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By Arthur L. Holloway, James C. Mugford

"The Underground Research Laboratory (URL) is located in southeastern Manitoba, in the Lac du Bonnet granite batholith of the Canadian Shield. It was constructed by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) to conduct geotechnical research for the Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program, assessing the concept of permanent disposal of nuclear fuel waste deep in plutonic rock.One of the primary objectives of the research program at the URL is to develop a nondestructive rock mass characterization method that can be used during siting, design and construction of a used fu el waste disposal vault. An experimental program was established to assess radar reflection profiling as a technique for fracture characterization in granite. The highly resistive, homogeneous nature of the Lac du Bonnet granite is ideal for the propagation of electromagnetic energy at the radar range of frequencies and water-filled fracture zones act as excellent reflectors because of their contrasting electrical properties.Radar reflection profiling was undertaken to characterize a major fracture zone located between 5 m and 10 m below Room 211 on the 240 m level of the URL. The profiling was done at a frequency of 120 MHz, on a 1m grid laid out on the bare rock floor of the room. Reflectors identified in the analog data were correlated between the profile lines, digitized, and a three-dimensional surf ace for each recognizable reflector was constructed. These surf aces were then compared with data obtained from the examination of numerous cores from adjacent boreholes intersecting the fracture zone. A very good correlation was found between the major radar reflectors and the most intensely fractured regions of the zone. Modelling studies also showed that a series of prominent shallow radar reflectors were caused by a borehole drilled close to Room 211."

Jan 1, 1990

IT has often been stated in the past that the materials known as inert fillers were merely adulterants nsed in the manufacture of paint, and that their purpose was to cheapen paints made from more expensive pigments, such as zinc oxide or white lead. In recent years, however, practical tests in various parts of the world have proved that many of the inert fillers, when used with wisdom, possess very definite and advantageous properties.Another oft-repeated statement which had a far-reaching effect in the past, and which is not without influence to-day, is that the very best paint must always be made from a pure pigment, without admixture with either a fellow pigment or an inert filler. Both or either of these statements may be true in a few isolated instances, but for the vast majority of ordinary painting conditions there is an abundance of experimental evidence to prove that neither is true.With the desire to further investigate these points and po 'determine the best combination of pigments and fillers for use as an outside white paint on plant buildings, a number of panels were prepared in the laboratory of this company.

Jan 1, 1924

By K Broadley

Risk and dispute resolution are linked. Dispute resolution techniques are brought to bear on a dispute - which is an outcome of a risk being wholly or partially realised. There has been an increasing awareness by business of risk as a component of doing business. There is an accompanying awareness of the need to manage risk - including legal risk. Many companies have undertaken a systematic review of their potential risks and endeavoured to put in place systems to help to avoid or manage risks. A legal risk management program will not prevent disputes arising. However, such a program should prescribe how that dispute will be managed. The management of the dispute will involve consideration of the dispute resolution procedure to be adopted. The most appropriate processes will take into account the practical, personal and commercial considerations surrounding the dispute and be as efficient, cost-effective and user friendly as achievable in the circumstances for the benefit of all the parties. Carrying on business in South East Asia, whether as an explorer or a mining operator, brings additional considerations to bear in legal risk management and the dispute resolution process. A significantly different perspective is required due to the varying nature of the legal systems in many South East Asian jurisdictions. These jurisdictions often have relative uncertainty as to the law. This impacts on the dispute resolution processes and also raises further timing and cost issues. The authors contend that this is all the more reason to endeavour, as practically as possible, to adopt a legal risk management and dispute resolution profile which will provide business with the greatest prospects of maintaining control of the dispute resolution process. This presents a greater chance of a successful outcome to the dispute. In these times of increasing pressures on profitability because of low mineral prices, all costs of a minerals business are being reviewed. In such times, a significant legal dispute may have even greater potential to adversely impact on the companies concerned, together with the careers of the people involved. In this paper possible approaches to managing disputes and a case study a legal dispute in which Freehill Hollingdale and Page were involved are discussed. The dispute concerned an international mining company developing a gold mine in Indonesia and one of its contractors in Indonesia. Described is how that dispute was resolved. This achieved a very satisfactory result for the client - all things considered. Given the æadditionalÆ problems associated with ascertainment and enforcement of ærightsÆ in South East Asia, the longer the parties can retain control over their dispute the better off they will be. For this reason, the authors set out in this paper the main additional dispute resolution tools available - that are appropriate for use throughout South East Asia.

