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Illinois is rightly known as containing the coal deposit of which the first record in the United States was made. Joliet and Marquette saw "charbon de terre" along the Illinois River in 1673;1 LaSalle saw "mines de charbon" along the same stream in 1679; and Hennepin reported having "found in Several Places Some Pit-Coal" in 1682.2 In 1687 Jontel, in writing of the Illinois River country said, "along the river are coal pits, the coal whereof has been try'd and found very good."3 J. Carver reported the northern parts of the Mississippi River valley, "containing lead, copper, iron, coals, etc." in 17664 evidently referring to the Illinois country. Croghan, in the same year, saw coal along the Wabash River, near the mouth of the Vermilion in Indiana, but not far from Danville. Capt. Philip Pittman in his journey up the Mississippi in 1770 reported that "great pieces of coal are constantly found on the sand-banks, from whence it may be concluded, that there are coal-mines on the upper parts of the Mississipppi."5 This coal could only have come from the Illinois or Big Muddy Rivers. Morse, in 1798, refers to great quantities of coal on the upper branches of "the Father of Waters," and "on the Illinois River is a coal mine, which extends for half a mile along the middle of its banks."6 While, undoubtedly, some coal was used locally in various places, no records have been left of it and the first definite one is that in 1809 William Boon shipped some coal from the Big Muddy River, in Jackson County, to New Orleans, which was the first coal exported from Illinois.1 There has been considerable discussion as to this first shipment, whether it was made in 1809, 1810 or 1812. The records of arrivals of: boats in New Orleans in those early years is specific as to date, name of craft and name of captain, but no mention is made of cargo carried. William Boon arrived

Jan 1, 1942

By S. Shapiro, R. G. Ames

Background Research on the respiratory health of coal miners has focused predominately on the relationship between coal mine dust exposure and ventilatory function impairment (Lapp et al., 1972; Jacobsen, 1976), on the prevalence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (Lainhart et al., 1969; Morgan et al., 1973), and on coal miner mortality (Ortmeyer et al., 1974; Rockette, 1977). Lesser attention has been paid to the effects of other mining exposures. For example, underground exposure to diesel exhaust emissions (Reger et al., 1980; Ames et al., 1982,1984). An omission in US coal mining research, however, has been identified by the US Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) as the failure to study the effects of inhaled polyvinyl chloride (PVC) thermal decomposition and combustion products (Seltzer, 1979). These products may be released in the mine environment by cable fires, cable explosions, smoldering cables, and conveyor belt fires. In addition to the OTA concern, recent findings of chronic respiratory conditions and other health complications resulting from exposure to PVC decomposition and combustion products in firefighters (Peters et al., 1974; NBS, 1980; NIOSH, 1982; Wallace, 1982), and in survivors of several large scale PVC-fueled fires (Dyer and Esch, 1976; Wallace, 1981, 1982), add immediacy to the concerns. PVC decomposition and combustion PVC decomposition is initiated at temperatures far below ignition (Hartstein and Forshey, 1974; Wallace, 1981). Hence, exposures to decomposition products from smoldering cables may be important health hazards in addition to cable insulation combustion products. Hydrochloric acid (HCL) appears to be the principle toxic substance from the thermal decomposition of PVC since up to 60% by weight is released as HCL (Barrow et al., 1979). HCL is released both as a gas and as an adsorbant on soot particles (Stone et al., 1973), thus allowing penetration of respiratory defenses. In addition, laboratory results indicate that phosgene (carbonyl chloride), a potentially lethal gas, may be produced in significant quantities from electrical arcing of wires covered with PVC insulation (Woolley, 1971; Brown and Birky, 1980). Health concerns related to PVC Toxic effects resulting from high level exposures to PVC pyrolysis and combustion products in animals (Cornish and Abar, 1969) and in humans (Wallace, 1981) is beyond question. Analyses have reported acute, or short-term, health effects resulting from exposure to PVC decomposition and combustion products (Peters et al., 1974; Polakoff et al., 1975). Recently, however, several studies have found that acute effects are often followed first by apparent healing, and then by delayed chronic effects. This pattern of consequential respiratory involvement among persons involved in major PVC-fueled fires has been noted in firefighters, specifically the 1975 New York Telephone Exchange fire (Dyer and Esch, 1976; Wallace, 1982), and the survivors of the 1977 Beverly Hills Supper Club fire (Wallace, 1981). An obstructive syndrome (low FVC and FEV1) was seen in 15% of workers three months following fighting a PVC-fueled fire (Colardyn et al., 1976). Long-term respiratory symptoms seen in studies of survivors of PVC-fueled fires include the bronchitis symptoms of cough and phlegm, and lung dysfunction (Wallace, 1981). Additional support for the thesis of longer-term respiratory effects resulting from PVC-fueled fires is derived from the finding that four persons who initially survived the Beverly Hills Supper Club fire died within nine months of the fire of severe respiratory impairment (Wallace, 1981).

