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By D. Paktunc, S. P. du Preez, J. P. Beukes, P. G. van Zyl, A. Jordaan

"The chromium (Cr) content of stainless steel originates from recycled scrap and/or ferrochrome (FeCr), which is produced mainly by the carbothermic reduction of chromite ore. The oxidative sintered pellet production process is one of the most widely applied FeCr processes. The supplier of this technology specifies that recycling of chromite-containing dust collected from the pellet sintering off-gas and fines screened out from the sintered pellets (collectively referred to as pre-oxidized chromite fines) should be limited to a maximum of 4 wt% of the total pellet composition. However, the results presented in this paper suggest that recycling of such fines up to a limit of 32 wt% of the total pellet composition may improve the compressive and abrasion strengths of the cured pellet. In addition, electron microprobe and quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses demonstrate that chromite grains present in the pre-oxidized chromite fines consist, at least partially, of crystalline phases/compounds that will improve the metallurgical efficiency and specific electricity consumption (i.e. MWh/ton FeCr produced) of the smelting process. Introduction Stainless steel is a vital modern-day alloy that is well-known for its corrosion resistance, which is mainly due to the inclusion of chromium (Cr) (ICDA, 2013). Stainless steel is mostly produced from recycled scrap and ferrochrome (FeCr), a relatively crude alloy of Cr and iron (Fe). FeCr is predominantly produced by the carbothermic reduction of chromite, a mineral belonging to the spinel group characterized by the unit formula [(Mg,Fe2+)(Al,Cr,Fe3+)2O4] (Haggerty, 1991; Paktunc and Cabri, 1995; Tathavakar, Antony, and Jha, 2005). Although Cr can occur in 82 different minerals, chromite is the only source of new Cr units that can be exploited in commercial volumes (Motzer and Engineers, 2004). Approximately 95% of mined chromite is used in the production of various FeCr grades, of which high-carbon and charge grade FeCr are the most common (ICDA, 2013)."

Feb 1, 2019

By W. W. Adams, T. D. Lawrence

"The National Safety Competition of 1938, the fourteenth of its kind conducted by the Bureau of Mines in which bronze trophies known as Sentinels of Safety are awarded to winning companies, has just been completed and the results are presented here.With 345 mines and quarries competing, more than in any previous year except 1931, the contest revealed low accident rates at many of the enrolled plants and, which is even more remarkable, it revealed 113 mines and quarries at which no lost-time accidents occurred during the contest year.The Sentinels of Safety trophies, provided by The Explosives Engineer magazine, were awarded to four underground mines, one open-pit mine, and one quarry. Each employee of the winning plant was awarded a Certificate of Honor by the Bureau of Mines in recognition of the employee's part in helping his company to win the trophy. In addition to the award of trophies, a Certificate of Honorable Mention was awarded to each of the mines and quarries in second, third, fourth, and fifth places in their respective contest groups and also to each mine and quarry that worked 30,000 or more man-hours without a lost-time accident. Ninety-two such certificates were awarded for 1938. Twenty-three other mines and quarries also operated without an accident but worked less than 30,000 man-hours, the minimum required by the contest rules for award of Certificates of Honorable Mention.Previous to 1938, five trophies were awarded annually in the National Safety Competition. For the 1938 contest a sixth trophy was provided by The Explosives Engineer so that open-pit mines and quarries, two classes of operations that previously had been included in one group in the competition, might have separate awards."

Aug 1, 1939

By Lixin Qian, Tiejun Chun, Yifan Wang, Huan Wang, Hongming Long, Zhengwei Yu

To solve the problem that the sintered liquid phase fluidity characteristic of low silica (w(SiO2) < 3 wt%) and high silica (w(SiO2) > 7 wt%)) iron ores were different from actual sintering production with using the common method based on w(CaO)/w(SiO2), a new improved method based on n(Fe2O3)/n(CaO) was proposed. The differences between two methods for iron ore fluidity detection were studied. The results show that when the common method is used to detect the liquid phase fluidity, as the content of SiO2 increased from 2.12 to 11.68 wt%, the amount of CaO addition augmented from 7.88 to 32.65 wt% and the corresponding fluidity index changed from 0 to 5.68. The fluidity index has a linearly positive correlation with the content of SiO2. The improved method could significantly reduce the effect of the change of CaO addition on the fluidity characteristic of iron ore which caused by the difference of SiO2.

