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By James P. Odendahl

Missouri is a state rich in mineral commodities. There is a variety of types of mining as well as minerals in the state. Different phases of mining are controlled by a variety of state and federal laws. What I hope to do today is to present briefly some of the interaction and interplay that has occurred in the recent years between the mineral industry and the Missouri regulatory agencies, as well as some of the interactions by federal agencies. First a little history which dates back to the late 1600's. For many years Missouri has been a leader in the production of lead and zinc. In fact, recent studies have indicated that Missouri produces better than three-fourths of the nation's present lead supply. Less well known but important resource is iron mining. Some of these operations were the source of confrontation during the Civil War. Major battles were fought in and around Ironton, Missouri where iron mining has occurred for many years. One of the largest pelletizing operations in the state is currently located within the city of Ironton. Joplin, Missouri, the home of Thomas Hart Benton, the famous Missouri painter, has a history of lead and zinc mining, going back to the later 1800's. Many of the paintings by Benton contain reference to the early days of mining in Missouri. There is a Benton mural in the City Hall at Carthage depicting the early days of lead mining in that area. Later, the center of lead mining moved to southeast Missouri near Bonne Terre and Flat River. The names of the towns in this area reflect the history of mining, examples - Leadington, Old Mines, Rivermines, etc. The history of lead mining in Missouri has been referred to in some detail in various publications(l).

Jan 1, 1977

By C. N. Bailey

Let's review the economic factors in mill design. Talking about engineering economics in mill design reminds me of an old' saying "There are several ways to handle women but nobody knows what they are." I'm sure that the same economic factors do not apply to each of our mill designs, but for the sake of emphasis, it is well to review a few of them. They are so simple that we are apt to feel they are not important. Other speakers today are talking about the engineering factors of mill design, but I'm asking the question "Have we checked the economic factors involved in these designs? Have we checked the obvious? Many great discoveries have resulted from analysis of the things that appeared to be obvious all the time. What are some of these economic factors? Perhaps the most basic one is simply the value of minerals in place if minerals have value in the ground, they have value only because many important and different considerations add up to the probability that the minerals can be mined, beneficiated and disposed of profitably. The size formation and quality of the ore body, the distance from market, and the transportation available to the market area, depreciation rates, taxes, and the ownership interests involved are but some of the factors that must dovetail into the answer of profit, an answer prerequisite to hoped-for financing.

Jan 1, 1961

By Jaime Lomelin

[First of all I want to thank the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME for the opportunity to present what Industrias Penoles, S.A. is doing in Mexico to reach the basic objetive of the enterprise without compromising, in short or long term, the living conditions of the community or attempting in an irreversible form against Nature. Industrias Penoles, S.A. is one of the largest mining and metallurgical companies in Mexico. It was founded in 1887 and at the turn of the century installed a lead smelting operation close to the village of Torreon, which became city five years after the start up of the Penoles smelter. Now Torreon has a population close to 300,000 inhabitants. In 1974 Penoles is still the largest industry in Torreon and the dynamic growth of the city is close related to this factor. Today Penoles in Torreon has a lead smelter with a capacity of 130,000 metric tons/year of bullion, an electrolitic zinc plant of 105,000 metric ton/year, and it is modernizing its lead smelter to control pollution and expand it to 190,000 metric ton/year of bullion including all the services and refinery. The Penoles complex in Torreon is the biggest in the non-ferrous metals field in Latinoamérica.]

Jan 1, 1974

By A. I. Johnson

The pegmatites of the Black Hills of South Dakota are the coarse-grained differentiates of the Harney Peak Granite. The Harney Peak Granite was intruded into the Pre-cambrian schist and quartzites and resulted in the Black Hills uplift. In the outer adzes of the granite intrusion occur the pegmatites. In the zoned pegmatites, representing the most highly differentiated portions of the parent magma, occur most of the minerals produced from pegmatites. These are of economic importance and they are the subject of this paper. The various mineral products will be taken up separately.

Jan 1, 1978

By J. LeRoy Peterson

This paper presents some of the theoretical aspects as well as some results of actual plant operation of the Ty-Hukki Classifier. Dual classification steps within a unit vessel are achieved by controlled separation of the sand product under turbulant flow conditions, followed by further classification under strictly laminar flow conditions. Plant operation has shown some of the benefits of the superior sharpness of classification to be reduction of circulating load in grinding circuits, prevention of overgrinding, increase in mill feed rate and consequent reduction in cost per ton of ore.