Jan 1, 1986

By J. Chipman, N. J. Grant, J. C. Fulton

This paper contains data on the distribution of silicon between liquid iron-silicon-carbon alloys saturated with respect to graphite and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 slags under 1 atm of CO at 1600°C. The ranges of slag compositions studied were extended from the dicalcium silicate saturated liquidus composition up to silica concentrations at which Sic appeared as a stable phase. IN blast furnace operation it is not to be expected that slag and metal reach equilibrium with one another. Nevertheless, the silicon content of the metal varies with slag composition and with temperature in a manner which would be predicted from equilibrium considerations. Similarly, the distribution of sulphur between slag and metal does not attain an equilibrium state, yet the influence of slag composition is strongly analogous to its effect on the distribution equilibrium. The desulphurizing power of metallurgical slags has been shown to be highly dependent upon the FeO content of the slag. Moreover, the rate of removal of sulphur from slags is influenced by the oxygen potential of the slag-metal system. Thus it was shown by Grant, Kalling, and Chipman1 that the presence of MnO in slags which are low in FeO causes a marked slowing down of the transfer of sulphur from metal to slag. This led to the hypothesis that the slow removal of sulphur by blast furnace slags of more acid composition might be due in part to the effect of SiO2 on the oxygen potential of the system. This was verified in the work of Grant, Troili, and Chipman,' who found that the desulphurizing power of the more acid blast furnace slags could be markedly improved by an increase in the silicon content of the underlying metal. Their explanation of this improvement was that the higher silicon content of the metal decreased the rate of transfer of more silicon and, along with it, of oxygen from the slag to the metal. The slowness of the transfer of sulphur from metal to slag was the result of the slow reduction of SiO2 from slag to metal. Attempts to study the rate of sulphur removal had in the past resulted in very slow rates corresponding to the rates of silica reduction. It has become evident on the basis of these studies that further experimental studies on the rate of removal of sulphur must take these factors into consideration if there is to be a clear understanding of the rate of sulphur transfer under conditions simulating those existing in the blast furnace. It will be necessary, at least in a part of such study, to employ combinations of slag and metal in which the disturbing effect of silica reduction has been eliminated; in other words, to employ slag-metal combinations which are already in equilibrium with respect to the transfer of silicon. In preparation for such studies of desulphuriza-tion, a preliminary program of research on the distribution of silicon between slag and metal has been undertaken. This will ultimately include a comprehensive survey of the effects of temperature and slag composition on the equilibrium distribution of silicon between slag and metal. The present paper is a report on experimental methods employed and on

