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By Julián M. Ortiz

Uncertainty quantification of a spatially distributed variable at any scale can be handled through geostatistical simulation. Large computation time, storage, and post-processing of the realizations are required to obtain a final assessment of block uncertainty. Multi-Gaussian kriging is a flexible alternative to simulation. The idea is to compute the conditional distribution of uncertainty after normal score transformation of the original samples. Under the multi-Gaussian assumption, all marginal and conditional distributions are Gaussian, hence fully defined by their mean and variance. The parameters of the conditional distributions are obtained by simple kriging and can be back-transformed to the original units of the variable of interest. An estimate and any summary of uncertainty can be easily retrieved. The main disadvantage of performing multi-Gaussian kriging is that change of support is not straightforward, that is, calculating uncertainty of block grades. We propose a methodology to overcome this limitation by considering a matrix simulation to generate multiple probability fields. Each probability field is used to draw spatially correlated point values from the point-support conditional distributions, and multiple realizations of the average can be obtained. This permits the calculation of the average over the block and its uncertainty. These blocks may correspond to selective mining units or to volumes from longer production periods relevant for engineering decisions. They can even be disjoint blocks, such as when several faces are mined at the same time. POSTMG, a Fortran program to perform these calculations, is described and a case study is provided.

May 1, 2004

By A. Golabchi

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an increasingly popular method for generating and managing facility information during the life cycle of a building, ranging from facility conceptualization, through design, construction and its operational life. Organizations involved in Facility Management (FM) have the opportunity to use BIM as a knowledge repository to document evolving facility information and to support decisions made by the facility managers during the operational life of a facility. This paper demonstrates the potential of using BIM to develop algorithms that automate decision making for FM applications. The potential of utilizing BIM as an analysis tool is demonstrated through the scenario of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system failure in an operating facility. In case of a typical HVAC malfunction today, facility occupants record complaints in a ticketing database maintained by the FM organization. Upon receiving notification of HVAC system failure, facility inspectors visit the location to confirm the reported failure. Upon confirmation, facility managers review building plans and specifications to develop a detailed plan of action to repair any HVAC components suspected of damage. Based on the plan of action, inspectors visit the facility to inspect and, in case of damage, repair the appropriate HVAC system components. These FM practices ? as currently implemented across the industry ? are labor intensive, time consuming, and often rely on unreliable and outdated information. To address these shortcomings, the authors propose an alternative methodology of HVAC fault detection in operational buildings. The authors implement an algorithm that leverages complaint ticket data and automates BIM to determine potentially damaged HVAC system components. Based on the list of HVAC components suspected of damage, the algorithm develops a plan of action for the facility inspectors. Finally, the authors discuss the advantages of the proposed method as well as the challenges of implementing automated BIM-enabled decision making processes in the FM industry.

Aug 1, 2013

By G. Couture

"The Glencore Raglan mine Concentrator, located in Quebec’s Nunavik region, has been in operation since 1997. The nickel metallurgical plant was originally designed to process 100 tonnes per hour of ore to produce 130 000 tonnes of nickel concentrate per year at 16% Ni. The increased grinding capacity and the discovery of rich ore bodies have increased the annual production to more than 190 000 tonnes of concentrate at 19% Ni. In 2014, the Metallurgical group, with support from BBA, implemented an expert control system on the flotation circuit. This project was initiated to cope with the high variability of the concentrator’s feed. Increasing the plant recovery and final concentrate grade were also important project objectives. The implementation of the expert system ensures better control of concentrate inventory while maintaining maximum plant throughput. This paper describes the successful implementation of the new control system, the control technology selection and the flotation circuit optimization. It will also discuss the performances obtained with this new approach and the improved process stability.IntroductionThe Raglan Mine is located in Northern Quebec along the 62th parallel. It has been in operation since 1997 and was originally designed to produce 130 000 tonnes of concentrate annually at 16% Ni. The increasing of the grinding capacity and the discovery of rich ore bodies have increased the annual production to more than 190 000 tonnes of concentrate between 18 and 20% Ni."