Mar 1, 2018

By Avinash Kandalam, Markus Reuter, Jörg Kleeberg, Michael Stelter

The Top Submerged Lance (TSL) technology has obtained significant importance in the pyrometallurgy industry for nearly four decades. One of the advantages of TSL furnace is its high reaction rate, which is caused by splashing and turbulence of the melt. In contradiction, this phenomenon stands as a barrier for conducting experimental investigations to validate the simulation models. The highly turbulent and splashing environment in the TSL furnace is caused due to the immersion of the lance into the slag layer and thus the effect of the flame structure is directly related to the splashing, turbulence, reaction kinetics and life-span of the lance. Moreover, the material properties such as viscosity, density and the surface tension will also influence the flame structure. As a first step to understand the flame structure, attempts are made to generate a stable flame of the lance in an open environment. INTRODUCTION Top Submerged Lance (TSL) technology was invented during the 1970s at Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia by Floyd and Denholm. This technology was later commercialised and currently, there are about 100 TSL plants around the world commissioned by various licence holders such as AUSMELT (Outotec) and ISASMELT (Xstrata- Glencore Technology). Copper is the most produced non-ferrous metal followed by lead and zinc, see Hunt (2005). Today, a wide range of primary, secondary, and complex recycling materials are used as a feed material in the TSL, Alvear et al. (2010), Kaye et al. (2008). The working principle of TSL technology lies on inserting and submerging a lance from the top of a vertical cylindrical chamber into the slag layer. The lance is considered as the heart of the furnace, where the air and fuel are transported through two concentric tubes and are mixed in a combustion chamber, which is approximately 7 cm from the tip of the lance (considering the pilot-scale TSL furnace at the Institute for Nonferrous Metallurgy and Purest Materials - INEMET). The TSL furnace is very flexible with the type of fuel, feed material and the air input. The fuel can be natural gas/heating oil/fine coal particles and the air could be enriched with oxygen (Figure 1). The general mechanism of the TSL furnace lies on feeding the material from the top of the furnace and the material is pulled into the molten bath due to the high turbulent atmosphere, which results in high reaction rates. The thermocouples installed in the furnace (i.e. in the ceramic linings) allow the operator to know the temperature of the melt. For example, in the case of copper production the tapped material (i.e. matte/metal) can be transported to a settler for further processing or directly used.

Jan 1, 2019

By Janaina Gonçalves Maria da Silva Machado

O antracito é um dos tipos de combustíveis utilizados no processo de pelotização. Estudos de caracterização desses materiais realizados no CTF-Vale indicaram muitos casos de antracitos contaminados com carvões betuminosos. O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar como essa contaminação pode afetar a qualidade das pelotas queimadas e também o manuseio desses combustíveis. Para este desenvolvimento alguns antracitos, com diferentes níveis de contaminação, foram caracterizados química, física, petrográfica e mineralogicamente e seus desempenhos foram avaliados em plantas piloto de pelotização. De acordo com os resultados, quanto maior o grau de contaminação de antracitos com carvões minerais pior a qualidade física das pelotas queimadas. Em casos extremos, quando os antracitos foram contaminados com maiores teores de carvões alto-voláteis as pelotas se desintegraram durante os pot grate tests. Observou-se também que a contaminação afeta negativamente os principais parâmetros que influenciam o manuseio de combustíveis, que são umidade, distribuição granulométrica e composição mineralógica.