Jan 1, 1999

By Anthony H. Tawil

Modern, high-speed machines used in the manufacture of paper require foundations with stringent settlement constraints. To fulfill this requirement, caisson piles, extending into bedrock, were selected to support a paper machine in Baie Comeau for the Quebec North Shore Paper Company (QNSPCo.). This was the fourth machine in an existing paper mill, and its construction was part of an expansion program which included the building of associated structures such as a wood room and chip storage building, and other facilities, Figure 1. The paper mill in Baie Comeau, Quebec, is located in an area which has extensive deposits of sensitive marine clay which are transformed into a viscous liquid when disturbed by external forces such as the driving of piles. Loss of ground and soil disturbance as affected by piling activity assumed considerable importance in the design and construction of the caissons particularly in view of the proximity of existing plant facilities, including another paper machine.

Jan 1, 1987

By Kenji Koga

In order to derive the population distribution of gold nanoparticle morphologies as a function of size, highresolution electron microscopic (HREM) observations and structural analyses were done for over 4000 particles (3-18 nm) grown by an inert gas aggregation (IGA) source using helium. To obtain structural features threedimensionally and not to skip high-contrast images, twenty photos were taken for each particle by changing tilting angle of a specimen holder in combination with the through-focus procedure. For the reliable structural determinations, HREM images and their tilting sequences were directly compared with multislice-simulation results for icosahedral, decahedral and face-centered cubic morphologies, and finally the population distribution of each morphology was obtained as a function of size. In the present sample, icosahedral particles were dominantly populated over the whole observed size range and decahedral particles with non-spherical truncated bi-pyramid shape were secondly dominant. Even though a large number of sampling has been done, few crystalline particles were observed.

Oct 1, 2003

By Bernard Jones

LTUG ? A meeting of many mining companies that are using large tires ? Introduction of the mines and size ? Companies go over their usage of tires and performance ? As a group we discuss how the manufactures are doing with supplies and performance (who's running what sizes and manufactures they are using) ? The mine's best practices they use (which ones work for them and which ones don't) ? Where the mines see themselves going in the future ? What type of tire management the mines have in place

May 1, 2009

By B. W. Gandrud

This is the third report published by the Bureau of Mines concerning the washability of Black Creek coal. Both of the former reports.5/6/ dealt with the Black Creek coal at the Bradford mine, Dixiana, Ala., near the northeastern extremity of the Warrior field, whereas the present report is based on float-and-sink tests of coal from what is presumably the Black Creek bed near the southern extremity of the field. Although the Yolande Coal & Coke Co., owners of the property at Yolande No. 6 slope, consider this opening to be on the Black Creek bed, the authors do not feel that there is as yet positive proof that this correlation is correct. There has been little or no development of the Black Creek bed in the Yolande Basin in the past, and a positive identification of the bed at Yolande No. 6 will have to await further exploration and development. The Yolande No. 6 is an exploration slope 3/4 mile north of Rockcastle, Ala. The slope is approximately 400 feet from top to bottom on a dip of 180. As far as the authors can ascertain, coal has never been produced commercially from the Black Creek bed in the southwestern part of the Warrior field. Exploration work in the past has indicated that the Black Creek coal in this area is extremely friable and high in sulfur. Extreme friability would naturally discourage its use as a domestic and railroad fuel, and high sulfur content would be a disasvantage in its use for coking coal. The present study of this coal has been made with particular reference to sulfur elimination on the assumption that it would make a good coking coal provided enough of the sulfur could be eliminated by washing.

