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By Leon Orlowski

THE oil-bearing districts of Poland are found on the slopes of the Carpathian Mountains. The oil belt extends from Gorlice southeast to Stanislawow. It is approximately 250 miles long and 30 miles wide, and comprises four geological districts: the western, or Gorlice district; next, to the east, the Krosno district; the Boryslaw district; and, in the extreme southeast, the Stanislawow district. The amount of petroleum produced in Poland from the beginning of the oil industry scarcely totals 26,000,000 metric tons, or 15 per cent. of the estimated supply. Of this amount, 18,000,000 tons have been taken from the fields of Boryslaw within 25 years; and only about 8,000,000 tons from all other fields within a period twice as long, although some of these other fields represent just as good possibilities as did Boryslaw at the beginning of its development. The Polish oil industry was severely stricken by the war. The retreating Russian armies, in 1915, destroyed a large number, of the existing oil wells, nor was the post-war period favorable for the development of this industry;; the money and credit stringency interfered with the expansion of drilling. But since 1921 there has. been a slow steady increase in production and there is now every reason to believe that conditions in the industry will improve. In fact, an increase in new drillings has been reported for the current year. The production of crude oil in Poland, in 1913, amounted to 1,113,668 metric tons. In 1914, the production declined- to 655,600 metric tons. In 1921, the production was 705,596 tons; in 1922, 712,428 tons, and in 1923, 737,182 tons; or more than 5,000,000 bbl. But the fields have a much greater potential output, which could be realized were the capital available for prospecting and new drilling. The principal producing, and at present most exploited, fields are around Boryslaw and Schodnica. These fields were developed rapidly for in the first year of their modern exploitation the wells were gushers of moderate depth. However, as a result of heavy drilling, the shallow folds have been exhausted and oil can be reached now only by deep drilling. Wells of almost 5600 ft. have been drilled in Boryslaw. Because of these drilling conditions, a large number of engineers and workmen specially skilled in deep drilling are to be found in this field.

Jan 3, 1925

J. M. Wadsworth,' Okmulgee, Okla. (written discussion).—It seems to me that thc young man must first be absolutely sure that the work he has taken up is to his liking and then I would advise that he get into the practical end of it and learn as much about it as he can as fast as he can. For instance, in the refinery business the college man, graduated in chemical engineering, should ground himself by going through the various departments in a refinery and working in them until he is thoroughly familiar with the operating problems. In a short time he would be able to apply many things which appear in the abstract form in his college work and this would opcn up an opportunity for him to capitalize on them, promoting his own interest. I do not criticize the present-day college men as a class, but I have found that many of them come into your plant with the idea that mere possession of a diploma should insure rapid promotion; in a short time they are impatient and usually leave. We have found in employing men that the single attribute most difficult to find in them is a lot of energy and whole-hearted interest in the work at hand, and it seems to me that if a man combines these with a careful technical training he should be fairly well equipped to gamble on his future. They must learn that the biggest satisfaction to be gained in life is in their work. Procedure for Attaining Objective of Young Petroleum Engineer H. B. Fell,+ Ardmore, Okla. (written discussion).—Of course, the first thing to be ronsidered in any proposition is the ultimate objective that is desired to be attained. 1 presume that the desired objective of most of the young men graduating in petroleum engineering will be that of chief executive of one of the companies in the petroleum industry, or one of the allied industries, or to become an independent oil producer, or oil refiner, or possibly an oil distributor. The next phase then to be considered is the procedure which should most logically be followed to attain the objeckive of the indivitlual, since in these cases these young men will have been trained in a course in petroleum engineering and it would logically be presumed that the attainment of their objective should be through the operating end of the branch of the business with which they are connected. The operating end is, of course, the department of each branch of the business that develops the resources, or refines the products, or distributes the products, from which the profits are derived, and is a part of any business which is filled with enough interesting work to appease the desires of the most ambitious young men. In order to get the best possible training it would appear to me that the place for a young man to start after graduation would be at the bottom of that branch of the industry which he expects to follow. For example, if he is going in the producing end he can gct no better training than is secured by starting as a roustabout in the ficltl, where he romes in constant rontact with the character of work that is necessary