Jan 1, 2015

By C. Schuffeneger

"The design of SAG milling circuits for mining projects requires the incorporation of the energy consumption considerations and the evaluation between different flexibility-adding options to absorb the time-dependent variation in the ore lithology. In order to expand the focus of the engineering design, a higher level of deepness and quality in the baseline information must be achieved to elucidate all of the constraints on throughput, energy consumption and product quality generating a design optimization consistent with an integrated vision of the process. This paper presents a review of a collection of typical examples of the copper and gold mining project in the Chilean Andes, in which both process and energy efficiency criteria are considered when the focus is to deliver an integral solution that incorporate those areas in the design. The intensive use of energy in the SAG milling, the process continuity and the quality of the product are a function of the proper design and selection of grinding equipment and plant layout, aligned with the mining plan and associated with projected future expansions and production increases.INTRODUCTION Autogenous and Semiautogenous grinding technology, large diameter and short length mills, begins with the Handsel design. During the decade of 1930’s, Handsel-Hardinge studies led to cascade mill development. Nowadays, 80 years later, continuous improvements in design and technology have been conducted to a completely new generation of gearless SAG mills that have led to an increasing capacity at the concentrator plants. Considering the existing alternatives, SAG mills are the most implemented option for the grinding circuit today. This work presents a review of the SAG mill implementation parameters and circuit considerations and its correlations in the most recent projects in Chile with an ore treatment capacity above 50 ktpd since the decade of the 90’s up to now. From this period, the tendencies will be analyzed using project design data. Based on process design information, the recent SAG mill history in relevant projects related to the new generation of commercial SAG mills, technical associated considerations and performance will be discussed. Circuit selection based on energy utilization will be revised to bring up a more holistic perspective on the SAG mill circuit design concepts. As is now well known, the heart of every concentrator plant are the grinding mills. Higher demands on throughput, availability and power consumption optimizations require not only high performance electrical equipment but also a well selected grinding circuit. The energy efficiency issues associated to the circuits design will be reviewed."

Jan 1, 2012

By W. E. Segsworth

Introduction By far the largest part of the money raised for mining is raised by honest and legitimate means; but a not inconsiderable amount is raised by fraudulent sales methods. It will be conceded without argument that the greatest menace to the mining business is the fraudulent promoter. The sale of worthless mining stocks to the public by high-pressure. salesmen, house to house canvassers, telephone campaigns, fraudulent use of the mails, fraudulent statements, and reloading, has seriously prejudiced the public against even legitimate mining. A very small percentage of the funds raised by such fraudulent means is ever spent on the property, but instead is absorbed by the promoter in illegitimate' profits, enormous commissions, high office rents, and other expenditures, and is just so much subtracted from the fund which the legitimate developer needs to bring new mines to the point of production. The mining fraternity has been at fault in that, while they recognized this situation, they made no adequate attempt to rectify it. They knew that these fraudulent practises were conducted by parasites who attached themselves to the mining business in boom times and claimed to be part and parcel of it, but who were merely professional salesmen and promoters who, when there was not a mining boom, were selling sky-line real-estate, worthless oil stocks, or fraudulent securities which happened to be popular with the public. While mining people had this distinction well in mind, the public did not differentiate between the crooked promoter temporarily selling fraudulent mining stock and the honest promoter who made mining finance his life work; and we did little to make this distinction clear to the public or to sweep these money grabbers out of our house. The historic boom of 1927-8 and '29 brought with it the usual crop of crooked mining promoters, and the scandals resulting from their operations forced the Governments into the enactment of laws to attempt to protect the gullible public against the operations of these meanest of thieves and to appease public clamour.

Jan 1, 1934

By S. Kahraman, K. Develi, E. Yasar

Four hydraulic top hammers, one pneumatic top hammer, and three down-the-hole drills were observed in several rock types at quarries and highway construction sites to measure the performance data. At the same time, drill cuttings from each drill hole were collected for the determination of the coarseness index (CI), which is the sum of cumulative weight percentages of a particular size-graded sample of debris, and for the determination of median particle size (MPS), which is defined as the particle for which the quantity of particles equals 50% of the total of the cumulative distribution. After the sieve analysis was carried out on the drill cuttings in the laboratory, CI values were calculated and MPS values were obtained from the plots of cumulative undersize vs particle size. The performance data of the drills, CI values, and MPS values were analyzed using the least square regression method. It was seen that strong linear relationships usually exist between penetration rates and CI values, and penetration rates and MPS values for both top hammer drills and down-the-hole drills. Penetration rates increase linearly when increasing the CI and MPS values.

