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By C. Brown, N. Rayyan, T. H. Dubaniewicz

Lithium-Ion batteries (LIBs) have the potential to go into thermal runaway which introduces a new ignition source in hazardous environments such as gassy underground mines that may contain methane in the surrounding air. Researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) used an accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) to induce thermal runaway in individual lithium-titanium-oxide (LTO) and lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum-oxide (NCA) LIB cells within a sealed enclosure with either no methane, a lean, a stoichiometric, or a rich methane-air mixture in the surrounding canister to determine if these LIB types would ignite the methane, causing an additive effect on overpressures. Canister pressures and maximum temperatures reached by the cells, surrounding air, and exhausted gases were measured in this study and remained consistent with varying methane concentrations.

Feb 1, 2023

By Knud Sinding

Environmental reporting by mining firms takes many forms and change frequently. The objective of these reports is related to increasing the legitimacy of mining firms with their diverse stakeholders. This study, focusing on internet-based reports, shows that there are considerable variations in reporting. This phenomenon is interesting because it belies the efforts pursued by leading industry members under iniatives such as the Global Mining Initiative and the Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development project. The observed variation, both internally among reports and between reports and other industry policy statements, suggests that the industry needs to explore the possibilities for more convergence in terms of reporting quality. Based on theoretical constructs from the management literature we present a series of arguments defining necessary and sufficient conditions for durable and well-institutionalized reporting practices and standards.

May 1, 2002

By David S. Bowling

The ER-300 Series White Recorders were developed to provide on economical, yet invaluable instrument for those who desire permanent recordings of such data OS displacement, vibration, concussion (air borne effect) and velocity information. The precise monitoring of earth displacements and air blast magnitudes aids quarrymen and construction contractors in estimating safe blasting limits when operating in populated areas. A refraction model is available for recording velocities which permit the determination of weathered zone depths as well as the .depths to other subsurface formations. The dual purpose (Refroction- Displacement) systems ore utilized for velocity studies and displacement - oir blast measurements.

Jan 1, 1990

By Vernon C. Davis

"INTRODUCTION This report describes the work done and presents the data obtained from limited diamond drilling at the lead-zinc deposits cf the Belle Eldridge Gold Mines, Inc., in Lawrence County, S. Dak. during the summer and fall of 1943. The work was undertaken in an effort to increase reserves and step-up production of zinc and lead so vitally important to the war program.The geology, topography and existing mine workings were mapped and studied. Subsequently, six vertical core-drill holes were put down from surface sites.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of investigation of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our natural resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. The Mining Division, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, does the actual investigative work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Division, Oliver C. Ralston, chief, analyzes samples and makes beneficiation tests, if such are necessary.Special acknowledgment is made to John Paul Gries, geologist, South Dakota School of Mines, for mapping and interpretation of geology and topography, logging of cores obtained, and his assistance in guiding the drilling."

Mar 1, 1948

By T Muzondo, C Prins, D De Vaux, R Schouwstra

The Mogalakwena Platinum Mine in the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex is Anglo American PlatinumÆs only open cast operation exploiting the Platreef. The Platreef, which extends along the basal contact of the Bushveld Complex, is geologically and mineralogically a much more complex orebody than the Merensky and UG-2 reefs. Changes in the footwall and the genesis of the Platreef translate into a number of rock types being present. These rock types vary in hardness and recovery potential and present challenges to metallurgical staff trying to optimise the concentrator. A true understanding of the implications of treating these rock types is required if the maximum value from this orebody is to be obtained.In order to more accurately forecast production and incorporate ore variation in the mine plan and comminution and flotation circuits, a geometallurgical approach to managing the operation has been used and is being further developed.CITATION:Schouwstra, R, De Vaux, D, Muzondo, T and Prins, C, 2013. A geometallurgical approach at Anglo American PlatinumÆs Mogalakwena Operation, in Proceedings The Second AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2013 , pp 85-92 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 29, 2013

By Robert R. Walden, LaMont West

KENTUCKY'S first acid-grade fluorspar flotation mill, shown in Fig. 1, was placed in operation Aug. 1, 1952, by the Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. at Mexico, Ky. During 1951 a critical shortage of acid-grade fluorspar developed and it became necessary for the company to produce part of its fluorspar requirements. In 1951 the company purchased the Crider and Lennen metallurgical fluorspar mill and an adjacent stockpile of tailing at Mexico, Ky. The tailing, assaying about 26 pct calcium fluoride, originated from log washer and jig mill concentrators in the area. As the mill did not have a fluorspar dryer or convenient rail facilities, the company leased the Burleson concentrator at Marion, Ky., where these facilities were available. At Marion, Ky., on the Illinois Central Railroad, dry acid-grade fluorspar is transported direct to the company's Calvert City, Ky., hydrofluoric acid plant.

