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By Vernom F. Swanson, George E. Fish

A study was made during 1959-60 of reported nelsonite occurrences in Nelson and Amherst Counties, Va. The investigation was limited to core drill- ing on one deposit and beneficiation studies on three deposits. Three diamond-drill holes totaling 562 feet were drilled on the E. M. Hughes property to determine subsurface continuity. Although outcrops as much as 30 feet wide were present on this property, the only nelsonite intersected in the holes ranged from 4 to 18 inches thick. The ilmenite content of the core ranged from 50 to 75 percent. These nelsonite deposits are of secondary importance as a source of titanium, being small, rarely exceeding 1,500 feet in length and 30 feet in width, but they are high grade. Due to the proximity of some of the bodies it might be possible to mine several of them as one operation feeding one mill. Electromagnetic separation on composited samples recovered 83.0 percent of the Tio as an ilmenite concentrate in 68.5 percent of the weight. Two flotation procedures were developed. The first method, using oleic acid as a collector and fluo silicic acid as an apatite depressant on deslimed feed, produced an overall recovery of 59.3 percent in batch tests. The second procedure eliminated desliming. Laurylamine hydrochloride removed silicates in an acid pulp followed by an alkaline apatite flotation with oleic acid as the collector and dextrine as the ilmenite depressant. The ilmenite-rich tailing represented a 66.2-percent recovery of Tio in the batch tests.

Jan 1, 1964

By C. B. Manula, R. L. Sanford, R. A. Rivell

Part I. DATA INPUT ALTERNATIVE 1

Jan 1, 1974

By M. R. Geer

The washability examination of a coal establishes the quality of the product that could be prepared by mechanical cleaning, shows how much impurity would have to be eliminated to attain a particular quality of product, indicates what type of cleaning process would be suitable, and tells whether the coal could be cleaned efficiently, The coal-preparation laboratories of the Bureau of Mines make washability examinations of coal for a variety of purposes. Sometimes these examinations are made as an integral part of research conducted on coal-washing problems. Occasionally they are made on coals mined on Government-owned land or on coals destined for use in Government installations. Often they are made on coals from new fields or new beds in existing fields to help establish the characteristics of the Nation's coal reserves. Whatever the original reason for doing the work, the results often are useful later in evaluating deposits or in the design of cleaning plants. Publication of the results of such studies provides for the widest possible usefulness. This report brings together the results of washability examinations made on 1 coal each from Oregon and Idaho, 2 from Wyoming, 5 from Utah, and 11 from Washington. Material of this nature is inherently difficult to summarize. Some of the coals are so clean} despite full-scam mechanical mining, that they could not be improved materially by washing; others present some of the most difficult preparation problems found in the country.

Jan 1, 1961

1. In 2003, a total of 734 nonmetal mining operations reported employment to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). Examples of nonmetal mining operations include, but are not limited to, the mining of clay, shale, barite, potash, trona, phosphate rock, rock salt, gypsum, talc, gemstones, mica, perlite, and pumice. • Nonmetal mines comprised 5.1% of all mining operations. • Nonmetal mining operations are located in all states and territories except Alaska, Delaware, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. • Mines producing common clay comprised 28.6% (n = 210) of all nonmetal mining operations.