Jan 1, 2004

By Chas Kemsley

NO. 6 shaft at Dome Mines, Limited, is an internal shaft going down vertically from the sixteenth, or 2,000-ft., level to the twenty-ninth, or 4,000-ft., level, with loading station and sump below this. It is located approximately 4,600 feet east of No. 3 shaft, the latter being Dome's main shaft through which ail ore, men, and material are handled. The decision to sink this shaft was made in May, 1935, and work was commenced almost immediately. To reach the site of the new shaft, 3,100 feet of cross-cutting, and 1,400 feet of slashing to widen existing cross-cuts, was necessary. On account of the long haul and the large amount of material to be handled, trolley haulage was decided upon and installed as soon as possible to facilitate the removal of waste rock from the crosscut and other necessary excavations. Figure 1 shows a cross-section of the cross cut and the manner in which the trolley wire is supported and guarded. For hanging each individual cross-piece, two holes are drilled into the roof and filled with snug-fitting wooden plugs. Into these, %-in. ragged hanger bolts arc driven by means of a stoper. The bolts are of various lengths to allow for irregularities in the face of the rock, and they have sufficient thread to permit several inches of adjustment for proper alignment of the cross-pieces. These hangers are spaced at 8-ft. intervals except at the curves, where 5-ft. spacing is used. A 2 in. by 6 in. cedar plank is fastened to the cross-pieces directly over the centre of the track. To this the trolley-wire supports are bolted, and 1 in. by 10 in. cedar boards are nailed on each side to act as guards. Two power-supply cables, one telephone cable, and one .Y2-in. conduit lighting circuit are also supported on the trolley-wire hangers, as shown in Figure 1. A 20-in. ventilating pipe and a 10-in. air line are placed as shown, thus acting as a guard to prevent workmen from walking on the track.

Jan 1, 1938

By Unal Artan

It is well known in the robotics community that the ability to determine the position of vehicles in real time is a key enabling technology required for automation, traffic management, and to ensure safety in the presence of multiple vehicles. Because of this, the introduction of global positioning systems (GPS) has had a remarkable impact on the surface mining industry, enabling real-time tracking of mobile assets, improved safety, and production optimization. Unfortunately, satellite-based GPS is not available underground. This paper reports on the preliminary results of a study to develop a robust method for globally consistent mapping of large-scale underground mine environments. We believe that this may additionally become the first step towards the development of a novel underground positioning technology. Presented are preliminary results from data collected at two underground mines using an Atlas Copco ST14 LHD machine.

Oct 1, 2009

By Tapio Leskinen

"In the 1960’s, when large flotation machines appeared on the market, this was a part of a world-wide trend towards the use of ever larger machine units.One factor that has played a decisive part in this development is the increased of the amounts of ore that have to be handled as the exploitation of successively poorer ores becomes necessary. The advancing application of instrumentation and automation has worked in the same direction.In 1970, a working group was set up within Outokumpu Oy, for the purpose of flotation machine development. The principal task of this group was to be the design and development of- a new type of rotor of increased efficiency, especially for the dispersion of large amounts of air- a mechanical-pneumatic flotation machine of substantially larger size that existing plant.This development project required an extensive program of theoretical investigation and experimental studies at several concentration plants of the company.The commonest flotation machine presently used in the concentration plants of Outokumpu Oy is the VK-3. It is of the mechanical-pneumatic type, and the volume of its cell tanks is 2.5 m3 per shaft. This machine was developed within the company, and its first development phase i s represented by the OKKO 3, built for the Kotalahti concentrator in 1959. It was, in its time, comparable in volume to the largest machines that were then in use anywhere in the world."