Jan 5, 1954

By S. K. Kawatra, S. J. Ripke, T. C. Eisele

It was determined by the authors that the water that remains in the filter cake after filtration in iron ore concentrators can contain several hundred times greater concentrations of calcium ions and other cations, due to surface chemical effects carrying the ions along with the water. Filter cake from two plants was analyzed. The water retained in samples of magnetite concentrate filter cake in Plant 1 contained 5088 ppm calcium and 5995 ppm magnesium, while the Plant 2 filter cake contained 231 ppm calcium and 119 ppm magnesium. These levels were dramatically elevated compared to the water that was removed from the concentrate by filtration for recycle to the plants (9 ppm calcium/15 ppm magnesium for Plant 1, and 11.9 ppm calcium/9.3 ppm magnesium in Plant 2). In addition to possible effects on agglomeration performance, the presence of these cations also affected the efficiency of filtration. In order to reduce the effects of these cations on filtration in Plant 2, carbon dioxide was injected into the slurry before it entered the filter press. This was found to increase filtration rates by up to 23.7%. Comparison of the results from the two plants shows that the concentrations of cations present in the filter cake will vary greatly from plant to plant, with correspondingly large variations in their effects on plant operations.

Jan 1, 2004

By Harry V. Makar

As part of a continuing research program for conserving domestic mineral resources, the Bureau of Mines is investigating new and improved scrap identification techniques to improve sorted mixed scrap purity. This report focuses on various classes of wrought and cast copper alloys produced with recycled scrap. Based on a survey of the literature, principal alloys, such as the brasses and bronzes, are examined with respect to impurity elements and their effects on metallurgical behavior. Effects of elements such as lead, antimony, iron, chromium, and aluminum are discussed. The metallurgical effects described include hot shortness, fire cracking, and undesirable phase transformations.

Jan 1, 1985

Spiral concentrators are compact, cost-effective and generally efficient gravity concentration separators for a wide range of applications (for example: coal, beach sands, iron ore, chromite and tantalite). Large mineral processing plants consist of thousands of spiral concentrators resulting in large plant footprints (capital intensive) and the adjustment of splitters is time consuming, impractical and is in many cases neglected?high capacity (HC) spiral concentrators aim to address these shortcomings. As a result Exxaro Namakwa Sands is currently investigating high capacity spiral technology for the spiral circuit upgrade at the primary concentrator plants (PCPs). This article summarizes the rougher spiral performance evaluation that was conducted on different types of spiral concentrators (the traditional MG4 spiral concentrator and the high capacity (HC) spiral concentrator) under different feed conditions. In addition, the effect of slimes on the spiral concentrator performance was also investigated. Slimes rheology was linked to the poor concentrator performance at the higher slimes concentrations. The test campaign shows a sacrifice in recovery under design-feed conditions can be expected when using high capacity spiral concentrators in the rougher stage when compared to traditional spiral technology currently in use. Both spiral concentrators show a detrimental impact of slimes on the performance, but the high capacity spiral concentrator is more sensitive to the higher slimes conditions.

Jan 1, 2010

By James R. Craig

The slags generated during gasification of petroleum coke are heterogeneous and con-sist of many different phases. These phases are important because their physical properties affect the operability of gasifiers and because they concentrate many elements that are present in the petroleum coke feed in only minor to trace quantities. An understanding of the chemistry and physical nature of these slag phases is necessary to predict behavior in the gasifier and in considering the ultimate use or disposal of the materials. Slags typically consist of silicate glasses, calcium-silicates, free iron-nickel metallic phases, iron sulfides, and aluminum oxide spinels enriched in iron, chromium, and vanadium. The partitioning of elements among these phases has been analyzed and will be discussed.

Jan 1, 1989

By T. C. Murray

An automatic control system was recently installed to insure the continuity of operation between the ship docking and ore handling facilities and the computerized conveyor-fed sintering plants and blast furnaces. Although the basic concept for material handling has not changed, many innovations including computer control have been implemented.