Jan 1, 1939

By Earle E. Schumacher, Alexander G. Souden

IN the field of physical metallurgy it is becoming increasingly difficult to keep abreast of the recent develop¬ments since the diversity of investigations is so great and the literature so voluminous. The purpose of this review is to present the more important advances in the nonferrous field during the past few years, the topics discussed being classified broadly as fundamental and practical. The former includes those studies that have done most toward developing the basic science of metals and alloys, and the latter includes technical developments and applications. With the rapid growth of the metal

Jan 1, 1938

By G. E. Johnson

The problem of efficient reclamation of zinc base die cast scrap became interesting early in 1930. Die Cast Metal, as referred to in this paper, is a zinc base alloy with various proportions of aluminum, copper, magnesium, antimony and tin. Many attempts were made to work out some means of reclaiming the discarded die cast metal for re-use as new die cast metal. Difficulties in such reclamation were attributable to contamination by lead and tin from solder, chromium and nickel from electroplated coatings, and iron from iron inserts. This paper relates the experiments that led to the development of a specialized muffle furnace for the treatment of zinc base die cast scrap for the production of zinc oxide and zinc, and describes the development of the muffle furnace and the equipment now used commercially for these purposes. The Eagle-Picher Co. acquired all patent rights' for these developments from the International Smelting and Refining Co. in connection with their purchase of the East Chicago Plant. Zinc Base Serap Situation About 1935, the die cast scrap situation became increasingly acute for scrap dealers. This scrap was accumulating from dismantling automobiles and household appliances which contained die cast parts. Efforts to find an outlet for this type of scrap were intensified. The International Smelting and Refining Co. began to study the possibilities of a commercial process for the recovery of values from die cast scrap. At that time most of the die cast metal reclaimed was melted down in small kettles of from one to five tons capacity, the iron inserts being removed by skimming. The dross was skimmed off and disposed of as a zinc dross. The drossed metal was cast into slabs and was given the trade name "die cast slabs.". Distribution of the products produced by melting die cast scrap in kettles is shown in Table 1. American Process Experiments A method considered for the production of zinc oxide from die cast scrap was an adaption of the standard American Process of zinc oxide manufacture. Thus some die cast scrap was mixed with oxidized zinc materials and charged to Wetherill grates. The zinc oxidized to zinc oxide but, while the aluminum and copper largely remained in the residue, the color of the zinc oxide produced was impaired by copper contamination. As the proportion of die cast scrap was increased, liquation took place; that is, the metal trickled through the charge then solidified in the openings of the grates. French Process Experiments Several hundred tons of die cast scrap were purchased for test purposes and converted into die cast slabs. These slabs were charged into a French Process (horizontal retort) zinc oxide furnace with some electrolytic zinc. A satisfactory grade of zinc oxide was not produced. Distillation in Belgian Retorts It was then decided that, rather than attempt to use scrap die cast metal or scrap zinc for the production of zinc oxide, it would be advisable to redistill the die cast slab metal in a Belgian retort furnace. The opportunity to do so was provided by the closing of the zinc smelter of the Illinois Zinc Co. at Peru, Ill. Arrangements were made for the operation of a Belgian retort furnace for such redistillation purposes. The results of this experiment are summarized in Table 2.

Jan 1, 1950

By J. Konnerup-Madsen, T. Unlu, H. Stendal

Paper presented at the conference Economic geology in Europe and beyond II, models for mineral deposits in sedimentary basins, held in Keyworth, UK, 13-14 April 1994. The region includes the Deveci siderite/goethite deposit and the Hasancelebi, Karakuz and Kuluncak magnetite/goethite deposits; Deveci is the only mine in operation. The area consists of a serpentine-gabbro complex overlain by a volcano-sedimentary sequence hosting the iron ores. At least three generations of hydrothermal alteration have affected all rock types except the latest trachytic dykes. The Deveci deposits occur in a pyroclastic volcano-sedimentary sequence with shales and carbonates equivalent to the main mafic sequence, whereas the other three deposits formed contemporaneously with the intrusion of trachytic dykes. The deposits are of the volcanic-exhalative type, with syngenetic siderite in pillow lavas or stratiform layers the primary and main Fe-bearing mineral. In the west hydrothermal alteration has replaced siderite in pillow lavas with magnetite or has remobilised sideritic iron into magnetite veins