Feb 1, 2005

By John P. Powell, J. L. Eakin

"INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARYNowata County, in the northeast corner of Oklahoma, is one of the principal oil-producing counties of this stripper area. Many fields in the county were opened and much oil was produced before statehood. The location of the major fields, as defined by the Oklahoma Corporation Commission, 2/ the outline of the areas of water-flooding activity, and the location of the several projects described in detail in this report are shown in figure 1.There was some drilling in the county earlier; but it was not until after 1904, when the Secretary of the Interior confirmed as valid the leases granted by the Cherokee Nation, that the major drilling activity began. Initial development in this part of Oklahoma was in the Chelsea field in Rogers County, which adjoins Novata County on the south. The activity spread rapidly northward to the Alluwe and Coody's Bluff fields, and then to the Nowata-Claggett field. Continued exploration resulted in discovery of the Delaware-Childers field, where some wells having an initial production of 1,000 barrels daily were completed. Fields discovered and developed during the next few years included the Lenepah (Elliott), Adair, California Creek, Curl Creek, Woody, and South Coffeyville. The oil-production history of Nowata County is shown in figure 2. In assembling the data for a production curve, it was found that the combined production records for Nowata and Rogers Counties were available for 1914 to 1951, inclusive, and that records for the individual counties were available only from 1926 to 1951, inclusive. The early production figures for the counties from 1905 to 1914, inclusive, except for 1909, were calculated from the initial production statistics of the Federal Geological Survey mineral resources bulletins and production data assembled by C. H. Beal. 3/ The production values for 1905 to 1926 for Nowata County were obtained by dividing the total production for the two counties by a percentage factor derived from known facts regarding the oil industry in the area. Production figures for the individual counties from 1926 to 1933, inclusive, were obtained from the files of the Oil and Gas Journal, and the figures from 1933 through 1951 were obtained from monthly reports of the Oklahoma Corporation Commission."

Jun 1, 1952

By Robert H. Lambeth

The Madison RARE II study area has four prospects with identified resources. These are listed in table 1 and are described in the following text. A high potential for Sillimanite exists at the Placer Creek occurrence (fig. 1, no. 7) and potential for phosphate rack in all areas underlain by the Phosphoria Formation. Some prospects exhibit minor potential for copper, lead, zinc, silver, and gold in the southern portion and very minor potential in the northern portion. Deposits in the northern end also have low potential for rare earth, asbestiform anthophyllite, or kyanite group minerals (including sillimanite).

Jan 1, 1982

By David Hoadley, Kenneth R. Maser, Ashok B. Boghani, James E. Billar, D. Randolph Berry, Mackenzie Burnett, Robert H. Trent

B 5 Typical Input - Ouput The input data and the printed output for case 8 of the simulations (Section A.4) are shown in the following. The branch, level, node, miner and hoist numbers mentioned in the input and output refer to the corresponding numbers in Figures A-3, A-4 and A -5, The plotted ouput, already shown in Figures A,11 and A-12 is not repeated. The input data shown does not include the following simulation parameters: DTIME = 0, 05 FTIME = 130 JPLT(K) = 1 for K = 1, 2, 3 0 for other K TPLSTR = 0.0 TPLST P = 130

Jan 1, 1976

By T. W. Hunter

THE TOTAL production of energy in the United States in 1954 decreased 4.6 percent below 1953. The production of coal continued to decline, and the production of crude oil decreased for the first time since 1949. These decreases were partly offset by an increase in the production of natural gas. The total energy production of 35,365 trillion B. t. u. in 1954 was the lowest since 1950. [ ] This drop in energy production was consistent with the 1.1-percent decline in gross national product during the year-from 364.5 billion dollars in 1953 to 360.5 billion in 1954.

Jan 1, 1958

By A. R. Taylor

Using solution calorimetry, the following heats of reaction were determined: (1) NaCN(c) + 1/Cu20(c) + 129H20(l) ? CuCN(c) + NaOH?128.5H2O ?H = -13.44±0.10 kcal/mole, (2) HCN(2) + NaOH?128.5H20 ? NaCN(c) + 129.5H20(l) ? = -2.52±0.02 kcal/mole. From these reactions, the heats of formation for CuCN(c) and HCN(2) were calculated to be 22.7±0.4 kcal/mole and 24.9±0.4 kcal/mole, respectively. Reaction 2 was made to check the consistency of literature values for heats of formation of HCN and NaCN. Adiabatic calorimetric measurements between 10° and 400° K showed the entropy and heat capacity of CuCN(c) to be 21.51±0.06 eu and 14.58±0.04 cal/mole deg, respectively, at 298° K. A broad anomaly in the heat capacity was found in the temperature range 285°-320° K. The heat of transition associated with this anomaly was less than 1 cal/mole, the sensitivity of the measurements.