Jan 1, 1976

By F. D. Ford, Z. Dai, A. Byers

Manitoba Mining and Milling operations consist of three underground mines (Thompson T1, T3 and Birchtree), feeding the Thompson Mill. Three years ago, a collaborative effort involving Mines Exploration, Mines Project Development Group, Mill Technical Services and Vale Base Metals Technical Excellence Center was initiated to establish and verify the cause of high variability in concentrate quality and Ni recovery at the Thompson Mill. One outcome of this work was a program to systematically characterize the mineralogy and metallurgical performance of current and future orebodies feeding the mill. Mineralogy results show that high value enabling ores typically have a high pentlandite to pyrrhotite ratio and benign silicate mineralogy (mostly quartz and feldspar from sedimentary host rocks), while metallurgically challenging ores contain some combination of pyrite and/or hexagonal (non-magnetic) pyrrhotite and/or elevated quantities of talc (with associated carbonates) derived from altered ultramafic host rocks. The metallurgical performance of these two ore types has been simulated by an Excel particle flotation model, which calculates the relative floatability of particles based on the particle’s mineral composition and mineral locking determined from MLA images. The relationship between these mineral properties measured by MLA and metallurgical performance was established using 13 monthly composite samples from Thompson Mill. The model was then validated with results of laboratory flotation experiments on individual orebodies submitted for evaluation. The validated model can be used to predict plant metallurgical performance based on individual ore bodies feeding the mill. Individual orebody’s grade-recovery curves are assumed to be additive, and can be weighted in proportion to the mill feed to predict mill recovery over the same time period. The ore mixing can be done with a simple Excel spreadsheet and comes with a graphical output for easy visualization of the resulting grade-recovery curve.

Jan 1, 2015

By K. Leung, J. E. Udd, L. B. Geller, F. Kitzinger

"Sixteen miners died tragically at the Paymaster gold mine in Timmins, Ontario, in February 1945 when a badly corroded hoist rope broke. The investigation of the Royal Commission that followed arrived at a number of recommendations (The Legislative Assembly of Ontario, 1947) aimed at avoiding future disasters of this kind. One consequence was the development and legislated use in Canada, several decades ago, of powerful electromagnetic (EM) instruments for the non-destructive testing of mine shaft wire ropes. The authors have been involved for many years in the design, production, and testing of EM instruments (Geller and Udd, 1990, 1992; Geller and Kitzinger, 1991; Geller et al., 1992). Since the mid-1990s, particular attention was paid to the design and operational results obtained from the computer controlled portable MagnographTM II wire rope tester (Geller et al., 1995, 1998).In the present paper, the authors summarize further hardware- and software-related developments of this instrument. Further, an account is given of the results obtained from the most recent design known as the Perma- ScanTM testing system. This is also a computerized dual-function system. In it, however, the sensor head is designed primarily, if not solely, for permanent installation and for remotely controlled operation. This represents a basic departure from traditional designs, which were intended for ad hoc temporary installations. The remote-controlled instrument described in this paper has now been in operational use for more than four years."

Jan 1, 2003

By Christoph Müller

Information exchange for mine process optimization is essential. Today, modern mining equipment uses the IREDES standard to exchange production plans and reports for easy management and storage. To gain further benefits from process optimization, a mine wide access to real-time information is needed as e.g.: The current status of a machine, operational details etc. Presently, real-time data exchange systems are developed by machine producers. Each machine producer uses its own way of gathering, managing, and storing production data. These proprietary mining processes increase the complexity of cross platform data exchange and management for mines which involves machines produced by different vendors. Casting and unifying the data requires much effort. For this purpose, ?IREDES On-line? currently is being introduced. The standard defines an open, web based method for the exchange of volatile real time machine information. Two different principles are used: Web Services for cross platform information exchange within the IT world and the optional OPC UA for use with automation and process control systems. With such a standard information from machines of different vendors may be managed by using one common platform without spending the effort for dedicated interface development. Additionally, information management and storage will become straight forward since all the data are of the same format. The IREDES On-line standard utilizes the latest IT technologies as well as the knowledge and experiences gained from the previous IREDES standard. The paper explains the benefits, the use, as well as the technical design of the standard and gives application examples from the practice.