Jan 1, 1954

By Henry Drinker

The Institute has lost a valued member by the death of Eckley B. Coxe, Jr. He bore the name of one who was largely instrumental in founding the Institute, and to whose support and guidance as active member, Vice-President, and President, the Institute owes. much. Eckley B. Coxe, Jr., was the nephew of the late Eckley B. Coxe. He held a large interest in the coal estates owned and developed by his family, and he was thus naturally led to take a continuing interest in mining matters, and for years and up to the time of his death was a full member of the Institute. He died at his residence, Drifton, Pa., on Sept. 20 last, aged 44. He was a member of the class of '93 of the University of Pennsylvania,. of which great institution he was a devoted alumnus. His educational and charitable activities were numerous, but his chief life-work and interest was in archeological investigation and research in Egypt, carried on through the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania of which Museum he was President. The discoveries made by the various expeditions financed and directed by him, and the notable publications issued by his direction and at his expense, chronicling the results, are among the most important researches ever made of buried Egypt. Mr. Coxe was a member of the International Historical Society and of many educational and charitable organizations. By his will, among other bequests, he left $500,000 to the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania and $100,000 to the University, the income of the latter fund to be applied to increasing the salaries of the professors of the Institution. He also left $100,000 to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, of which he was a manager, and in addition thereto $10,000 of which the income is to be applied in providing Christmas presents for .the child patients, and in providing an annual dinner for the patients and attendants of the hospital. He bequeathed $50,000 to Leonard Hall, an associate mission of the Episcopal Church, at South Bethlehem, Pa., $25,000 to the Epileptic Hospital and Colony Farm (Philadelphia) ; $50,000 to the Philadelphia Orthopaedic Hospital and Infirmary for Nervous Diseases; $15,000 to the United Charities of Hazleton, Pa., the income to be applied to the salaries of nurses; and $25,000 to the Mining and Mechanical Institute of the Anthracite Coal Region of Pennsylvania, founded by his uncle, Eckley B. Coxe, and of which Eckley B. Coxe, Jr., was an active trustee up to the time of his death. This Institute is known as one of the best preparatory schools for technical education in Pennsylvania, and is mainly devoted to extending an opportunity for education by day and night schools to the boys and young men of the Anthracite Region. Its principal is an alumnus of Lehigh University; it has an able local Board of Trustees, and an Advisory Board consisting of the Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, the President of Lafayette College, and the President of Lehigh University, all three of which institutions have established prize scholarships in the institute. Mr. Coxe carne of a distinguished ancestry, the record of which is fully given in the biographical notice of his uncle, Eckley B. Coxe, by Dr. R. W. Raymond, in Vol. XXV of the Transactions.`

Jan 12, 1916

Stripping of the Exotica open-pit mine, which is proceeding at about 120,000 tpd, is dwarfed by its proximity to the 500-million-ton Chuquicamata tailing pile. The excavating work is being carried on smoothly and efficiently and, as of the end of October, accounts for the removal of 77 million tons of total material of which some 200,000 tons is stockpiled ore. Diamond drilling has outlined an orebody 5900 ft long and 3400 ft wide containing an estimated 153 million tons of ore at 1.35% recoverable copper based on 80 % extraction.

Jan 11, 1969

US 4,201,749-In the Bayer process production of alumina wherein aluminum hydroxide is precipitated from a sodium aluminate solution for use as seed, sodium oxalate and caustic components are removed from the precipitate by washing it first with a washing liquor which is saturated with sodium oxalate but has little content of caustic, and secondly with hot water. Substantially no sodium oxalate is recycled, yet loss of sodium aluminate is minimal. K. Yamada, T Harato, and H Kato, assigned to Sumitomo Aluminum Smelting Co Ltd May 6, 1980 8 pp. (423-127). Filed. 5-8-79 (37,145) Priority. Japan, 5-8-78 (53/54,803). Same¬British 2,020,642, dated Nov. 21, 1979.

Jan 1, 1982

By D. E. Munson, H. J. Sutherland

Surface subsidence caused by underground mining is described through complementary influence functions. The complementary functions developed here differ from the simple functions previously used in that the surface displacement is the result of the combined contributions of the mined and unmined zones. This eliminates computational difficulties experienced with the simple functions in determining the deflections above the rib side and in the eventual application of influence functions to complex room-and-pillar configurations. Although the analysis framework presented is intended for predicting subsidence over complex mine configurations, use of the complementary functions is illustrated adequately by application to a longwall panel of the Old Ben No. 24 coal mine.

Jan 1, 1982

The fall meeting of the Institute of Metals Division Will be held in Philadelphia on Sept. 30 to Oct. 2. All meetings will be held in the Ritz-Carlton Hotel, Broad and Walnut Streets, which is also the hotel headquarters. As this meeting is being held in conjunction with the meeting of the American Foundrymen's Association, the members of the Institute will have the privileges of the exhibit of the Foundrymen's Association. This, it is expected, will be one of the largest exhibits made in this country. On Monday evening, Sept. 29, there will be a meeting, in the Ritz-Carlton Hotel, of former officers and members of the Executive Committee of the Institute. It is requested that all officers and Committee members, the present as well as the past, will arrange to be present.