Aug 2, 2018

By Larissa Fernandes Nunes, Luiz Paulo Mendonça Brandão, Mônica Aline Magalhães Gurgel, Eustáquio de Souza Baêta Júnior, Andersan dos Santos Paula

Aços assistido pelo efeito TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) com alto teor de Al estão sendo desenvolvidos com grande potencial de se tornarem aços de terceira geração para aplicações no setor automotivo. Assim, por ainda estarem na fase de desenvolvimento, estudos sobre esses materiais são de extrema relevância. Este trabalho buscou correlacionar a influência da laminação a frio e recozimento intercrítico, em uma liga de aço TRIP com elevado teor de Al, com o comportamento da liga face as análises de transformações de fase via Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC), identificação de fases e textura da matriz ferrítica via Difração de Raios X (DRX) e aspecto microestrutural via Microscopia Óptica (MO). O processamento termomecânico adotado, com distintas temperaturas de encharque no recozimento intercrítico, não influenciaram a textura cristalográfica da liga, entretanto, distintos percentuais de austenita retida foram verificados para cada condição, sendo o maior valor observado para a temperatura de 820 ºC.

Oct 27, 2019

By Luiz Henrique Simões dos Reis

Este trabalho estuda o fenômeno da erosão e a validação de um erosímetro. Com este propósito, as taxas de erosão, perda de massa acumulada por unidade de área e o fator de esfericidade foram medidos. Os testes foram realizados com corpos de prova de latão 360 CLA, efetuando quatro testes com durações de 5, 10, 15 e 20 horas, respectivamente. As amostras foram pesadas em uma balança de precisão antes e após os testes. O abrasivo utilizado foi a areia ABNT em uma concentração de 10% em peso. O impacto repetitivo entre as partículas abrasivas causou trincas, lascamentos e, consequentemente, a formação de partículas menores. Também foi constatado o arredondamento das partículas abrasivas. Tais fatos são a causa do decréscimo da taxa de erosão com o aumento do tempo de teste. Micrografias apresentam a degradação da superfície na parte frontal do corpo de prova devido à remoção de material. O erosímetro obteve sucesso nas comparações com outros artigos.

Oct 30, 2017

By Phillip N. Yasnowsky

This Bureau of Mines report summarizes State severance taxes imposed on minerals and mineral fuels, provides a hypothetical example of how a State severance tax affects selected components of a firm&apos;s income statement, and uses the Bureau&apos;s Minerals Availability System (MAS) to estimate the effect of assumed changes in State severance tax rates on copper recovery cost at given levels of potential copper availability. A reduction of the rates to zero or a doubling of them results in changes in costs that are of the same order of magnitude as the cost of transporting copper to the United States from major foreign producing countries.

Jan 1, 1982

By Wesley Pereira de Miranda, Rafaella Martins Ribeiro

O objetivo do estudo é avaliar o efeito do teor de elementos intersticiais no envelhecimento por deformação do aço ao carbono SAE 1010 submetido ao processo de laminação a frio para a produção de vergalhão. Foram selecionadas duas bobinas de fio-máquina, emprego para a produção do CA-60, com teores distintos de elementos intersticiais. As bobinas foram processadas no laminador a frio para a produção do vergalhão CA-60 Reto bitola 5 mm e o envelhecimento foi avaliado através de variações no limite de escoamento obtidos por ensaio de tração uniaxial, realizados em tempos distintos após a deformação. A composição com alto teor de elementos intersticiais apresentou aumento significativo do limite de escoamento com o tempo quando comparada com a bobina com teores mais baixos desses elementos. Esta última, no período de acompanhamento não mostrou variação expressiva. A análise quantitativa, através de ensaios massivos para cada condição pode ser uma ferramenta útil para estudar o fenômeno

Oct 30, 2019

By Fabíola Freitas de Miranda

A boa gestão das rotinas da Segurança no Trabalho é fundamental para apoiar um resultado positivo em vários aspectos dentro de uma operação de grande porte, como a da CSN. O colaborador é o bem mais importante de uma empresa e para garantir a satisfação e a qualidade de vida do mesmo é essencial que haja um ambiente de trabalho seguro e confiável. O zero acidente com pessoas é uma busca constante e com a consolidação de diversas ações de forma preventiva foi possível alcançar as metas propostas. Com o início das atividades de produção da fábrica de Aços Longos da CSN, houve a necessidade estruturar todas as atividades da equipe de logística, área responsável pelas atividades de abastecimento, logística interna e escoamento da planta, de forma a garantir que os funcionários estivessem envolvidos com as demandas geradas pela organização. Para isso, foi elaborado plano de trabalho com objetivos claros ligados a gestão de segurança.