Jan 1, 1971

By R. V. Ramani, V. T. Burgos, J. A. McClay

Cost Data Library The data retained in the Cost Data Library is of a semi¬permanent nature in that it is held in storage for immediate use with the program although its contents may require periodic evaluation to maintain it in a current status. The library is composed of six arrays containing both technical and cost data. The following description of the library input system provides the information necessary to maintain an active storage file. Array POWERA: FORMAT (8F10.0) - contains the step groupings of the power rate schedule for power cost computations. Four input data cards are required to fill this storage area. Card Column 1 1 - 10 Demand in Kilowatts for the First Step of the Demand Rate Schedule 11 - 20 Demand in Kilowatts for the Second Step of the Demand Rate Schedule y 41 - 50 Demand in Kilowatts for Fifth Step of the Demand Rate Schedule 51 - 60 Maximum Demand Level for this Rate Schedule 61 - 70 Percent Power Factor for this Rate Schedule 71 - 80 Unassigned 2 1 - 10 First Step Demand Charge, $/Kw 11 - 20 Second Step Demand Charge, $/Kw 4¬ 41 - 50 Fifth Step Demand Charge, $/Kw

Jan 1, 1975

By J. J. Bourquin

"The Keely mine at Dagger, Indiana, is one of the few mines that is being operated successfully on a cooperative basis. This shaft mine is developing 133 acres of coal in the Indiana No. 6 bed, which here averages 5-1/2 feet thick and. lies about 110 feet below the surface. Thirty seven (37) miners and twenty (20) company men or day man are employed, and the daily output is around 300 tons. Practically the entire production is sold by contract for railroad use. No mining machines are used and all coal is produced by pick work.The mine was originally owned and operated by the Stockton Coal. Co. of Dugger, but about eight years ago it was leased to Mr. Roy Price. He sub-leased the property to ten miners, who formed an association known as the Dugger Mutual Coal and Mining Co., to work the mine cooperatively.At first many difficulties were encountered; the cooperative idea is an old one, but the practice was new to those interested. Some of the men were energetic, ambitious workers; others were inclined to let their associates produce the coal but wanted to share in the profits. In time, after a hard struggle and many changes in the personnel of the company, business-like methods were adopted and the mine was put on a paying basis."

Feb 1, 1983

By Elizabeth A. Johnson

The effect of slag composition on lead losses to slags and on the behavior of associated accessory elements in lead blast furnace smelting has been studied by the Bureau of Mines. Equilibrations of 30 g of lead and synthetic slag doped with Cu, In, TI, and Sb at 1,200° C in CO-C02 atmospheres revealed the importance of the FeO:Si02 ratio and the basicity ratio, (CaO+MgO):SiO2, of the slag. Lead losses to slags increased with an increasing FeO:Si02 ratio and decreased with an in-creasing basicity ratio. Copper and indium distribution coefficients, [Lx =] increased from 15 at the lower basicity ratios to near 60 at higher basicity ratios. LTI values increased from 20 to 150 as slag basicity increased. Lcu, Lin, and LTI were relatively in-dependent of the FeO:Si02 ratio, but increased with greater amounts of accessory elements in the system. Antimony distribution alone was shown to be strongly affected by FeO:Si02 ratio, although data were scattered. LSb values ranged from 20 to 800 and decreased sharply with increasing FeO:Si02 ratios. The basicity ratio and the level of accessory element load did not have any noticeable effect on LSb.