Apr 1, 1995

By Arun Vathavooran, Adrian Singh, Michael Fletcher, Rainer Imhof

The Imhoflot G-Cell, a new development in the pneumatic flotation technology (which incorporates centrifugal forces in the separating vessel) is a recent innovation in the mineral processing world. The G-Cell was invented by Dr Rainer Imhof and commercialised by Maelgwyn Mineral Services Ltd. In a short time span a number of plants and units have been successfully commissioned in the mineral processing industry. In addition, a number of industrial G-Cell flotation plants are in the process of construction for the purpose of coal preparation and environmental remediation. In this paper two industrial installations have been highlighted together with a pilot plant test programme investigating ultra fine flotation recovery for a base metal operation.

Jan 1, 2007

By F. G. Heivilin

We are no longer short of viable Rare Earth deposits. As little as 2 years ago China mined and produced 97% ofthe world?s rare earths. Only a few deposits were in an advanced stage of exploration and development. Now Technical Metals Research (TMR) Gareth Hatch *5 reports that 347 deposits are being developed by 265 companies down from 440 on July 6th. Their Index of Advanced projects lists 45 projects in 14 countries. They will sustain the world for centuries to come and many good deposits are yet to be found. The problem is mining 14 elements in balance. Each of the deposits listing production in the chart has a unique set of minerals which they think will give them a cost advantage. Which of these will make it to production is a question. Most of the Advanced won?t be mined soon, but which ones? China is still in the driver?s seat in Light Rare Earth production (LREO) with one deposit with 35 million ton Baiyunebo deposit in Inner Mongolia which is part of a working iron ore deposit. The number of HREE deposits have been reduced and they attempting to eliminate unpermitted mines. This report will tell you what a Rare Earth is, how rare they are, why they are important, and where they are being developed which includes Australia, the United States, Africa, Greenland, Brazil and Canada.

Feb 27, 2013

By Alexander Filotti, Stanley Merjan

"Abstract. The paper shows the benefits and accomplishments of this relatively new but established product on the pile foundations market in the United States. The first part of the paper describes general aspects of the design, construction, and geotechnical capacity (designed and in situ) of Tapertube piles. The qualities resulting from the design and manufacturing of the Tapertube pile will be presented first.The second part of the paper describes the installation of Tapertube piles for an addition to Terminal One at JFK International Airport and The Edge development. A carbon print analysis for both projects is developed using the EFFC-DFI carbon print calculator. For the JFK project the benefits of using BIM in redesigning the project for Tapertube piles are explored.General description.The tapertube pile consists of a tapered tubular bottom section attached to a conventional pipe extension. The 50 ksi steel for the taper is mechanically folded into a polygonal cross-section (usually 12-sided) with a longitudinal welded seam. The tapers are fabricated in many sizes with bottom diameters varying from 8 to 14 inches, top diameters from 12 to 20 inches, lengths from 10 to 35 feet, and steel thicknesses from 3/16 to 1/2 inch. A conical steel shoe or a flat plate is welded to the bottom of the taper and the top of the taper is circularized to match the outside diameter of the pipe extension. The inclination of the tapers is generally between 1.5% and 2.5%.The pipe extension is fully butt welded to the taper and has the necessary length for the pile to develop the requisite capacity. Concrete fill for the piles is generally 4,000 p.s.i. or more. Typically the piles are shopassembled and shipped to jobsites in lengths to 80 feet."

Jan 1, 2014

By A. Duerksen

Surface coal mining in West Virginia has supplied energy to the eastern coast of the United States for over a century. The coal mining industry has been forced to adapt as societal demands regarding health, safety, and environmental impacts have changed with time. More recent pressure has called for another iteration of change: long-term post-mining sustainability. The research presented in this paper investigates one potential solution?or component of a solution?to improve mining sustainability in Appalachia: post-mining wind power. This paper intends to demonstrate and explain the feasibility of synergistic mine closure and wind development. Wind conditions at three reclaimed mine sites in West Virginia were monitored in order to develop representative case studies for post-mining wind power. This paper contains a summary of the literature consulted to plan the site assessments, the methodology employed to execute them, the analysis steps undertaken to derive conclusions, and a discussion of all findings. This research has found that significant cost savings can be yielded from synergistic mine closure and wind development, as compared to greenfield wind development. Though wind conditions themselves remain the primary driver for site feasibility, post-mining wind power is a practice with significant promise for improving project economics, contributing to renewable energy development, enhancing company-community relations, providing local employment opportunities, and exemplifying sustainable business practices in Appalachia.