Oct 1, 2009

By Jean Cayouette, Paul Blatter, Paul Cousin

"The Laronde mill was commissioned in 1988 and has been treating the Laronde Penna ore since 2000. The Laronde plant, situated in the Abitibi region of Quebec, has experienced mill expansions to accommodate 7500 mtpd and to recover gold and silver as well as important amounts of base metals (Cu, Zn, Pb). Ten sequential metallurgical and environmental processes are responsible for metals recovery and process viability. Over 200,000 ounces of gold, 4,5 million ounces of silver, 7000 tonnes of copper, and 78,000 tonnes of zinc are produced annually.In 2008, the Goldex plant began trucking high grade (35-45 g/t Au) pyrite sulphide concentrate (TCGO) for gold extraction at a newly constructed treatment plant, increasing gold output at Laronde by 40,000 ounces. In 2009, the high gold grade Lapa ore processing facilities were annexed to the Laronde plant increasing output by 120,000 ounces of gold. TCGO and Lapa productions are forecasted until 2018 and 2015 respectively, with known reserves of each mine.Today, up to 140 permanent employees run and optimise the Laronde plant operation. As a result, Laronde has intricacies intrinsic to a large and varied operation. The paper will outline the metallurgical highlights, challenges, and future outlook related to the treatment of each ore type (Laronde, TCGO, and Lapa).INTRODUCTIONFollowing the 2000 to 2003 expansions, the Laronde plant evolved into a mature milling complex with developed processing, man power, and water treatment capabilities able to accommodate the complex Laronde ore. The ore requires a series of grinding, copper/lead flotation and separation, zinc flotation, zinc tails precious metals leaching, followed by a counter-current decantation circuit and Merrill Crowe precipitation. A paste backfill and SO2-air cyanide destruction operate intermittently. The tailings area has a dedicated cyanide destruction and metals precipitation plant prior to water recycling to the mill. A biological water treatment plant was put into service in 2004 to address the build-up of thiocyanate in the tailings ponds at Laronde. This was the result of the high sulphide content of the Laronde ore and 90% recirculation of the process water. The plant uses bacteria to oxidize and destroy thiocyanate, and removes phosphate from the water before it is released to the environment."

Jan 1, 2011

By Neil Campbell

Abstract Following discovery on the Giant property of very promising gold deposits, some of which terminate against the steeply-dipping West Bay fault, a geological study was initiated co locate possible faulted extensions of the ore. Geological mapping revealed that the ore and the shear zones to which the ore is confined are older than the fault and therefore subject co displacement by it. It also disclosed several diabase dykes which seem co provide the best basis for determining the fault movement. After applying various techniques co determine their strikes and dips, the dykes were used as structural markers and it was estimated that, subject co certain possible errors, the movement on the fault was 16,140 feet (3.06 miles) south and 1,570 feet (0.297 miles) down on the west side relative co the ease. Evidence supporting this conclusion was obtained when subsequent deep diamond-drill holes intended to test the hypothesis cut an ore-bearing major shear zone which, so far as can be determined, is nearly identical with its present correlative on the Giant property. Introduction The fault under consideration follows a northerly trend past the west side of the original settlement of Yellowknife, which is situated 600 miles north of Edmonton and 400 miles from the Northern Alberta Railway terminus at Waterways, Alberta. The mining properties chiefly concerned include the southern part of the Giant claims, on the east side of the fault, and the Con-Rycon-Demelt claims, on the west side, 3Y2 miles to the south. Geological data were also obtained from the eastern part of the A. Y.E. property, which lies south of the Giant claims, and from the Negus, Meg, Yellorex, and Kam properties, which are south and southeast of the Con-Rycon-Demelt claims. Recognition of the major faults in the Yellowknife Bay area, including the West Bay fault which appears to be the greatest, resulted from the work of Dr. A. W. Jolliffe (McGill University, formerly of the Geological Survey of Canada) in 1935 and subsequent years. It has been stated with little exaggeration that these faults rank with the largest known steeply-dipping dislocations of the earth's crust. In the winter of 1939, a mineralized shear zone named the Creek Vein was found on the Giant property. It was noticed that the space relationship between the new shear zone and a body of quartz-feldspar porphyry is roughly the same as that between the Con C-4 shear zone and a body of acidic flows lying north of the Con property. Coupling this relation with the assumption that the movement along the fault is dominantly horizontal, it was postulated that the Giant shear zone represented the faulted extension of the Con C-4 shear.