Jan 1, 1966

By G. A. Gordon

For the purpose of examining a specific problem, it is important that we look at the context, to obtain an appreciation of the general area of which the particular problem forms a part. It is my task today to speak on a particular relationship between the nations of Canada and the United States of America. What is the background? Almost two hundred years ago we both belonged to a family of nations -- the British Empire. There was a serious family quarrel in 1776 and the United States left the family and set out to make its own independent way in the world. Canada, which was not as grown up as the united States, remained with the mother country, and in 1812 resisted a vigorous attempt by the United States to get it to leave home too. With the passing of the years the bitterness of that family quarrel has faded and, aside from occasional differences, we have been getting along very well ever since.

Jan 1, 1962

By L. L. Lien

In this economic age of high interest rates and softening mineral commodity markets, the mining industry is taking a hard look at how it conducts its business and where economies can be effected. The capital investment to build a new metallurgical facility or open a new property has traditionally attracted substantial investigation, analysis and management attention. The areas of mineral exploitation, financial feasibility, engineering and construction have been studied extensively and their management, although still difficult, have become refined disciplines.

Jan 1, 1982

By Rodolfo V. de la Cruz

Abstract. The Hoskold mineral valuation method was critically examined. The original derivation was presented and found to contain a number cf erroneous assumptions as follows: the sinking fund must be available for reinvestment in another property; the series of reinvestment of the sinking fund results in a perpetual annuity to the investor, and; evaluation of the present value of the net cash flows at the speculative rate of interest. The proper procedure of deriving the Hoskhold mineral valuation formula was discussed and illustrated with a cumulative cash position diagram, a useful tool in economic evaluation and investment decision methods.

Jan 1, 1980

By Arnolfo A. Valdivia

Prior to 1971, there were several clinical trials to evaluate programs for early detection of lung cancer. Among these, the Philadelphia Pulmonary Neoplasm Research Project,(3) the Veterans Administration Study published by Lilienfeld,(7) and the controlled trial of the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan showed an overall five year survival rate of 8% for newly detected cases (the same as the national statistic for unscreened patients). In 1971, the National Cancer Institute initiated three randomized, controlled mortality studies using lung cancer screening of persons at high risk (male smokers over 45 years old). The studies are being conducted at the Johns Hopkins University Hospital, the Mayo Clinic, and the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The studies have slightly different designs in the combination of sputum cytology and chest x-rays. At the Mayo Clinic the study group is offered screening with sputum cytology and chest x-rays every four months, whereas the control group is advised to have an x-ray and cytology every year. No reminders are sent, and it is believed that only about 20% of the control group is screened. At Johns Hopkins and Memorial, both experimental and control groups are offered annual chest x-rays. The experimental group is additionally offered sputum cytology every four months.(5) At present all of the programs show that screening can detect cancers that are undetectible by other means. However, at this time mortality rates in the control and experimental groups are not significantly different in any of the three studies. OUR PROGRAM Our clinic is located in Grants, New Mexico and we provide most of the pre-employment physical examinations for the mines operating in the Grants area (Kerr McGee Nuclear, Homestake Mining, United Nuclear, Western Nuclear, and Ranchers). In the examinations, we obtain the previous mining history of the worker, a chest x-ray, a sample of sputum for cytological examination, and a blood sample. We also provide routine annual physical examinations of the workers, with special interest in the detection of bronchogenic carcinoma. In the early seventies, we did not have a definite surveillance program. We did not know whether we should have a program like the one started at Memorial or like the one started at the Mayo Clinic. After long consideration, we decided to have a program that does not demand a sputum cytology and chest x-ray every four months, but that allows as many chest x-rays and sputum cytologies as needed to diagnose lung cancer as early as possible. We believe that, if a screening method for cancer is to be optimally effective, it must detect the process at stages early enough for curative therapy. We order a test depending on the age of the miner, the race, the mining history, the smoking history, the radiation exposure levels, and the results of the previous chest x-ray and sputum cytology. With the help of the computer, we have a list of all the miners who should be watched closely because of age, race, mining history, smoking history, radiation exposure, etc. Examination of the miners is performed at our clinic, where all the records are kept. The sputum is collected there but examined in Grand Junction, Colorado, by Dr. Geno Saccomanno. There are two ways to collect sputum. The best way is to collect three consecutive morning samples. For this, we need the cooperation of the miners. They have to follow these instructions and mail the bottle containing the sample to Grand Junction. "Instructions for obtaining a good cough specimen" The enclosed plastic bottle contains a preservative solution, so do not empty out the liquid in it. When you go to bed, place the plastic bottle at your bedside where it will be handy in the morning. When you first get up in the morning (before breakfast) try to cough up some "phlegm" from deep in your chest, and spit it into the liquid in the bottle. Try coughing several times. If you have difficulty coughing, try inhaling deeply the steam from a teakettle (or home-type inhalator). Keep the amount of saliva (ordinary spit) that you put into the bottle along with the cough specimen as small as possible. Do not collect the "phlegm" or mucous that comes from the back of your nose. Put the cap back on the bottle, and shake it vigorously for two minutes. If the amount of material you have coughed up is quite small, then keep the bottle at your bedside for three or four days, and each morning try to add another cough specimen. After obtaining your cough specimen, repack the bottle in the mailing container, and attach the enclosed mailing label. It does not require any postage stamps. Unfortunately, some miners "forget" to mail the sample and end up with an incomplete physical examination. To avoid this some companies, like Homestake, request that we obtain the sample in our clinic by forcing cough and expectorant with a nebulizer machine. This method does not give as good a sputum sample as the previous one, but we do get a sputum sample for every miner. The policies of different companies, in regard to annual physical examinations are different. All