Jan 1, 1983

By Travis Q. Lyday

The Other South Pacific Island states extend from Palau, also called Belau, near the Philippines in the west, to French Polynesia in the east. However, a number of countries and territories have been omitted, from this chapter because their mineral production was insignificant to the local economy. These include the French over-seas territories of French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna Islands; independent states, including Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu; the New Zealand freely associated state of the Cook Islands, and the New Zealand dependency of Niue. What mineral production existed in these islands was limited to construction materials such as coral reef limestone, crushed stone, and sand and gravel in minor quantities solely for domestic consumption. FIJI The mineral industry of Fiji continued to be dominated by gold, although this sector contributed less than 1 % to the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country. Gold and silver together ranked second in value among the country's exports. Fiji's economy contracted 11% during the 8-month period following the first, on May 14, of two military coups. Although the island nation had been a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations since its independence on October 10, 1970, Fiji's membership terminated with the emergence of the Republic or Fiji on October 15.

Jan 1, 1989

By Suzann C. Ambrosio

The mineral industry in Burundi continued to be a minor contributor to the 1980 gross domestic product (GDP) estimated at $293 million in constant 1970 prices.2 Mineral export revenues, primarily from cassiterite, increased by a factor of 15 between 1979-80, reaching approximately $434,000 by yearend 1980. Gold, bastnasite, colombite-tantalite, and wolfremite continued to be exploited on a small scale, using manual and semimechanical methods. Despite a sharp decline in mining activities during 1979, attributed to a lack o? profitability and shortage of construction materials, the mining sector exhibited signs of recovery during 1980. The mineral exploration budget grew 32% over 1979 levels and was equivalent to approximately $42,000 in 1980. In addition, the Burundi Geographical Institute (IGE BU) was created in September 1980 and given responsibilities to collect cartographic, topographic, hydrogeologic, and other geomorphological data., SONIBUROM, the Burundian and Romanian Government joint mineral corporation, conducted mineral deposit inventories during 1979-80 and has been charged with exploiting some of these as yet unspecified resource areas. Another Burundian-Romanian effort, called Mabaya-Butahana, was initiated to search for gold deposits. Meanwhile on the Ruzizi plain, alluvial gold prospecting, with an estimated grade between 0.2 to 1.0 gram per ton, was carried out on a small scale.

Jan 1, 1982

By Maria I. De Rosa

Table 28 and figure 10 show the number of fires and fire injuries for coal preparation plants by state during 1990-1999. Table 28 also shows the risk rates, employees' working hours, and lost workdays by state. For coal preparation plants, 91 fires occurred in 1 1 states during 1990- 1999. Twenty-three of those fires caused 25 injuries (the yearly average was 9.1 fires and 2.5 injuries). Ten fires and eight injuries involved contractors. The Ewhr value was 24 1 x 10' hr (Irr = 0.02 l), and the LWD value was 198. Pennsylvania had the most fires (24 fires and 4 injuries), whereas West Virginia (22 fires and 7 injuries) and Kentucky (22 fires and 7 injuries) had the most fire injuries. Among these states, Kentucky had the highest injury risk rate value (Irr = 0.025). Table 29, partly illustrated in figure 11, shows the number of fires, fire injuries, risk rates, employees' working hours, and lost workdays by time period. The number of fires decreased during most of the periods (an increase is seen only during the last period). The number of fire injuries show a decrease followed by an increase during the periods, accompanied by a decline in employees' working hours throughout the periods. The Irr values follow patterns similar to those shown by the injury values (see table 29 and figure 11). Tables 30-35 show the number of fires by ignition source, method of detection and suppression, equipment involved, location, and burning material by time period. Figure 12 shows the major variables during 1990-1999. Table 36 shows the fire injuries per number of fires causing injuries and total fires by year, ignition source, equipment involved, and location.

Jan 1, 2004

By C. P. Fang

"For lower stages of multinozzle micro-orifice impactors, as many as two thousand nozzles are uniformly arranged within a cluster diameter of 1.06 inches. In the impaction region the mass flowrate of the spent air increases along the radius and reaches a maximum at the periphery. This crossflow can significantly deflect the air jets of the outer nozzles, hence the characteristics of impaction changes.Investigators in heat transfer and fluid mechanics have studied the influence of crossflow on jet deflection and found the dimensionless deflection of the jet centerline X/Dn is a function of (S/Dn)(l/m) . only, here X is downstream coordinate measured from the center of the jet orifice, Sis the jet-to-plate distance, Dn is the orifice diameter and m is the jet/crossflow mass flux ratio defined as:"