Oct 30, 2017

By B Clements, G Lane

The operations and project environments are very different, but overlap in many areas. The development of mineral processing projects is goal oriented, is schedule focused and is a contractual environment. The operating environment for a mineral processing plant is oriented around longer-term commitments, focused on delivery against budget expectations, and an environment heavily influenced by long-term personal relationships, community relationships, and people issues.Further contrast is evident in the way expenditure is managed. Projects commit large amounts of money quickly to meet schedule-based objectives. Operations manage expenditure to minimise operating costs and are able to, or are forced to delay decisions on large expenditures. However, these two environments need to come together in many ways, ranging from greenfields plant handover to a new operations and maintenance crew, to day to day interaction and management of brownfields projects, often in close proximity.This paper considers the different perspectives people bring to projects and early operations, including the advantages and disadvantages of æoperationsÆ input to a project and models for managing value adding during project development, implementation and debottlenecking.CITATION:Lane, G and Clements, B, 2012. Operations versus projects - How do people think and what are the implications?, in Proceedings 11th AusIMM Mill OperatorsÆ Conference , pp 11-16 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 29, 2012

By L. Haavanlammi

Iron is a significant component of all copper concentrates leached in the HydroCopperTM process. The metals in the concentrate are leached in a chloride solution by oxidation with cupric ions. Copper enters into the solution as a cuprous chloro¬complex. Iron dissolves at the same time in the ferrous form, but it is immediately oxidized to the ferric state. Oxidation is effected by sparging air or oxygen into the leaching reactors. Because the pH is 1 - 2.5, ferric ion precipitates as akaganeite (T<90°C) or hematite (T> 90°C). Arsenic, antimony and the main part of the bismuth co-precipitate with iron and report to the leach residue. Cupric leaching is faster than iron oxidation; thus, leaching of low-iron concentrates (secondary copper minerals) is quicker than leaching high iron concentrates (chalcopyrite). Pyrite does not dissolve during copper leaching, but is oxidized slowly at higher redox-potentials after the copper has been leached.

Jan 1, 2006

By Ana Cláudia S. G. Motta

O presente estudo foi realizado com o intuito de determinar parâmetros microestruturais que definem os comportamentos eletroquímico e elétrico de uma célula a combustível do tipo óxido sólido, SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell). A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, possibilitando a revelação de particularidades dos microconstituintes como porosidade, tamanho médio de grão e suas distribuições. As micrografias obtidas foram submetidas à análise digital de imagens, obtendo assim a quantificação de propriedades das microestruturas dos eletrodos (catodo e anodo) e do eletrólito. A análise de microscopia revelou a presença de uma camada de pequena espessura (interlayer) de céria dopada com gadolínio localizada entre o eletrólito e o catodo. O eletrólito exibiu grãos com uma tendência equiaxial, com tamanho médio de grão de 3,43 µm. O anodo apresentou um gradiente de porosidade, não alcançando a porcentagem de porosidade ideal para que a difusão de gases ocorra de maneira eficiente. A região catódica demonstrou valores de porosidade em conformidade com o recomendado na literatura.

Oct 30, 2017

By A Horn

Mineral processing is characterised by a constant adaptation to changing raw materials and market conditions. It is the link between the mined raw material and a marketable product. As a lot of high-grade reserves are exploited, a steady deterioration of raw material quality can be observed. At the same time, the customer’s requirement for product purity and consistent quality increases.Over recent years beneficiation techniques for iron ore fines have become more important in order to achieve a maximised utilisation of ore resources and to produce competitive products according to international standards.Many high capacity iron ore beneficiation plants that target the production of fines focus on gravity separation processes using fluidised bed classifiers and spirals or wet high intensity magnetic separators as an alternative. This paper demonstrates the suitability of utilising the allflux® two-stage fluidised bed classifiers to treat iron ore particles up to 2 mm in size as well as showing how the high capacity gaustec® wet high intensity magnetic separation (WHIMS) technology offers several advantages compared to other WHIMS technology.The combination of the allflux® and gaustec® technologies offer the following benefits:The two-stage fluidised bed classification extracts a significant amount of concentrate from the feed. This in turn reduces the feed capacity required for the gaustec® WHIMS located downstream.The second classification stage produces a -0.5 + 0.1 mm product and a -0.1 mm product. The efficiency of the magnetic separation on these classifi ed products is high due to optimised settings for each size fraction.