Jan 1, 1981

By Bruno A. Fichna

Longwall mining offers low cost potential for coal with high capital investment. As opposed to two shifts-per-day operation in most long- walls, Saarberg Mines in Germany increase utilization of capital by operating their longwalls around the clock. Differentiation between capital and operating costs, corrective maintenance versus preventive maintenance, improved roof conditions, and economical life of equipment was investigated. A surprisingly high degree of improvement was attained. Capital costs at Saarberg longwall coal mines have been reduced through a step-by-step research and trial program. This reduction was particularly influenced by the high performance pilot longwalls at the Ensdorf mine. The following presentation shows data and figures of those longwalls. End results were 40% reduction in capital costs, which could contribute favorably to investment decisions in the coal industry in a supply side economics environment.

Jan 1, 1982

By Paul F. Thiele

The mining industry of Georgia, while not as large as in some other states, is still an important part of the economy. Total value of mineral production in 1966 was $148.6 million.l/ Clays and stone produced the most income, Other minerals included sand and gravel, iron ore, mica, talc, barite, bauxite, cement, feldspar, kyanite, peat, and rare-earth metals, titanium and zircon concentrates. Georgia ranks first among the states in production of kaolin, second in fuller's earth and rare-earth concentrates, third in bauxite and kyanite, fourth in barite and ilmenite, and fifth in feldspar. It is quite likely that phosphates will one day be mined in the south eastern part: of the state, and that alumina will be produced from the extensive kaolin deposits in the central part of the state.

Jan 1, 1968

By Y. F. Vasyuchkov

In general a term "unconventional mining or "non-traditional mining technology" getting more and more familiar to the mining engineering media. There are several alternating terminological combinations such as "in situ mining", "borehole mining", "shaftless mining", "mineless mining", "geotechnology" etc.; specific terms denote particular method of unconventional mining technology: "underground coal gasification in situ", "underground coal combustion in situ", "borehole hydraulic coal mining" and others. Principal scheme of unconventional coal mining technology is shown in Figure I:

Jan 1, 1997

By D. D. Rabb

Originally, the term solution mining applied to a dissolution, washing, or "brining" of soluble salts such as halite (common table salt), potash or trona. After the mid-sixties, however, the definition has been expanded to include heap and dump leaching, in-place (in situ) leaching, removal of oil from tar sands, extraction of sulfur from deep wells by the Frasch process and the recovery of metalliferous solutions from geothermal sources. Solution mining is also known as borehole, non-shaft, or chemical mining; the extraction of soluble mineral values from a variety of ores using appropriate solvents and chemicals. Solution mining frequently involves chemical changes; for example, copper usually goes into solution as copper sulfate, gold and silver as a cyanide compound, and uranium as a sulfate or uranyl tricarbonate. The valuable constituent is removed from the solid body of the ore by mass transfer to a aqueous solution.

