis, J. C. Yingling, M. H. Leon

This paper describes the present state-of-the-art and status of longwall lighting in the U.S.A. Specific subtopics discussed are as follows: review of MSHA lighting regulations and requirements for longwalls; overview of available lighting hardware; installation procedures and costs; analysis of installations to date, including operator and management acceptance, complaints, benefits, and maintenance considerations.

Jan 1, 1981

By William K. Callaway

Cominco American has operated the Magmont Mine for 16 years as a traditional open stope room and pillar mine. Diminishing ore reserves and the discovery of high grade ore zones over 90' in thickness caused consideration to be given to hydraulic sandfilling as a method of ground support to increase pillar extraction and mine life. This paper will review the results of sandfill testing. Plans for underground experiments, and operational plans for the future will also be discussed.

Jan 1, 1984

By Frank Firmstone

(Ottawa Meeting, October, 1889. Substituted for the briefer note on the same subject. pre sented at the meeting and subsequently distributed in preliminary pamphlet edition.) Prof. H. Hoefer's theory of blasting was published in the Oesterr. Zeitschrift, xxviii., 1880, and xxix., 1881; and Part 111. in Nos. 15, 16 and 17, xxx., 1882, and subsequent numbers of that

Jan 1, 1890

By James K. Grunig

As the real price of uranium increases, deposits of lower and lower grade will be treated. The various occurrences of uranium ore are described and the chemical aspects of extraction are detailed.

Jan 1, 1981

Executive SIDNEY J. JENNINGS, Chairman GEORGE D.-BARRON J. E. JOHNSON, JR. EDWIN LUDLOW ROBERT M. RAYMOND Membership KARL EILERS, Chairman LEWIS W. FRANCIS J. E. JOHNSON, JR. LOUIS D. HUNTOON ARTHUR L. WALKER Finance GEORGE D. BARRON, Chairman. CHARLES F. RAND BENJAMIN B. THAYER Library E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,1 Chairman ALEX C. HUMPHREYS3 GEORGE C. STONE2 J. H. JANEWAY4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON Papers and Publications BRADLEY STOUGHTON, Chairman

Jan 9, 1918