Jan 9, 1919

US 4,194,729 - Sintering of iron oxide ore on a straight sinter belt. The upper strand of the belt is divided into sintering and cooling sections with windboxes for removing their respective gases. The main for collecting cooling gas is located beneath the lower strand and is connected to opposite sides of the windboxes, while the main for collecting sinter exhaust gas is located beneath the lower strand and connected to sinter section windboxes. Both mains are exhausted via gas-evacuating fans and pipes to a flue. Space requirements are lessened and plant accessibility can be maintained at optimum conditions. K. Wacker and F. Feigk, assigned to Dravo Corp. Mar. 25, 1980. 8 pp. (266-144). Filed: 10-30-78 (956,058). Priority: West Germany, 12-16-77 (2,756,082).

Jan 1, 1982

By Donald Ofte, L. J. Wittenberg

The absolute viscosity coefficients and activation energies for viscous flow of bismuth, lead, and zinc are reported. The viscosities were measured in an oscillating cup viscosimeter from nearly 1000°C to within 1 deg of the melting point of zinc; 2 deg of the melting point of lead; and in the supercooled condition of bismuth, 9 deg below the melting point. Two methods of relating the change in the viscosity coeflicient with temperature were compared. From the plot of the logarithm of viscosity (77) as a function of reciprocal absolute temperature (1/T), the equations of the lines which fit the data are: AS a part of the Reactor Fuels and Materials Research program at Mound Laboratory, precise measurements of the physical properties of liquid metals are of interest because the desirability for a low vapor pressure liquid coolant in high-temperature nuclear power plants has focused attention on the properties of the liquid metals.' Also, a clearer understanding of the liquid metal state can be achieved when better measurements are available. For these reasons, the viscosity values of certain liquid metals have been determined. The viscosities of the liquid metals, bismuth, lead, and zinc are measured in an oscillating cup viscosi-meter. In this apparatus the liquid is sealed in a right-circular cylindrical cup which is attached to a torsion fiber so that the system forms a torsion pendulum. The damping effect of the molten metal upon the normal oscillations of the torsion pendulum is a function of the viscosity of the liquid. This method is advantageous because of the small amount of sample required (8 to 10 cc), the ease of remote operation of the apparatus in a vacuum system, and the containment of the liquid metal in a hermetically sealed, nonreactive, tantalum crucible. With the liquid metal sealed in the crucible, loss of liquid by vaporization and chemical reactions with atmospheric gases are prevented. Additionally, an absolute viscosity determination is obtained which avoids the sources of possible error in a relative measurement. The difficulties in a relative method include the repetitious cup calibrations, and the uncertainty inherent in the practice of calibration of the apparatus at room temperature and extrapolation to the high temperatures necessary for the investigation of most liquid metals. The oscillating cup viscosimeter was first described by Meyer in 1891.2 The first complete mathematical treatment offering an absolute measurement of viscosity with this type of apparatus was proposed by Andrade and chiong3 in 1936 for an oscillating sphere filled with a liquid. This solution was modified to include a right circular cylinder by Hopkins and Toye4 in 1950, and R. Roscoe5 in 1958. Roscoe's treatment for the calculation of the viscosity of a liquid at a particular temperature from the logarithmic decrement and period of oscillation of the torsion pendulum was used in this investigation. A detailed description of the method of calculating the viscosity from these measurements has been reported earlier.' This calculation has been programmed for the IBM 704 and IBM 1620 computers for expedition of the otherwise laborious calculations. APPARATUS The cutaway view of the apparatus in Fig. 1 shows the suspension system within the high vacuum enclosure. The low residual gas pressure. maintained between 1 x 10-4 and 5 X 10-6 mm Hg during a determination, avoided both air drag on the pendulum and

Jan 1, 1963

By L. Eaton, A. W. Last, J. L. Stevens

COPPER ore from Kennecott Copper's Ray mine, about 60 miles southeast of Phoenix, Ariz., is concentrated at the company's mill at Hayden, some 18 miles south of the mine. The Hayden mill is currently treating 16,000 tons of ore per day by flotation, using raconite, a crude butyl xanthate, as a collector for the sulfide copper minerals and lime as a pyrite depressant.1 The ore contains significant amounts of nonsulfide copper minerals, but recovery of these values has been low. The Hayden mill is now being modified to provide for treatment of future ores by leach- precipitation-flotation (L-P-F). This modification, costing about $5 million, is expected to reduce the loss of nonsulfide copper values and improve overall copper recovery by an additional 2 lb per ton of ore.