Jan 1, 1978

By Jorge Luis Barreto

A CBMM aplicou aços microligados ao nióbio de elevada resistência mecânica em caminhões basculantes que operam nas suas instalações de Araxá, com o objetivo de reduzir o peso das caçambas e obter maior desempenho com aumento da carga transportada, redução do consumo de combustível bem como das emissões de CO2. Também tinha o objetivo de eliminar as trincas de fadiga que ocorriam sobre os chassis desses equipamentos. Os caminhões já operam há 12 meses e o objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar os resultados obtidos até o momento. Com a aplicação dos aços de elevada resistência, foi possível desenvolver um novo desenho para sua estrutura e componentes. Houve uma redução de 25% da massa da caçamba o que proporcionou um aumento médio de carga transportada de 40,0t para 41,1t ou 2,7% por viagem, trazendo até o momento, economia de 3,00% no custo total de transporte e redução de consumo de combustível de 8,00%. Não houve trincas ou deformações no sobre chassis que apoiam as caçambas.

Aug 8, 2018

By Johne Jesus Mol Peixoto

No modelamento matemático do reator RH, a penetração do gás no líquido na perna de subida é o fator chave para determinar a distribuição do gás injetado e obter uma previsão confiável da taxa de circulação do líquido entre a câmara de vácuo e a panela. Neste trabalho, através de simulações numéricas via CFX, investigou-se o efeito das forças de arrasto, de sustentação, de lubrificação da parede, dispersão turbulenta e de massa virtual. A distribuição do gás na perna de subida e os valores de taxa de circulação previstos via CFX foram validados com resultados de modelo físico. A melhor predição da penetração do gás e da taxa de circulação foi obtida na simulação com incorporação da força de massa virtual e da força de sustentação, cujos coeficientes foram iguais a 0,3 e 0,1, respectivamente. A força de lubrificação deve ser utilizada para evitar o acúmulo de gás próximo às paredes da perna, mas possui efeito desprezível sobre a taxa de circulação. Os resultados dos modelos físico e matemático se ajustaram com a equação de Kuwabara para taxa de circulação.

Oct 30, 2017

By Meisam Ghiasi, Mohammadreza Khalesi, Mahmoud Abdollahy

In the current research, isothermal experiments of kinetic analysis were performed at different temperatures (800–1050 °C) and particle sizes (885 to 10,763 μm) to investigate the calcination kinetics of high-purity limestone. Thermal analyses were carried out in a zirconia crucible, 1 cm in height, for different temperatures and particle sizes. The reaction rate coefficients were varied in the 2.2 × 10−5-1.62 × 10−3-m0.6.s−1 range. Moreover, various isothermal kinetic analysis methods were applied to assess the decomposition mechanism and the calcination function governing the process. The modified shrinking core model was found as the best representation of the high-purity limestone kinetic data. The activation energy was evaluated using the Arrhenius curve, and an average value of 86 kJ.mol−1 was obtained.

Sep 15, 2020

By Isadora Maria Oliveira Anício Costa

Desenvolvimentos recentes no emprego de ligas NiTi superelásticas (SE) na confecção de instrumentos endodônticos rotatórios envolvem a aplicação de tratamentos térmicos nos instrumentos inicialmente produzidos a partir de ligas SE. Neste trabalho foi estudado o efeito de tratamentos térmicos e sua contribuição para a evolução das propriedades funcionais de um fio de NiTi SE. Os fios comerciais de NiTi, aproximadamente equiatômicos, foram ensaiados após o tratamento de recozimento por 1 hora, em temperaturas de 300°C a 500°C, e então temperados em água. A caracterização física do material foi realizada por calorimetria exploratória diferencial e as propriedades mecânicas foram obtidas em ensaios de tração e de recuperação de forma. Os resultados apontaram aumento nas temperaturas de transformação dos fios com o recozimento, o aparecimento da dupla transformação austenita - fase R - martensita B19’ durante o resfriamento. Observou-se também diminuição do módulo de elasticidade aparente e aumento da deformação residual com o aumento da temperatura de recozimento, indicando, em concordância com a variação nas temperaturas de transformação, que o material passou a apresentar o efeito memória de forma.

Aug 8, 2018

By João Alberto Fioresi Altoé

Nas indústrias petroquímicas, nucleares e farmacêuticas o avanço tecnológico tem como objetivo a segurança e confiabilidade dos equipamentos com relação à resistência mecânica e à corrosão. Atualmente, o uso dos aços inoxidáveis superausteniticos é uma solução interessante, para uma maior vida útil dos componentes industriais submetidos a ambientes agressivos, como em meios salinos. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o aparecimento de pites em um aço comercial superaustenitico de composição química aproximada 25Cr28Ni4Mo em solução salina de cloreto de sódio. O aço foi fundido e tratado termicamente por solubilização a 1050ºC por 1h com o objetivo de eliminar os precipitados. As análises microestruturais antes e após os ensaios de corrosão foram feitas por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Observou-se com os ensaios eletroquímicos de Polarização linear e impedância, que o aço inoxidável superaustenítico apresenta excelente resistência à corrosão em meio salino, caracterizado também pelas imagens que não revelaram a formação de pites, mesmo quando submetidos a elevados potenciais.