Jul 11, 2011

By S. D. Cramer

Corrosion research is being conducted by the Federal Bureau of Mines to determine suitable construction materials for geothermal resource recovery plants. As part of this research, the corrosion resistance of 31 iron-nickel-, aluminum-, copper-, titanium-, and molybdenum-base alloys was characterized and evaluated in laboratory corrosion studies in low-and high-salinity geobrines representative of those found in the Imperial Valley, Calif. General, crevice, pitting, weld, and stress corrosion were measured at 105° and 232° C in deaerated brines and brines containing dissolved 02, C02, and CH4 General corrosion rates in deaerated brines at 105° and 232° C were usually below 5 mpy for the alloys tested except carbon steel, the low-alloy steels, Monel 400, 70-30 cupronickel, and the aluminum-base alloys. Dissolving carbon dioxide and methane in the brines at 2320 did not markedly alter these results. However, the introduction of oxygen, which can enter the brine during process operations, seriously degraded the corrosion resistance of many alloys by increasing the incidence of stress corrosion cracking, crevice corrosion and, except for the titanium-base alloys, pitting. In deaerated brine at 2320 C, the general corrosion rates for carbon steel and the low-alloy steels were relatively unaffected by pH in the range of 6.1 to 3.0. However, general corrosion rates increased sharply below pH 3.0. In deaerated brine at 232° C, welds in several iron-, nickel-, and titanium-base alloys corroded at rates comparable to the general corrosion rates of the alloys, but the addition of oxygen to the brine increased corrosion rates for welds in Inconel 625 and E-Brite 26-1. Alloys exhibiting good corrosion resistance in the deaerated Salton Sea KGRA-type brine at 232° C were E-Brite 26-1, Inconel 625, Hastelloy S, Hastelloy G, Hastelloy C-276, TiCode-12, Ti-0.2Pd, Ti-2Ni, Ti-1.7W, and TZM. The alloys most resistant to corrosion in oxygenated Salton Sea KGRA-type brine at 232° C were the titanium-base alloys. These alloys appear the most suitable for use in the construction of geothermal resource recovery plants. Carbon steel and the low-alloy steels are unsatisfactory for high-temperature, high-salinity brines and alternative low-cost materials with improved corrosion resistance should be sought.

Jan 1, 1980

By E. A. Roux

As the first mine-to-metal zinc operation utilising atmospheric leaching, solvent extraction and electrowinning, Skorpion Zinc faces unique challenges and opportunities. One of these challenges is found in the solvent extraction circuit, in which di-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) is used as the organic extractant. Although D2EHPA is an excellent extractant for zinc, it suffers from the co-extraction of ferric iron, which is produced during leaching and by the corrosion of the grinding media. This situation is partially mitigated by iron precipitation in the neutralisation step prior to solvent extraction. Unfortunately, some ferric iron still reports to the solvent extraction process. This leads to a slow build up of iron in the organic phase. Chemical stripping is used to maintain the Fe concentration at an acceptable level. In this paper, the efficiency of the iron removal process is discussed.