Jan 1, 1947

By R W. Drybrough

The program to increase production at Sherritt Gordon's Lynn Lake property, which began in 1956, included increasing the rope speed and the horsepower of the ore hoist at the "A" shaft. Because of the limited power sup-ply from the two 7,000-hp. hydroelectric plants, and the ? 3,600 hp. predicted for the combined hoisting requirements of the three production shafts, it was considered desirable to lessen the impact of this type of load on the relatively small power system by equipping all future hoisting arrangements with Ward Leonard direct-current drives. The manually operated 8-by 4-ft. hoist at the "A" shaft had a rope speed of 1000 f.p.m., and was driven by a 385-hp., 380-r.p.m. wound rotor motor with liquid rheostat control. This A.C. drive was replaced by a semi-automatic Ward Leonard direct-current drive with a 515-hp., 566-r.p.m., shunt wound motor, providing a rope speed of 1,500 f.p.m. During several months preceding the con-version, all possible preparations were carried out to keep the changeover period to a minimum, and this resulted in a total shutdown time of twelve days. The capability of the "A" Shaft hoist was increased from 109 tons per hour to 134 tons per hour, and both mechanical and electrical maintenance were reduced considerably. The total cost of the conversion amounted to $130,000. The hoistmen who had been required for the manual A.C. drive were transferred to the new Farley shaft, and the reduction in operating labour costs of the "A" Shaft hoist

Jan 1, 1965

By V I. McCallum

In 1954, Falconbridge Nickel Mines Limited began the program of deepening the Falconbridge mine workings for 2,000 feet below the bottom, or 4025, level in order to provide twelve new levels for production. Involved in this program were a production-sized internal shaft, .crushing, pumping and hoisting installations, the integration of the new shaft operations with those of existing shafts, and considerations of ventilation requirements and ground support at depth. This paper describes the major items of equipment, and the depth development of No. 9 shaft as a whole, and also emphasize the planning phases of the program. The factors involved and reasons for the equipment and layouts chosen are given. Introduction and History THIS paper describes the planning and development of that portion of the Falconbridge mine between the 4025 and 6050 mining levels. This mine, the oldest of several being operated by Falcon-bridge Nickel Mines Limited in the Sudbury district, has been a continuous producer for over thirty years.

Jan 1, 1964

By J. D. Bateman

DURING the summer of 1942 several chromite deposits were discovered in the Lac du Bonnet district about eighty miles northeast of Winnipeg. The deposits are confined to the Bird River complex, a folded composite sill of basic and ultrabasic igneous rocks of early Precambrian age that lies to the north of Bird river (1). The outcrop of the sill represents the trace of an easterly plunging anticline, the south limb extending from the northeast bay of Lac du Bonnet eastward to Bird lake, and the other limb, 6 to 12 miles north, lying between Maskwa river and Euclid lake. The south limb of the sill is 20 miles long, and the northern counterpart 15 miles; but its continuity is interrupted by faulting and by the intrusion of younger granite, so that the total length of outcrop of both limbs does not likely exceed 25 miles. The sill is intrusive into early Precambrian greenstones and associated sedimentary rocks. The chromite discoveries have been made at several localities on both limbs of the sill, and in each case at the same geological horizon. The sill comprises an upper layer of hornblende gabbro and a lower layer of serpentinized peridotite, and altogether is from 500 to 3,500 feet thick. The chromite zone is within and near the top of the peridotite layer, and thus about midway of the sill, both of the limbs of which stand nearly vertical. This geological relationship was established early in the exploration of the initial discoveries and served as the basis for successful predictions of later discoveries. The chromite zone probably persists throughout the length of the sill, but its width and chromite content are not everywhere the same. The initial exploration along both limbs of the sill has shown a combined total length of about 12,000 feet of chromite ore varying in width from 6 to 12 feet. In many places the overburden is thick and obscures the continuity of the chromite zone; but as investigation proceeds the known deposits will be extended and new ones will be found. Thus, although a total length of 12,000 feet of ore has been investigated up to the present time, there is an indicated length of approximately 31,000 feet along which the ore is more than 4 to 5 feet wide. This estimate is based on geological considerations and represents a total tonnage in the order of 15,000 tons per vertical foot of depth.

