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By Richard Q. Fox, Joe L. Pinson

This paper provides guidelines jo1• analyzing and selecting electric power demand controlled. Error calculations, load selections and timing criteria are identified as the three key functions which affect the suitability of a demand controller for any particular application. The advantages of simulating the demand control application on a computer are described, and applications of a demand controller to an iron ore concentrator and a copper refinery are shown. Finally, the paper studies the return on investment for a demand controller.

Jan 1, 1976

By Louis M. Perlman

CAN PRESENT TRENDS CONTINUE? Can population growth in the world keep going at the average rates of the last few decades, till, say, the year 2000? And beyond? At the same time, can we expect steady increases in mineral consumption per head, all over the world, as the living standards of many nations converge toward the living standards of North America? If they do converge? Does the total fund of world resources extend, with foreseeable techniques, to supplying the consequent demands for metals, non-metallic minerals and energy? Do we have the requisite economic and scientific techniques available to answer these questions? Certainly, we cannot forecast over decades with any certainty. There are many, of course, who seem to believe that by the simple fitting of trends, they can tell us something about the world and resource constraints in the year 2000, twenty-three years from now. It is significant that many studies of this sort have added sustenance to the 'doom-watching' fraternity of commentators. The reason is simple. The extrapolation of exponential trends into the distant future frequently leads to the most astounding and impossible scenarios. Another feature of exponential growth is the suddenness with which certain fixed limits are approached. It took world population two hundreds years to increase by 1/2 a billion, from 1650 to 1850. Yet some U.N. estimates suggest that the net addition to human population will be over 2 billion between now and the end of the century. Thus, the present world population would increase from a little under four thousand million today to rather over six thousand million in the year 2000.

Jan 1, 1977

By R. Heikkilä

The utilization of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and model based 3-D control of work machines have increased a lot in new road construction in Finland as well as in other Nordic Countries. Up today, much less attention has been paid into the development of maintenance and rehabilitation processes. As a part of a large research and development program RYM PRE Infra FIN BIM in Finland, a focused research project of the BIM with experiments in total five (5) pilot projects has been performed. A main idea of the new BIM based process has been to utilize mobile laser scanning method for initial data acquirement, the use of novel 3-D analyze and modelling methods for point cloud processing, the use of new type optimization method for the planning of geometric and structural improvements needed for the existing uneven road surfaces, and further, through the creation of 3-D machine control models apply the newest 3- D machine control systems for continuous 3-D control of practical construction work using milling machine and asphalt paver. Finally, an evaluation is made between the new process model and the traditional way of working.

Aug 1, 2013

By Henri-Loui Jacob, Suzie Nantel

"Depuis la fin des annees 1800, la province de Grenville represente pour Ie Quebec une source importante et diversifiée de minéraux industriels. Le Ministère de l'Énergie et des Ressources du Québec, dans Ie cadre de I'entente auxiliaire Canada-Québec, et les compagnies minieres y ant multiplié, surtout depuis 1983, leurs travaux d 'exploration, de cartographie, et d'évaluation pour les minéraux industriels. Ces travaux ant conduit ala découverte et ala mise en valeur de gisements de granite architectural, de graphite, de dolomite et ant aussi permis de repertorier des gîtes et des indices prometteurs de wollastonite, de silice, de calcite. de dolomite, de silicates d'alumine et de terres rares. Les gisements récemment découverts sont actuellement exploités au sur Ie point de l'être et les gîtes et les indices les plus prometteurs ant été jalonnés.ABSTRACTSince the late 18oos, the Grenville Province in Québec has been an important and diversified source of industrial minerals. The Ministere de l'Énergie et des Ressources du Québec, under the Canada-Quebec Mineral Development Agreement, and the private sector have put an emphasis on exploration, mapping and evaluation programs in the Grenville Province for minerals, particularly since 1983. These programs have led to the discovery and the development of deposits such as architectural granite, graphite and dolomite, and have also led to inventories of occurrences and prospects of wollastonite, silica, calcite, dolomite, alumina silicates and rare earths. The deposits discovered lately are presently being quarried or will be in the near future. The most promising occurrences and prospects have been claimed."