Jan 1, 2012

By L. Andrews

Keywords: mineralogy, phase-chemical, chemical-looping combustion, XRD, SEM, EDS, QEMSCAN, PGM, slag, matte, ilmenite Mineralogy, traditionally associated with concentrator studies, is being increasingly applied to problems in pyrometallurgy. Such investigations commonly make use of a number of techniques, and the results are combined for a meaningful interpretation, which can lead to a successful solution. Mineralogical applications are described from pyrometallurgical operations. Examples are given of studies and investigations involving mineralogy in chemical-looping combustion, feed monitoring to platinum-smelting furnaces, and losses to slag in base metal and platinum smelting.

Jan 1, 2011

Cospidie (3CaO*2SiO2*CaFe2) is one of the most important compounds crystallized in mold flux films during casting in the continuous casting process of steel, The primary crystallization field of cuspidine has been experimentally developed in the CaO-SiO2-CaF2-SiF4 system. The cuspidine-NaF binary and cuspidine-CaF2-NaF ternary systems have been also experimentally determined to study effects of addition of NaF on the primary field of cuspidine. In order to discuss its thermodynamic stability the standard Gibbs energy of formation of cuspidine has been deterimed by an electromotive force methods using CaF2 as solid electrolyte and a transpiration method as follows: ^fG° (cuspidine) /kjmol-1 = 5198 + 0.825T (+12) (1313<T/K<1329): EMF method ^fG° (cuspidine) /kjmol-1 = 5178 + 0.813T (+8) (1221<T/K<1469): Transpiration method The chemical potential diagram and constituent activities for the CaO-SiO2-CaF2 System have been evaluated based on the obtained thermodynamic data.

Jan 1, 2003

1. Paper1?Identification and enumeration of asbestos fibers in the mining environment: mission and modification to the federal asbestos standard Arthur M. Langer Asbestos-related disease is increased with cumulative exposure (the concentration of asbestos in the air and duration of exposure). The maximum duration is assumed to be a working lifetime so federal agencies control cumulative exposure by limiting the airborne concentration of asbestos fibers equal to or greater than 5 lm in length. Air samples are collected in the environment of interest by entraining the airborne particulates including fibers on membrane filters and then counting the number of fibers using phase-contrast light microscopy. In addition to length, the fibers must have a length to width ratio of at least 3 to 1. This ratio is also referred to as the aspect ratio. Some counting strategies placed an upper limit on the fiber width restricting the counting to respirable fibers. Airborne asbestos is controlled by monitoring a sub-population of the airborne asbestos. No asbestos fibers shorter than 5 lm or fibers of any length having widths less than the resolution of the light optical method are counted. In the non-occupational environment, the Environmental Protection Agency requires the use of analytical transmission electron microscopy and fibers and counting fibers with lengths of 0.5 lm or greater and aspect ratios of 5 to 1 or greater are counted. The permissible exposure limit for asbestos has been reduced by more than 120-fold since 1969, when the standard was 12 fiber/ml and the current monitoring methodology was developed. The manufacturing and mining worksites are regulated by two different federal agencies and the asbestos exposure limit was higher in the mining environment until recently (Mine Safety and Health Administration 30 CFR Part 56, 57, and 7, Federal Registry, February 29, 2008). Currently the permissible exposure limit (PEL) is the same in both types of workplace and it is 0.1 fibers per milliliter (fiber/ml) over an 8-h shift as a time-weighted average (TWA). A milliliter (ml) is equivalent to a cubic centimeter (cc) and sometimes this standard is reported as 0.1 f/cc. As the phase-contrast methodology was used to monitor lower exposures and environments, other fibrous mineral particulates were incorrectly characterized as asbestos. These occurred in talc deposits and taconite ores from the Eastern Mesabi Range.