Aug 16, 2017

By Martin H. Stanczyk

The Bureau of Mines studied continuous closed-circuit attrition grinding of a coarse commercial filler-grade kaolin to produce paper-coating-grade clay having a particle size analysis of at least 70 percent minus 2-micron equivalent spherical diameter (esd). The coarse clay, containing about 12 percent minus 2-micron-esd material, was ground in a Bureau-developed 10-inch-diameter attrition grinder in closed circuit with a 5-foot-diameter bowl classifier. In the best test, a finished product containing 82.7 percent minus 2-micron-esd material was obtained when grinding 20 pounds of raw clay per hour at percent solids with a 100-percent circulating load. Energy consumption was about 341 kilowatt-hours per ton of clay feed, or 487 kilowatt-hours per ton of minus 2-micron-esd material produced. Closed-circuit grinding gave some-what greater particle size reduction and lower energy consumption than either batch or continuous open-circuit grinding.

Jan 1, 1965

By Thomas M. Barczak

The initial Support Technology Optimization Program (STOP),Version 1.0, was released at the 19th Ground Control Conference. This original program has since been updated to Version 2.3 which was released in May, 2001. This paper describes the additional features of Version 2.3, focusing primarily on the following three aspects: (1) including uncontrolled convergence into the design requirements for standing roof supports, (2) the addition of design procedures for cable bolts as an alternative secondary roof support, and (3) the addition of new standing roof support technologies. Another new feature which should facilitate the development of design criteria for standing roof support is the capability to define ground reaction curves through convergence measurements alone without having to make support loading measurements. There are several other new features provided in Version 2.3 which are only briefly addressed in the paper. These include: (1) additional graphics capabilities to facilitate rapid assessment of support comparisons, (2)an East-West designation for support selection to more accurately provide cost and support availability data, (3) additional safety measures including a safety factor to identify support design near the peak support capacity, checks to see if the support dimensions comply with aspect ratio requirements, and a measure of roof coverage for the design layout of the support system. These new features of STOP provide more capabilities to design and analyze secondary roof support systems for conditions which could not be fully analyzed in the original version of the program.

By S Hapugoda, A Edenton, L Lu

The blast furnace cohesive zone has a profound impact on hot metal productivity and quality, fuel consumption, operational stability and the lining life of the blast furnace. The high temperature properties of ferrous burden materials determine the configuration and location of the cohesive zone and have therefore attracted particular attention. While numerous standard testing methods are in use to assess the quality of ferrous burden materials for the blast furnace, these simple tests are generally conducted under fixed conditions, which often represent the extreme situations encountered by the burden materials in the blast furnace. Furthermore, none of these simple tests provides information on the high temperature properties of the burden materials, such as their softening and melting properties. CSIRO is equipped with a fully computerised testing facility to characterise the high temperature properties of ferrous burden materials under realistic conditions similar to those encountered in the blast furnace. This paper will first review the CSIRO softening and melting test method and then discuss the softening and melting properties of a variety of blast furnace burden materials, including sinter, pellets and lump ore, and their implications for blast furnace operation.

Nov 8, 2021

By W. E. Miller, G. S. Scott, G. W. Jones

"An important activity of the Bureau of Mines is the promotion of safety in mining and industry. In connection with these activities, the Bureau determines the explosion hazards of combustible gases, liquids, and solids and investigates means by which explosions may be eliminated or reduced in violence.The limits of inflammability and ignition temperature of combustible gases, vapors, and solids are of practical importance because such materials can be manufactured, transported, and used with greater safety, provided the range of concentrations and temperatures that cause explosions are known.Many organic compounds, which until a few year ago were merely laboratory curiosities, are now being manufactured in large quantities owing to the national emergency, particularly those chemicals entering into the manufacture of synthetic rubber, a product that is playing a major role in the Government program of national defense. This re Jolt gives results relative to the limits of inflammability of styrene and its ignition temperature in air and oxygen. This combustible liquid is now used extensively in the manufacture of synthetic rubber."

Mar 1, 1942