Jan 1, 1986

By Lloyd E. Haight

After accepting the invitation to make this appearance today, it occurred to me that the subject matter which had been assigned to me, namely, the purpose and role of an advisor, was, contrary to what; some people might think, a controversial subject. In my brief lifetime, I have discovered that the world is full of advisors; that is to say, there are many people who undertake to render advice concerning subject matters upon which they may, or may not be qualified to speak. It shall be my purpose today to set forth what now appears to be the function of the members of the Advisory Council to the U. S. Public Land Law Review Commission; and, in so doing, I hope that I do not offend the Commission or any other-member of the Advisory Council with whom I serve. It has always been my personal conception of the role of an advisor that he should tender advice when it is requested, and then only if he has prepared himself concerning the matter upon which the advice is being given. I am sure it was the Congressional intent at the time the Public Land Law Review Commission was established indeed it was the hope. of Congress--that those of us who were to become members of the Advisory Council were informed upon certain particular subjects and then at the proper time express our opinions upon these subjects-and, by the same token, not attempt to enter opinions upon problems with which we have no experience in theory or in actuality. Some wag once said that if Columbus had had an advisory council, he would still be waiting at the dock in Spain, and there is more truth than fiction in that statement. With this problem in mind, let us examine the purpose of the Advisory Council itself.

Jan 1, 1967

By Jose Agapito

Roofbolts with expansion anchors have been used at White Pine for more than twelve years, but always with an understanding that their performance was not entirely satisfactory. Some bolts fell out, some were obviously loose, and, when roof failures did occur, very few bolts actually broke. Obviously, there was an anchorage problem. A program was started in May, 1967, to define the problem and to solve it. This paper describes briefly those parts of the program which led to the development of a roofbolt assembly which performs much better in the medium-hard rocks at White Pine. As a result of the changes, significant improvements were found in the torque:tension, tension loss, and pull tests.

Jan 1, 1970

By Haydn H. Murray

Kaolins and bentonites of economic importance in Australia and New Zealand are described. Clays that are used for structural clay products are not discussed. Residual, hydrothermal, and sedimentary kaolins are utilized including clays associated with coal measures. Bentonites are sedimentary and residual. Very little kaolin and no bentonite is exported presently, but this will change in the near future as transportation costs continue to escalate. Many areas of Australia, in particular, where kaolins are known to occur have not been investigated to determine the quality and quantity of the deposit.

Jan 1, 1982

By Adrian Brown

The primary method of slope stabilization is ground water-control. Recent research has established the properties which slope materials must exhibit in order for stabilization measures to be feasible, but there is little guidance in the literature about suitable field tests to develop the parameters needed for this evaluation. This paper presents a proven method for large scale testing which allows an evaluation of the feasibility of ground water pressure control in a reasonable cost and time frame. Methods of performance and analysis of the test are presented, and the method is illustrated by reference to case examples.

Jan 1, 1984

By Peter G. Chamberlain

Many mining engineers considering in-place leaching for the first time are uncertain as to how to evaluate ore bodies for potential leachability. Evidence presented in this report emphasizes the critical role of permeability in such evaluations. Whether an engineer is considering leaching "tight" formations typified by the porphyry copper deposits of the southwest or the permeable uraniferous sandstones of Texas and Wyoming, permeability measurements are the keystone of any testing program. Permeability tests range from cheap and easy to highly expensive and sophisticated operations. Constant head, variable head, and pumping tests all have application in evaluating ore bodies for in-place leaching. Costs of these tests will not unduly deflate the pocket- books of most mining companies. The basic procedures for selecting and running these field tests-including preparing suitable wells--are reviewed for the benefit of newcomers to in-place leaching.