Jan 1, 1943

By M. Sharafodin, A. A. Hassanipak

Abstract - The essential aims of additional borehole drilling are to improve the reliability of grade and tonnage estimates in each reserve class and to increase ore tonnages. The "GET" function presented in this paper considers strategies for achieving both of these goals simultaneously, and therefore is advantageous for selecting sites for additional boreholes. The "GET" function is either a linear or a non-linear product of three variables G, E, and T: f(G,E,T,) = G??E??T??where the values of any or all of the exponents ?, ?, and ??may differ from unity at the discretion of the user. G and E are the average estimated block grade and the average estimation error for ore blocks in one vertical column, and T is the compounded ore thickness within the column. To illustrate its utility, the GET function has been used for determination of the most advantageous sites for additional drilling in the Shah-Kuh Pb-Zn deposit in west central Iran.

Jan 1, 2004

By K. Schrijver, G. Beaudoin

"Four occurrences of galena-cemented sandstones, exposed in the Lower St. Lawrence - Gaspésie area, are described. They constitute a new, insufficiently explored type of deposit in Quebec.One mineralized body, a minor occurrence, is hosted in Lower Devonian rocks deposited in an estuarine, intertidal river channel during a marine regression; major cements are dolomite and sulphides. Another occurrence, a drilled prospect, is hosted in Upper Silurian rocks deposited unconformably on Cambro Ordovician basement during a marine transgression. With galena and quartz as main cementing minerals, it is similar to some well-known, economic sandstone-lead deposits. A third and fourth, a drilled prospect and a minor occurrence, are hosted in Upper Cambrian rocks deposited on continental slopes. In both, sulphides mainly occupy a secondary porosity. The differences between the third and fourth occurrences are: (1) cementing translucent minerals (carbonates and barite in one; chlorite in the other); (2) chronology of final subsurface dissolution (prior and subsequent to sulphide precipitation, respectively); and (3) important fracture porosity only in the barite-bearing deposit.The diversity of the four occurrences, and the unequal geological knowledge of their respective features, prohibit the formulation of uniform guidelines for further exploration.IntroductionThe attention of the mineral exploration community is drawn to four occurrences of galena-cemented sandstones (Fig. 2A) in the Cambrian of the Taconian Orogen and in the Siluro-Devonian basin of the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspésie area (Fig. 1). In view of the fact that sandstone-lead deposits (Bjerlykke and Sangster, 1981) are, or have been, mined in several countries (e.g . Laisvall in Sweden: see Rickard et al., 1979; Largentiere in France: see Foglierini et al., 1980), the mere presence of occurrences in Quebec indicates that the mineral potential of some parts of the Appalachians requires further evaluation.Exploration for the deposits considered here is essentially restricted to geological methods and drilJing (e.g . Mainguet Suares and Samama, 1969), since the response to geophysical methods is virtually nil, at least in the initial, surficial stage of an exploration program. As the particular disciplines of geology utilized in exploration depend a great deal on the geological setting of a mineral occurrence, the diversity of the Quebec deposits is of prime importance. Therefore, the four occurrences (Fig. I, Table 1) studied by the authors are herein briefly described with emphasis on their stratigraphic and tectonic setting, and on the evolution of pore space and sequential occlusion of pores and fractures. Prior to further research in and around the occurrences, now in progress (e.g. Beaudoin, 1987; Beaudoin et al., 1987), it is hoped that the following outline will be useful to the explorationist."

Jan 1, 1987

"The measurement of error in assays collected as part of a mineral exploration program or mining operation historically has been undertaken in a variety of ways. Different parameters have been used to describe the magnitude of relative error, and each of these parameters is related to the standard measure of relative error, the coefficient of variation. Calculation of the coefficient of variation can be undertaken in a variety of ways; however, only one produces unbiased estimates of measurement error: the root mean square coefficient of variation calculated from the individual coefficients of variation.Thompson and Howarth’s error analysis approach has also been used to describe measurement error. However, because this approach utilizes a regression line to describe error, it provides a substantially different measure of error than the root mean square coefficient of variation. Furthermore, because regression is used, Thompson and Howarth’s results should only be used for estimating error in individual samples, and not for describing the average error in a data set. As a result, Thompson and Howarth’s results should not be used to determine the magnitudes of component errors introduced during geochemical sampling, preparation, and analysis.Finally, the standard error on the coefficient of variation is derived, and it is shown that very poor estimates of relative error are obtained from duplicate data. As a result, geoscientists seeking to determine the average relative error in a data set should use a very large number of duplicate samples to make this estimate, particularly if the average relative error is large."

Jan 1, 2007