Jan 11, 1957

By T. H. Chin, R. W. Bartlett

A simple on-stream particle-size analysis method is presented that leads to a bulk-property single-channel device; although the concept can be extended to multi-channel sizing information. The method is based on continuously measuring and comparing the percent solids in the sample stream and in an internal-reference stream containing only undersize particles. A semipermeable hydraulic system is used such that the particle mass concentration in the internal stream can vary, and is always proportional to the undersize particle mass concentration in the sample stream.

Jan 1, 1975

By N. K. Chen, R. Maddin

Columbium single crystals were deformed in tension and compression. Reorientation by X-rays and stereographic projections of slip traces indicate that plane of slip may be considered as (110). The plastic behavior is shown to be quite similar to the deformation of molybdenum single crystals. STUDIES on the crystallography of the deformation process in body-centered cubic metals have been renewed recently with investigations of iron single crystals1-" and molybdenum single crystals.4 It is now apparent that too many exceptions to the rationalization based upon the ratio of absolute testing temperature to absolute melting point by Andrade5 exist to permit more serious discussion of this type of analysis. The considerations of resolved shear stress utilizing only planes of the type {ll0}, {112), and {123)³,6 permit analysis of the deformation only on the basis of those three types of planes. The suggestions made by Elam7 and by Greninger8 in which the slip process is envisioned as a composite slip on two nonparallel {110) planes can be illustrated schematically in Fig. 1. It may be seen that an unresolved trace on any plane containing a <111> direction may be accomplished by varying the number of atoms participating in the composite process. By further varying the number of atoms in each plane but keeping the ratio of participating atoms constant, jogs could be obtained in the traces and hence wavy slip lines could be produced. Vogel and Brick&apos; studied the behavior of a iron single crystals in which they suggest that the plane of glide is "non-crystallographic" and may be predicted from the intersection between the great circle joining the slip direction and specimen axis with the great circle whose zone axis is the slip direction. In a more recent investigation on iron single crystals, Steijn and Brick" suggest that the slip mechanism may be considered as made up of a type of composite slip occurring on {110} and {112} planes. Evidence for a possible composite nature of the slip process has been presented for the case of molybdenum in the form of analysis of asterism and specimen axis rotation." Definite proof of a composite slip process must, however, await good electron microscopic resolution of the individual traces making up the unresolved optical trace used in determining the acting slip plane. The present investigation was undertaken to study the behavior of columbium single crystals not only in tension but also in compression since the specimen axis migration should indicate the plane or planes of glide in the same manner that the specimen axis migration in tension indicates the direction of glide. The orientations of eleven crystals investigated are shown in Fig. 2. Specific orientations are missing (those in the vicinity of [Ill] and [001] and consequently the effect of orientation on the crystallography of deformation could not be considered. Experimental Procedure The 1/8 in. rods (7 in. long) were subjected to an axial tension in vacuo while at temperatures in the vicinity of 2000°C for 2 to 4 hr. This treatment resulted in large cylindrical grains (about ½ in. long) occupying the entire cross section. A number of these rods were used for the tension studies by observing the behavior of the individual grains. For the compression studies, single crystals approximately % in. long by 1/8 in. in diameter were cut from the rods; the ends were ground parallel. All specimens were polished electrolytically in a solution of 15 cc HF(48 pct) and 85 cc H2SO4 (concentrated) using a platinum cathode, a current density of 0.04 amp per sq cm and a temperature between 25" and 60°C.10 Orientations were obtained using a Laue back-reflection method (3 cm film to specimen distance) with a ½ mm collimator 9 cm long. For the compression specimens, a reference mark was scratched on one of the compression sur-

Jan 1, 1954

By A. D. Bryant

APPROXIMATELY 2 1/2 million tons of silica sand and ground silica with a value of $7.25 million is produced annually from the Ottawa, Illinois, district. These silica products come from the well known St. Peter sandstone formation which covers part of the Mississippi Basin extending from St. Paul on the north to the central part of Arkansas on the south and from Muncie, Ind., on the east to Kansas City on the west. Practically the whole state of Illinois is underlain by this formation except where removed by erosion. Sand produced from the St. Peter sandstone in the Ottawa district is noted for its purity, uniformity, and quality. In addition to various screened grades for industry about 10 pct of the total production of the Ottawa district is ground into silica flour for use in glass, abrasives, enamel, porcelain, tile, for foundry and filter sand, and other uses.