Jan 1, 1990

By Robin Belley

Outline Introduction Wabush Mines HistoricalBackground Mine and Concentrator at WabushMines High Intensity Magnetic Separators (HIMS) Development of the Manganese Removal Process Pilot Plant Testing Phase Manganese Removal Line 1 Coming Phase: Manganese Removal Line 2 Manganese Concentration Process Development Historical Background 1847: Creation of the Cleveland Iron Company1850: Opening of its first iron ore mine in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan 1965: Beginning of Wabush Mines at Scully Mines, Wabush, Labrador. 1980-1990: Questions raised about how to exploit Scully high Mn Ore (> 2%)Part of the available ore is not saleable due to too high a level of pyrolusite (MnO2) Adding this ore to the resources would be valuable (longer mine life and lower stripping ratio) 1990s: Testwork for Manganese removal Many different processes are studied over more than a decade High Intensity Magnetic Separators (HIMS) are identified as the best technology for Mn removal 2007: Pilot Mn removal line installed Testing carried out through 2007-2008 First Production Line is ordered (2008) 2009: Cleveland Cliffs (now Cliffs Natural Resources)acquire the remaining part of Wabush Mines 2010: Mn Removal Line 1 construction & commissioning Summer 2011: Mn Line 2 Construction

May 1, 2011

By J. A. Vonhof, R. O. van Everdingen

Since 1949, a total of 59 disposal wells have been installed in Canada to inject liquid wastes from refineries, mining operations and chemical plants into subsurface formations at an ever-increasing rate. Well depths range from around 600 feet to almost 5,500 feet; injection rates range from 0.5 (U.S.) gpm to more than 1,000 gpm for individual wells; wellhead injection pressures range from a slight vacuum to over 500 psi. Apart from strictly technical considerations of well design, the geological, hydrodynamic and hydrochemical conditions at the disposal site have a strong bearing on the safety and success of such operations. Prevailing hydrogeological conditions in large portions of the country do not allow safe subsurface disposal.

Jan 1, 1973

By K. E. Waters, M. Mirnezami, R. Gauvin, A. Jordens, K. W. Malas

"There is currently very little information on the physico-chemical properties of rare earth elementbearing minerals, or on their processing. With the increasing demand for rare earths, this is something that needs to be addressed. This paper introduces some surface chemistry analysis of fergusonite (YNbO4), and the bubble-particle attachment. Zeta potential measurements indicate adsorption of sodium oleate and, to a lesser degree, potassium amyl xanthate onto the surface, and an increase in attachment to an air bubble is observed at pH 4.5 and 6.5. At a pH of 10.5, no attachment is observed, whether in the presence of the reagents or not. This analysis, although initial, will be used to initiate flotation tests, in order to facilitate the selective recovery of fergusonite. INTRODUCTIONRare earth elements (REE) are increasingly in demand, due to their prevalence in both renewable energy devices and high-end electronics. An article in the New Scientist highlighted the importance of a number of REE, many of which most people are be unlikely to have heard mentioned (Crow, 2011). From batteries (lanthanum and cerium) to magnets (dysprosium and neodymium) and lighting (yttrium), the REE are crucial to the advancement of technology and energy saving devices. For example, neodymium is finding most use in the high end magnets that keep the motors turning that power wind turbines and electric cars. In the case of yttrium, the demand outstripped the supply in 2010, emphasising the need to develop deposits containing this and other REE (Crow, 2011). The impact of our dependency on REE has become even more apparent with the reduction in exports by China, which currently controls 97 % of the world’s rare earth production (Pitts, 2011).With the increasing demand for rare earth elements (REE), there is a drive to exploit the known resources around the world. However, the physical beneficiation of the rare earth element bearing minerals is a subject which will require a great deal of investigation to fill the knowledge gaps surrounding these developing rare earth projects. There are numerous articles on REE mineralogy as well as the hydrometallurgical processing of REE concentrates (Alex, Suri, & Gupta, 1998; Peter Gromet & Silver, 1983; Ring et al., 1993; Schnetzler & Philpotts, 1970; Uda, 2000), however a common feature amongst these resources is the lack of detailed descriptions of the physical beneficiation processes required to concentrate REE-bearing minerals. There is work being conducted into reagents and methods for use in recovering some rare earths from their associated ores (Bulatovic, 2010; Ni, Parrent, Cao, & Liu, 2011), but much more in-depth research is required."