Jan 1, 1928

Jan 1, 1901

By Jack Fox

On May 16, 17 and 18, 1871, the first meeting of the AIME was held in Wilkes-Barre, Pa. It was then that the objectives of the American Institute of Mining Engineers were set up. The first ones were to enable the Members of AIME, "comprising Mining Engineers and other persons interested in mining and metallurgy, to meet together at fixed periods for the purpose of reading papers upon and discussing subjects which have for their aim the economical production of the useful minerals and metals, and the safety and welfare of those employed in these industries, and to circulate among its members, by means of its publications the in- formation thus obtained." Now, 100 years later, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, which has now grown to be the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, is still pursuing those objectives. Dues in 1871 were fixed at $10 per year. Now1 100 years later, the dues have risen to $20 per year. But in pursuing the objectives of the Institute, the services to members have vastly increased, as have the general costs of doing business-even "non- profit" business like ours.

Jan 1, 1971

By L. A. Cranson

WHEN I came out of Stanford University in 1922, the out-look for men trained in geology, petroleum engineering, and mining was indeed dismal; in fact, so much so that most of us looked upon our future in those fields as pretty hopeless. Neither our professors nor those men in industry with whom we came in contact gave us any enthusiastic encouragement as to the future of ourselves or the fields we had chosen for our labors. I believe that the attitude of pessimism which saturates everyone about graduation time is lament able and short-sighted, and may often start a young man on his way with an attitude of defeatism. Instead, he should be starting out knowing that he can expect hard work and keen competition, but that the fields of his labours are expanding at an accelerated rate, and that strong, energetic efforts will as always accomplish highly satisfactory results.

Jan 1, 1941

Jan 1, 1968

By Charles E. Barker

Jan 1, 1985

By Neville J. Price

In order that the reader may not be misled, I feel it necessary to comment upon the title of this paper. "Laws of Rock Behavior," one may take as being part of the all-embracing "Law of Nature" and this, according to the Oxford Dictionary, relates to the principles of conduct recognized as being pleasing to God. I feel it would be presumptuous to erect a code of rock behavior on this basis, so turn to a secondary definition, namely that a "Law" is that which is intrinsically reasonable. It is extremely unlikely that any group of geologists, or workers in rock mechanics would be in complete agreement about what could be taken to be "intrinsically reasonable." Therefore, this paper does not present any deified utterances, but rather deals with a few aspects of rock behavior which I consider to be intrinsically reasonable and with which I hope the reader will concur. The mode of behavior of rocks in the Earth's crust covers the range from wholly brittle to completely ductile ; with a deformation time scale which may be measured in milliseconds, for some events such as meteoritic impact, or in millions of years for the tectonic deformation involved in mountain building. A complete survey is, of course, outside the scope of an introductory paper, so I must be both brief and selective in my treatment. Any attempt to establish the mode of rock behavior in the Earth's crust should take into account data and relationships established in laboratory experiments and correlate these with field evidence. Consequently, the first section of this paper presents a brief discussion of the experimental aspects of rock mechanics which are pertinent to the subsequent discussion.

Jan 1, 1970

By JOHN A. FULTON

THE Comstock Lode is in Storey County, Nevada, and extends in a north and south direction through the towns of Virginia City and Gold Hill, with a total length of 4.27 miles. Its mines have produced silver and gold to a known value exceeding $400,- 000,000 since 1859, when the work first began. More than $126.000,000 was paid in dividends by the mining companies, although much more than this was probably realized from the ore, because many milling companies were independent companies owned by the directors and superintendents of the mines. The milling companies' contracts called for an extraction of only 65 per cent and, as much of the ore was worth $100 a ton and up- ward, they must have recovered substantial amounts for their own accounts over and above this guarantee. Gold was discovered in the spring of 1850 by a party of Normons bound for California. The discovery was made at the mouth of Gold canyon near Dayton, on the Carson River, about 10 miles south of Virginia City.