Jan 1, 1989

By C. M. McKinney

Sulfur content data from Bureau of Mines routine analyses of 1,060 United States crude oils were used with crude oil production data for the years 1956-66 to prepare tables and charts that illustrate the volume and percentage distribution according to sulfur content of crude oil produced in 10 geographical areas of the United States. Similar relationships for foreign crude oils based on analyses of 201 crude oils and production during 1966 are illustrated for Africa, Canada, Middle East, and South America. Tables are included giving field name, sulfur content, geologic name and age of producing formation, depth of producing formation, and production during 1966 for 882 United States crude oils and 201 .foreign crude oils. Between 1955 and 1966 the average sulfur content of crude oils produced in the United States decreased from 0.73 to 0.67 percent.

Jan 1, 1967

By Joseph B. Huvos

Said to be one of the world's most under-developed countries, Benin had a gross national product (GNP) estimated at $1 billion in 1980.2 Contribution of the mineral industry such as cement and limestone to the GNP was negligible, but exploration of mineral potential continued Minerals.-The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) conducted an investigation of three deposits from 1977 to 1980: Phosphates (Mekrou), gold (Perma), and chromite (Buem). A phosphate rock deposit containing about 4.5 million tons recover- able by opencast techniques was discovered. It was not known if the gold and chromite deposits were recoverable economically. Iron ore deposits of some 230 million tons near Loumbo-Loumbo are at present not exploitable because of lack of infrastructure in the northern part of the country. Geologic mapping with British and French assistance was also pursued in 1980.

Jan 1, 1982

By G. M. Wilemon

The Bureau of Mines conducted preliminary investigations on the use of an acid-alcohol leaching technique for recovering phosphate values from phosphate matrices. H2S04 and methanol were used as the leaching agents. Starting-matrix particle size and acid-apatite ratio were found to significantly affect the efficiency of phosphate leaching. Phosphate extractions of more than 80 pct were obtained when minus 200-mesh ore was used and the acid-apatite ratio was 8:1 or more. The iron and aluminum oxide impurities (R203) present in the crude acid products were monitored, and R203-P205 ratios are reported. Phosphate extractions in excess of 80 pct also were obtained when phosphatic clay wastes were leached. Typically, leach slurries filtered using test leaf filters ex-hibited filtration rates of 100 lb/(h·ft2) or more.

Jan 1, 1987

By S. H. Ash

"INTRODUCTION Mine fires have occurred since underground mining of minerals began, and they are still occurring. The technical literature is replete with papers relating to mine fires.Means and methods for controlling and extinguishing mine fires and preventing explosions and other accidents require the collection and analyses of samples of the atmospheres surrounding the fire. Such atmos¬pheres are complex mixtures of gases (1, 3, 4, 15, 21, 23).3/SUMMARYExperiences at mine fires (1, 3, 4, 15, 21, 23) have proved conclusively that mine-air analyses furnish the only means of judging what is going on in a mine fire area. Mine-air analyses give evidence of conditions that require immediate protection, govern the order and control the manner in which a fire is fought, show the necessity of bulkheads and establish the places to construct them, indicate whether or not a fire is being controlled or is being extinguished, and govern procedure in sealing and unsealing mine fires.It is commonly believed that danger to life and property from mine-fire atmospheres is greatest in coal mines; this is true only to the degree that the explosion hazard is greater in coal mines than in noncoal mines because of the presence of combustible gases. The problem of gas poisoning is greater in noncoal mines because of the more frequent occurrence of poisonous and innocuous gases, oftentimes the lack of controlled ventilation, and usually greater difficulties in sealing mine-fire areas. Sulfide minerals present a serious hazard in many metal-mine fires when sulfur dioxide is formed. The country rock or ore body itself may contain or be limestone, which may be calcined. Emanations of carbon dioxide are found."

Dec 1, 1950