Jan 1, 1979

By Richard L. Nielsen

Early Models In 1906, Daniel Jackling demonstrated that relatively low-grade disseminated copper deposits could be mined profitably using mass mining technology. The ensuing years saw a gradual increase in activity aimed at defining ore targets for large reserves of disseminated supergene enriched copper ores. Prominent organizations, such as Calumet and Hecla, Phelps Dodge, and Asarco, established teams of geologists. They focused on interpreting oxidized and leached outcrops over supergene chalcocite ore bodies. Techniques to evaluate oxidized cappings and predict the presence of underlying supergene chalcocite enrichment ores were developed and put to practical use by the late 1920s and early 1930s (Locke, 1926; Blanchard 1939, 1968). Oxidized capping evaluation centered on recognizing oxidation products derived from the various sulfide minerals found in disseminated deposits. Chalcopyrite, for example, oxidizes to a characteristic reddish pitch limonite that exhibits characteristic boxworks. Chalcocite is recognized by earthy, powdery, indigenous, hematite-rich limonite. Pyrite weathers to characteristic cavities and yellowish jarositic limonites. Evaluation of cappings is a systematic effort of noting and estimating the preoxidation sulfide mineral content and copper grade in an oxidized outcrop using mineral composition and morphology of oxidation products. Several complications were noted early in this technology's development. For example, the associated pyrite content of protore greatly influences mobility of copper and iron during oxidation. High-pyrite disseminated sulfide assemblages, upon oxidation, mobilize iron as well as copper. This results in oxidized rock with many leached cavities, poorly developed boxworks, and poorly developed indigenous limonites. This effect was noted and used in a general way to identify possible development of supergene chalcocite. Indeed, strongly leached outcrops could be present over enriched ore. A second complication is the manner in which associated gangue minerals influence the products of sulfide oxidation. Reactive gangue minerals, such as carbonates, neutralize acids formed by sulfide oxidation. Thus, copper cannot be moved from oxidized outcrops. Relatively nonreactive gangue, such as quartz-sericite-altered schist or porphyry, neutralizes supergene acid very slowly. This allows copper to move out of the oxidized outcrop. Recognizing these features was closely allied to an early understanding of the processes involved in oxidation supergene enrichment of disseminated ores. Field observations and mineralogic mapping of oxidized cappings were important in discovering many important porphyry copper ore bodies during the 1920s. These include Silver Bell, Miami-Inspiration, and Morenci in Arizona; Tyrone, NM; and Ely, NV. Capping interpretation like-wise led to discoveries at Mineral Park and Esperanza in Arizona during the exploration surge that accompanied high copper prices in the 1950s. In the 1960s, Kennecott research geologists refined and quantified some aspects of oxide capping appraisal (Anderson, 1982). The ratio of jarosite plus hematite to the total limonite assemblage was shown to be proportional to amount of copper leached from the oxidized outcrop. Thus, if the limonite assemblege in an oxidized capping consists of 40% goethite, 20% jarosite, and 40% hematite, 60% of the original copper is leached. The amount of copper remaining in the capping, together with the limonite mineralogy, can then be used to estimate original copper grade in the outcrop, amount of leaching, and chalcocite enrichment grade (in feet/% copper) in the underlying supergene chalcocite zone (Anderson, 1982). Evaluation of oxidized cappings and prediction of chalcocite blanket ore targets were successfully used in the western US and South America through the 1950s. Discovery of new porphyry copper provinces in other regions during the 1950s and 1960s, however, underscored some limitations of capping evaluation technology. Porphyry copper systems in Australia generally oxidize and weather to hematitic cappings. Presumably, the semiarid monsoon environment and the long time that the sulfide systems have been exposed to oxidation on that continent lead to development of relatively stable hematite. It is now recognized that jarosite and goethite persist metastably in the limonite assemblage in all areas once sulfide oxidation is complete and acid generation ceases (Brown, 1971). The assemblage eventually converts to hematite. But, climatic conditions in arid southwest US allows metastable limonites to persist for a long time, thus providing information on former sulfide assemblages. Another problem occurs when applying capping evaluation techniques in extremely humid re-

Jan 12, 1984

By A. D. Paananen

With the demand for higher grade feed by the American steel industry and the depletion of the direct shipping ores from the Marquette Iron Range and elsewhere, there was a need to develop the low-grade orebodies. The large reserve of fine grained oxidized iron-formation at the Tilden Mine has been the object of research and development efforts to concentrate the iron oxides as far back as 1949. Preceding the present mining-concentration-pelletizing complex, about 6,500,000 long tons of direct shipping siliceous ore were shipped from the Tilden Mine. Following development of the concentrating and pelletizing flowsheets, engineering and construction was initiated to develop the mine and construct concentrating and pelletizing facilities to produce 4,000,000 LTPY of pellets from this low grade crude ore. Operations started in late 1974 with Algoma Steel, J&L Steel Corp., The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company, The Steel Company of Canada, Ltd., Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp., and Sharon Steel Corp. as participants. Cleveland-Cliffs operates and manages the operation. Due to the non-magnetic nature of the ore and the fine grinding required to liberate the iron oxide minerals, this crude ore was not amenable to concentration by conventional methods. The iron oxides of the Tilden orebody have a grain size of less than 25 microns and recovery of the finer, well-liberated iron oxides is essential. Conventional methods of des liming employing cyclones or thickeners were not feasible because of the excessive loss of iron oxides in the finer fractions.

Jan 1, 1978