Jan 3, 1953

By Mason J. Christner

Geology has become increasingly quantitative in the last 20 years. This trend has been accelerated by computer capability in the manipulation of data. The mining industry has been relatively slow to harness computer power, but the larger companies have moved in this direction in the past few years. Among the leaders in this progression is the White Pine Copper Co., and the following is a brief description of their computer system for processing, managing, and utilizing geologic data. Geology The White Pine mine is in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, 6 miles south of Lake Superior and 80 miles west of the Houghton-Hancock area, center of the famous Copper country. The ore body of chalcocite, native copper, and minor native silver, is a tabular body in the basal 25 ft of the flat lying Nonsuch Shale and the top part of the underlying Copper Harbor Conglomerate. Twelve or more

Jan 1, 1972

By William Hamilton Merritt

At the Atlanta Meeting in October, 1895, a short paper was presented by Mr. R. W. Leonard on the " Assay of Auriferous Ores and Gravels by Amalgamation and the Blow-pipe" (Trans., xxv., 645), embodying the results of some very conclusive tests as to the value of the process. His arguments regarding the desirability of the process appear to be indisputable, but the practicability of the field-outfit used by him is open to question. The Province of Ontario, in which Kingston is situated, is still largely unexplored; and at the Kingstoil School of Mining we give much attention to the instruction of prospectors and the testing of ores. To this end, not only is there a small mill (to which Mr. Leonard alludes) attached to the school, but prospectors&apos; classes

Jan 1, 1897

The income of the Institute is derived from dues, subscriptions to MINING AND METALLURGY and sale of publications. These sources are fortunately supplemented by the interest from invested funds now amounting to over $500,000, a considerable portion constituting endowments for especial purposes. Aside from the medal funds the principal endowments are the James-Douglas Fund for support of the Library, the Rocky Mountain Fund and the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund. The income from the two last named is available for the support of research and a variety of other purposes. It is allocated by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of standing committees in each case. An active effort is being made to increase the endowments of the Institute, it being felt that unusual opportunities exist for research and public and professional service through the organization.

Jan 1, 1934

By Sultan Amerie

PERSIA looms up more prominently each year as one of the richest oilfields in the world. The actual production in the south and the possibilities in both the north and the south are very great. The output in the south, where the Anglo-Persian Oil Co. operates a wide concession, is steadily increasing, the returns for the fiscal year 1922-23 being 2,957,028 tons. The estimated production for. 1923-24 is 3,775,000 tons. The figures for the past few years have been as follows: 1918-19 1,106,415 tons 1920-21 1,743,557 tons 1919-20 1,385,301 tons 1921-22 2,327,221 tons According to the company&apos;s last annual report, the production from the -Persian fields operated by its subsidiaries has been well maintained and is now being increased to deal with the expanding off-take of the company&apos;s refineries at Abadan, Persia, and Dandarcy, Wales. Test drilling in an entirely different area in Persia indicates the existence of a new oilfield, which it is intended for the time being to hold as a reserve.

Jan 3, 1924

By A. Sainato, E. Baker, J. Cervik

In Europe, water infusion is used widely to reduce generation of respirable dust during mining. Its use in the US is limited to a few plow operations in the deeper parts of the Pocahontas No. 3 Coalbed. The technology for infusing water into retreating longwalls is described and results of a recent Bureau test in the Lower Sunnyside Coalbed demonstrated dust reductions ranging from 47% to 64%. Because water infusion increases moisture content of the coalbed, face air velocities in excess of 2.5 m/s (500 fpm) are possible, further diluting dust levels before dust entrainment occurs. An economic analysis shows a 23% reduction in operating costs when coal production is increased by changing from unidirectional to bidirectional mining with water infusion.

Jan 1, 1986

The income of the Institute is derived from dues, subscriptions to MINING AND METALLURGY and sale of publications. These sources are fortunately supplemented by the interest from invested funds now amounting to over $500,000, a considerable portion constituting endowments for especial purposes. Aside from the medal funds the principal endowments are the James Douglas Fund for support of the Library, the Rocky Mountain Fund and the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund. The income from the two last named is available for the support of research and a variety of other purposes. It is allocated by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of standing committees in each case. An active effort is being made to increase the endowments of the Institute, it being felt that unusual opportunities exist for research and public and professional service through the organization and at a minimum of expense.

Jan 1, 1932