Jan 1, 1929

[Abad. Leopoldo F., Min. Engr., Div. of Mines, Bureau of Science Manila, P. 1. '28 Abadilla, Quirico A., Geol., Lago Pet. Corp Box 172, Maracaibo, Venezuela. '20 Abarquez, Ramon F., Met., Bureau of Science Manila, P. I. '24 Abbey, Robert Graham, Student, Case School of Applied Science Cleveland, Ohio. '21 Abbott, A. N., Mines Supt.. Mazapil Copper Co,, Ltd Concepcion del Oro, Zac,, Mexico. '28 Abbott, Clarence E., Mgr,, Mines & Quarries, Tenn, Coal, Iron & R. R. Co., 1242 Brown Marx Bldg,, Birmingham, Ala. '04]

Jan 1, 1928

By E. M. Murphy

(Presented by invitation at a meeting of the Spokane Local Section of the Institute, Feb. 17, 1912.) EIGHT years ago the Hecla mine, a lead-silver producer, situated at Burke, Idaho, was producing ore from but two levels, the 300- and the 600-ft. All hoisting was done with a 12- by 16-in. slide-valve, double-reel, hoist. The hoist was being worked to its capacity and was unsuitable for hoisting from greater depths. As the work of opening a new level was about to be started, it became necessary to remodel the then-existing equipment or install a new hoist. The recent advent of electricity from Spokane had made available a cheaper power than steam. By a series of tests conducted throughout the Coeur d'Alène district, it was found that it cost $109 per year to generate a horse-power with steam. Electric power was to be had for $50 a horse-power per year. It was decided to substitute for the engines a motor-drive, of sufficient capacity to operate from the 900-ft. level, and ultimately install an entirely new hoist. After disconnecting the engines, installing a new shaft, and making a few minor changes, a 300-h-p., 2,300-volt, 514-rev. per min., variable-speed motor of the induction type was geared to the reel-shaft. The reels were supplied with 3/8 by 4-in. flat rope, and the duty of the hoist was about as follows: Cage, 1,700; ore, 2,600; car, 1,400; rope, 2,250; total, 7,950 pounds. The Bristol ammeter chart, Fig. 1, shows the combined current-consumption of the hoist- and mine-motors. The large intermittent load is clearly shown ; this produced harmful fluctuations in the voltage of the long, lightly-loaded, 60,000-volt transmission-line from Spokane to the Coeur d'Alènes. The power company received no compensation for the increased cost of producing power for this intermittent or fluctuating load. In order to protect its system from similar excessive

Sep 1, 1912

By William B. Plank

NEVER before have so many men chosen the mineral technology field for their college training. In the college year 1936-'37, 7190 such students were enrolled in the 53 schools of the United States. My last study of the mineral technology schools of the United States and Canada was made for the year -1934-'35, and the current study, as the previous one was made for the A.I.M.E. under the auspices of the Division of Mineral Industry Education. Altogether, four studies of enrollment have been made. The first three were for successive college years beginning with 1932-'33. This present one covers a two-year period, for the purpose of these studies may he served satisfactorily if they are made biannually. The data on the schools were collected in the same way as for former studies, 'namely, by questionnaire, dated in this case Nov. 18, 1936. The figures reported are therefore comparable with those of former cars.