Jan 1, 2008

By Tom Demorest

SMART is an association of mining companies that meet regularly to coordinate the technology development needed by the mining industry. Since 1995, the member companies and institutions have directed research and influenced the manufacturers and suppliers to improve surface mining technology and services. SMART actively supports learning seminars, collaborative research projects, and user groups. Members of SMART include some of the major surface mining companies in North America and Australia. These companies have recognized the value that collaboration can bring to the needs of individual organizations as well as the global mining industry.

May 1, 2009

By A Priatna, H Rumbino, T Casten

This paper discusses the progress of the Deep Mill Level Zone (DMLZ) mine from the pre-feasibility study completed in 2005, through commencement of development access in 2008, completion of the feasibility in 2010 and cave initiation in late 2015. This fourth lift of caving in the East Ertsberg Skarn System (EESS) is located 500 m below the currently producing Deep Ore Zone (DOZ) mine and represents approximately half a billion tonnes of ore and around 1900 planned drawpoints, scheduled to be mined at a peak of 80 000 t/d.The paper reviews the mine design, access requirements, planned footprint sequence and major fixed facility installations such as ventilation, oreflow and shops. A discussion of the preproduction development and construction activities and some of the critical technical challenges overcome during this time frame are addressed, as well as the cave initiation process undertaken in late 2015 and the ramp-up of production and progression of caving.CITATION:Casten, T, Priatna, A and Rumbino, H, 2016. Deep Mill Level Zone – from feasibility to production, in Proceedings Seventh International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining (MassMin 2016), pp 635–644 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2016

By M. Hesham El Naggar, Yasser Abdelghany

"ABSTRACT: The axial and lateral monotonic and cyclic behavior of helical pile foundations was investigated and new innovative helical screw systems suitable for seismic loadings were developed and patented. More than one hundred full scale field load tests were conducted on instrumented helical screw piles installed in cohesive soil. The piles included: plain helical screw piles (P-HSP); grouted (G-HSPs); fiber reinforced polymer FRP-G-HSPs; and reinforced grouted RG-HSPs. The RG-HSP piles axial capacity was more than twice that for P-HSP, with minimal reduction after cyclic loading, and their lateral capacity was more than 3 times the P-HSPs capacity. A 3-D finite element model was established. The results of 3-D finite element modeling were used to establish the load transfer mechanism and a design methodology for the considered piles.INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEWHelical (screw) anchors have been utilized in tension loading and have gained popularity for bearing load applications. Helical piles represent an overall cost effective alternative to conventional piles for new construction and repair applications. The helical piles speed and ease of installation, less noise during installation added advantage with regards to their efficiency and reliability for underpinning including re-support and reconstruction of distressed and damaged foundations for either stabilization or rehabilitation. The “square shaft” SS175 pile is a segmented deep foundation system with helical steel bearing plates (helices) welded to a central steel shaft. Load is transferred from the shaft to the surrounding soil through these bearing plates. Segments or sections are joined with bolted couplings. Practically installed depth is limited only by soil resistance and economics. A helical bearing plate or helix is one pitch of a screw thread. All helices regardless of their diameter have a standard 75 mm pitch (Figure.1). The performance of single helical anchors and group action were studied experimentally and theoretically by several researchers, the researches focuses on the installation torque and uplift resistance. Some researches focus on the load carrying capacity with little pile response to cyclic loading effects or to instrumented full scale field testing. Helical piles axial compressive or lateral loading still is not well characterized and needs more analyses and their seismic performance was not investigated. For such this research was initiated to investigate the helical piles monotonic and cyclic performances under axial and lateral loadings to consider their usage in different applications in seismic zones. Among the several researchers, Clemence (1983); Mooney et al. (1985) conducted field and laboratory testing; Hoyt (1989), Hoyt et al. (1995), and Ghaly and Clemence (1998) conducted theoretical and experimental testing, Puri and Vijay (1984), Huang et al. (1995), Perko (2000), and Pack (2000) conducted theoretical analyses. Rao and Prasad (1993), Prasad and Rao (1994), conducted experimental testing; Vickars and Clemence (2000) studied the performance of helical piles with grouted shafts."

Jan 1, 2014