Jan 1, 2006

By C. A. Herbert, C. M. Young

WithIn the past few years, considerable development has been made in the coal-mining industry in Illinois and Indiana and it is the purpose of the authors to record its most important phases. Perhaps the two most striking features are the entry into the producing fields of certain large consumers of coal and the magnitude of some of the new operations. Mines are now being equipped by the Chicago & Northwestern R. R., the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., the Standard Oil Co., of Indiana, and the Union Electric Light & Power Co. of St. Louis. Besides, the U. S. Steel Corpn. has increased its coal-mining activities by commencing operations on its large holdings northeast of Benton, Franklin CO., Ill. Until recent years, the supply of coal has commonly been adequate and prices have generally been favorable, especially to large consumers, as the magnitude of their purchases enabled them to obtain satisfactory quotations from producers. In fact, most consumers of coal have believed that they could buy their fuel more satisfactorily in the open market than they could produce it themselves. The entry of the United States into the war was accompanied by various disarrangements of industrial conditions, and a demand for coal in excess of the supply seemed likely to be experienced for an indefinite period. Under these circumstances it seemed that the greatest assurance of a supply of fuel was its production by the operation of mines. In the case of the Chicago & Northwestern R. R. and the U. S. Steel Corpn. the production of coal has been carried on for many years with satisfactory results, but the C. B. & Q. R. R., the Union Electric Light & Power Co. and the Standard Oil Co. of Indiana had not been producers of coal, at least in this district. Apparently the most impressive feature of the newest mines is their capacity, for in some cases it is planned that production shall be in the neighborhood of 1000 tons per hr. There are mines now in this field having nearly that output, but these were not planned for such output; in fact, when the shafts were sunk and the machinery installed it was generally supposed that the daily outputs would be only in the neighborhood of 4000 to 5000 tons. Incidentally, there has risen

Jan 1, 1920

By Yujing Jiang, Xuezhen Wu, Bo Li, Tomomi Iura, Gang Wang

"Yielding bolt has been widely used for rock reinforcement in mining and civil engineering in high stress conditions. However, the interaction mechanism of yielding bolt and matrix mass is still not clear at present, and no analytical model is available to predict its reinforcement effect quantitatively. In this paper, the mainstream yielding rock bolts were reviewed firstly. After that, a coupling model is proposed to account for the interaction between yielding bolt and matrix mass. Based on the plane strain axial symmetry assumption and the incremental theory of plasticity, equilibrium equations and compatibility equations of matrix mass, and also the response of yielding rock bolt are deduced theoretically. The proposed method was programmed in Visual Basic development environment, and a semi-analytical solution for the coupling model is achieved. The reinforcement mechanism of yielding bolt in conventional tunnelling is clearly demonstrated through an illustrative case study. The reinforcement effect of yielding bolt is estimated quantitatively, and the distribution of axial force along the bolt is presented. In addition, the validity of proposed method is verified by numerical simulations. INTRODUCTIONHigh stress in surrounding rock mass can cause serious stability problems such as massive squeezing in soft rock and rock burst in hard rock. It is observed that many conventional rock bolts failed when experiencing large displacement, which implies that they are too stiff to sustain large deformation and dynamic conditions (Stillborg, 1994; Hoek et al., 1995). Yielding bolt, which can also be called energy-absorbing bolt, has been widely used for rock reinforcement in mining and civil engineering for these conditions (Neugebauer, E., 2008). This paper focuses on the static reinforcement effects of the yielding bolts with analytical method and numerical simulations."

Jan 1, 2015

By Moacir Kuwahara

Nesta pesquisa, foi desenvolvido um material compósito com matriz poliéster, reforçadas com fibras de bambu e de sisal. As fibras de bambu foram extraídas do próprio campus da UFPA e as fibras de sisal obtidas no comércio de Belém. As fibras foram submetidas ao equipamento moinho granulador, com a finalidade de otimizar o corte das fibras, visto que, pelo processo manual gasta-se um certo tempo para obter uma quantidade necessária, para fabricação dos compósitos. E os comprimentos obtidos variaram entre 5 a 15 mm. Os compósitos foram produzidos utilizando-se o menor nível possível de processamento tecnológico nas etapas de fabricação. Foram fabricados 8 (oito) corpos de prova para fração mássica definida com a seguinte proporção 3,90%; a fabricação foi realizada por moldagem manual, usando resina poliéster insaturada com a proporção de agente de cura/resina de 0,33%. As fibras de sisal e bambu foram submetidas a ensaio de tração, determinação da massa especifica e avaliação microestrutural, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV).

Aug 16, 2017

By R. T. Saxon

Prior to November 1975 there were several failures of front -wheel spindles on large haulage truck s in B.C., attributed to fatigue cracks. Since that time, a non-destructive test program has succeeded in detecting the cracks before catastrophic failure, However, the author regards the failures as just one example of a. general unreliability in large high-strength steel castings and urges the industry to look to forgings for sensitive components of heavy equipment.

Jan 1, 1977