Jan 1, 1937

By Carter S. Cole

Mr. Chairman, Fellow Members and Guests, our chairman this morning got over into the geneological field, so perhaps I may be pardoned if I revert to some of my ancestral training and give you a text. I always like to talk about some special little text that may illustrate what we want to say. So the text that I will take for this afternoon is a very simple one, "Win the War." That is the guide for all of our actions, or should be. We should question everything we do to see what it does to contribute to winning the war. If we fail to do that, nothing else is going to count. On the wall of the office of one of the branch chiefs in the Copper Division in Washington there is a little slogan which I think we should take very deeply to heart, "The difficult we do right away. The impossible takes a little longer." I think that is a very good guide for us to follow in the work that lies ahead of us in the metallurgical field and in the handling of these secondary metals and the things that result therefrom. My subject is "Conservation and Specifications." Some people would wonder just where that fits in, and how you might define "conservation." One very good definition would be "the utmost use of our resources." If you will pardon my going back to some of my earlier experience for a little simile, those of you who know me know that for ten years after the last war I was in the railroad business. If we are with the engineman in a cab, and we have a green signal ahead of us, that is a clear signal and tells us to proceed at full authorized speed. Now suppose we come to a yellow signal that is caution, slow down to one-half authorized speed and be prepared to stop. Now if you do slow down, the chances are that that obstruction that was ahead of you will move out of the road, and you may get another yellow or caution signal at the next block, and be able to keep going at a slow speed. As of the date of Pearl Harbor our tin supply took on a very yellow tinge, and it threw the caution sign right in our faces. If we had not heeded that sign, and cut down our consumption of tin, we would not have any today; but because we have done so we are in a much better position today than we were a year ago, that is comparing our visible supply with our present rate of consumption as contrasted with the visible supply a year ago and our then rate of consumption.

Jan 1, 1943

By J. J. Friel, E. S. Erickson

Dolomite-fluxed pellets of various compositions were made from magnetite concentrate, hematite concentrate and a concentrate containing a natural mixture of both. Physical properties and reduction test results were used to ascertain proper compositions and firing temperatures. These pellets were subjected to physical tests and to reduction tests. Petrographic and electron microprobe examinations were made to evaluate the effect of composition and fining on the phase assemblage. We interpreted our test results in terms of chemistry and microstructure and related these to properties. This approach enabled w to determine the composition best suited to each of the three concentrates. Compared with acid pellets, dolomite- fluxed pellets of the optimum compositions had similar physical properties but swelled less, softened at a higher temperature, and reduced faster and more completely.

Jan 1, 1983

By John D. Wiebmer

There are those in the Colstrip, Mont., area who can still remember the opening of the Rosebud mine in 1923. For 35 years it was a steady employer of 80 or 90 residents who produced coal for the railroad. In 1958, though, mining ceased as diesel locomotives supplanted steam engines. The mine was purchased in 1959 by Montana Power, the parent of Western Energy Co., and production resumed in 1968. Long Construction Co. was chosen as operator of the mine equipment. At that time, reserves appeared virtually unlimited. The thick Rosebud seam coursed through alternate sections of railroad holdings and federal land-then came the federal moratorium on coal leasing in 1971. About the time Western Energy completed the special leasing procedure to extend reserves from an existing mine, a new federal monkey wrench was thrown into the works with passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977.

Jan 12, 1979

By S. E. Bronisz, Dana L. Douglass

a Uranium was deformed by cold rolling, and the effects of this plustic deformation on the microstruc-ture of the metal were observed by the technique of transmission elecbon microscopy. The recrystalli-zation of selected cold-wmked samples was also studied by this method. The samples were prepared for examination by electrolytic thinning in a standard metallographic electrolyte which has not been previously reported as being used in producing thin foils of uranium. The microstructural changes observed in the a uranium were generally similar to those seen by optical microscopy. The changes in the microstructure of a uranium following cold work and recrystallization treatments have been the subjects of several studies employing optical and X-ray techniques.12-19 These studies indicated that twinning was the redominant mode of deformation at room temperature20 and that the regions of high energy associated with the deformation twins were preferred sites for the initiation of recrystallization.15,18, Recently several workers have prepared thin foils of uranium suitable for examination by transmission electron microscopy.'-lo The foils thus prepared have been used to study fission fragment damage; a particular dislocation reaction,' and gas precipitation." At this laboratory the microstructural changes occurring during the cold working and recrystallizing of a uranium samples have been studied by using transmission electron-microscopy techniques. The foils used in this work were electrolytically thinned in a polishing bath not reported previously in the literature as being used for this purpose. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The uranium used in this investigation was depleted a uranium sheet 4 mils thick. The results of a spectrochemical analysis of this material are shown in Table I. The as-received uranium was cut into strips, 1 in. wide by 5 in. long, and annealed in vacuo at 600°C for 2-1/2 hr. The resulting microstructure consisted of relatively uniform, equiaxed grains having diameters of 10 to 50 p. Cold Working. The cold-worked samples were prepared by rolling several of the annealed uranium strips to various thicknesses. The strips were reduced 3.5 ± 0.5, 6.0 ± 0.6, 10.0 ± 0.5, 19.5 ± 1.0, and 28.5 ± 2.0 pct in thickness. It was not possible to achieve these reductions with a single pass through the rolling mill, so the strips were turned end for end during the rolling procedure. The cold-rolled strips were stored in dry ice until samples from them could be thinned and examined (within 24 hr after rolling). Annealing. The samples used in studying the re-crystallization behavior of a uranium were obtained by annealing sections of the strips which had been reduced 10.0 and 28.5 pct. These samples were sealed in evacuated Pyrex capsules and were annealed in a tube furnace at temperatures from 200" to 600°C and for times from 1/2 to 2 hr, see Table l. Thinning: The samples from the rolling and heat treatments were prepared for examination in the electron microscope by electropolishing in a bath composed of 25 g chromic acid, 133 ml glacial acetic acid, and 25 ml water. This electrolyte has been used and recommended for preparing specimens for optical metallography It was necessary to mask the edges of the sample with a stop-off paint in order to prevent preferential attack in these areas. The paint used was made by dissolving polystyrene in benzene. The electrolytic cell consisted of a cylindrical stainless-steel cathode placed in a beaker containing the electrolyte, with the sample as the anode positioned at the cell axis. The temperature of the electrolyte was held below 15°C by cooling with liquid

Jan 1, 1963

Sailing westward from the Society Islands in the fall of 1774, England's noted explorer Captain James Cook discovered New Caledonia-that long, linear island that has played such an important and varied role in the history of nickel. Upon his return to England the following year, Cook's announcement of this uncharted island generated governmental interest, but its distance from the Island Empire, the troubles in the colonies, and the difficulties with France combined to keep English interest indirect and in the background of the then-current events.

Jan 10, 1968

Jan 1, 1925

By Shun-ichi Satoh

The electric arc welding of cast iron has been studied by Braune Lamberton, Schimpke, Kenyon, Gale Manufacturing Co., Wedemeyer Candy, Neese, Miller, Carter, American Welding Society, Namack Lebrun, Achenbach, Jansson, Xochendorffer and others.' The write of this paper has been able to obtain a series of cast irons, from gray tc white, without using cast-iron electrodes but by coating on wrought-iron bars mixtures of carborundum (Sic) and graphite (C). In this work, he found the curious phenomenon of barium carbonate.

Jan 1, 1929

By ROBERT R. ABUOTT

(Cleveland Meeting, October, 1912.) THE practice of carbonizing steel for the purpose of case-hardening has assumed great commercial importance within the past, 10 years. Formerly, case-hardened steel was held in more or less contempt, since it. was considered a cheap substitute for tool-steel. This is no longer the case. The development of the motor-car industry, and coincidentally that of modern alloy-steels, has resulted in overcoming many difficulties formerly experienced in case-hardening. This result has been accomplished by increased knowledge regarding the analysis of the steel which would respond most readily to case-hardening, and by more careful methods of treatment of the carbonized steel. The ordinary method of carbonizing consists in packing the steel with the carbonizing-material in cast-iron boxes and placing them in a furnace at a temperature of from 1,500° to 1,900° F. for a time sufficient to give the required depth of cc case." The steel is then either quenched directly from the box, or is allowed to cool without unpacking, and finally given a single hardening-heat., or, for special work, two or three heats. During the year 1911, more than 100,000 tons of carbonizing-material was sold in the United States, at an average price of probably $55 per ton. More than 85 per cent. of this material consisted of granulated bone. Within the past four years, many manufactured compounds have been placed on the market, consisting largely of some form of carbon or carbonaceous material, with or without the addition of chemicals. Steel will absorb carbon placed in contact with it at the temperature of the atmosphere. The reaction is exceedingly slow, but. increases rapidly with increasing temperature. Below * Metallurgical Engineer, The Peerless Motor Car Co.

Dec 1, 1912