Jan 1, 2012

By Michel Lefebvre, André Piché

Every organization performing R&D is faced with the challenge of introducing new technologies to its operations. Difficulties must be overcome if companies are to realize the benefits anticipated from such developments. This paper outlines the difficulties encountered in transferring to operations various technologies developed at the Mining and Exploration Division of the Noranda Technology Centre. The approach used in the selection of a privileged partner for the technology transfer, the criteria motivating the choice and the process followed to establish the partnership are presented.

Jan 1, 1997

By Shek N. Lau, Nicola Samman

"Enclosed gear cases on board heavy mining equipment have traditionally been lubricated with regular heavy duty gear oils. However, equipment manufacturers, have recommended the use of an ISO-1000 gear oil for this application to ensure adequate lubricant film strength, especially at the higher end of the working temperature range. The majority of these ISO-1000 gear oils are based either on residual/asphaltic oil or synthetics, primarily higher viscosity polyalphaolefins. Although the performance of these lubricants has been satisfactory, they suffered other shortcomings that equipment users have lived with over the years.The major requirement at the user’s mine was to provide lubrication for the shovel Hoist gear case. Within such a gear case design, the gears and the roller bearings, that have different lubrication requirements, are lubricated with the same lubricant. Several lubricants were used, light gear oils as well as the recommended ISO-1000 heavy gear oils. On the one hand, the lighter oils performed adequately for the lubrication of the bearings that formed part of the enclosed gear system. These lighter oils did not perform as well for the lubrication of the gears due to their lower viscosities, resulting in shorter gear servicelives.On the other hand, the ISO-1000 gear oils performed well for the lubrication of the gears, but were too viscous to creep into the bearing elements to lubricate them adequately, especially during the cold northern Canadian winters. This resulted in catastrophic bearing failures and secondary damages to the gears.The challenge, then, was to formulate a lubricant which met the 1000 cSt at 40°C viscosity requirement as stipulated by the equipment manufacturer, while satisfactorily lubricating the bearings at the full working temperature range. This was achieved by the development of a semi-fluid grease lubricant, which has proven in field trials to give adequate performance in this application for the lubrication of both the bearings and gears down to -40°C.This product met the equipment manufacturer’s performance criteria and resolved, to a large extent, leakage of the lubricant through seals experienced with the use of conventional and synthetic gear oils.Although the main performance criteria of the fluid was its capability to lubricate the “Hoist” gear case, it was also used during the field trial in other gear cases on board the shovel to test its full capabilities.This unusual alternative lubricant was field tested and evaluated for more than two years. Based on this assessment, the product was reformulated to improve its fluidity, slumpability and the settling of debris/wear metals to the bottom of the gear cases. This reformulated softer grade, a semi-fluid grease, has been performing satisfactorily for more than eight months and is still undergoing longer term assessment."

Jan 1, 1996

By E. M. Cameron

Reconnaissance radiometric and geochemical data have been obtained for an area on the western shore of Wollaston Lake that includes the Rabbit Lake uranium deposit. The study area is extensively drift cover ed. The geochemical data were obtained by analysis of center-lake sediments and surface waters for a variety of elements and other constituents. The airborne radiometric data comprise measurements of eU, eTh and K obtained with a .50,000-cc NaI (Tl) detector at a mean terrain clearance of 120 m and 5-km flight-line spacing. Uranium in lake sediments and uranium in waters are the most effective geochemical indicators of uranium mineralization; the other elements measured are not notably anomalous. A sample site density of one per 1 8 km 2 is more than adequate for identification of the mineralized area. Because many water samples contain close to or below the current analytical detection limit of 0.05 ppb U, the use of sediments is generally favoured. for broad-scale reconnaissance in the region. Uranium in these lake sediments appears to be little influenced by variations in the organic or iron and manganese content. The most effective radiometric indicator of the mineralization is the eU/eTh ratio. This parameter is less influenced by environmental variation on the ground beneath the flight line than eU alone . The eTh/K ratio is anomalous under the Athabasca Formation unconformity where, in places, the uranium mineralization is localized.

Jan 1, 1977

By T. G. Joseph, E. Lampard

ABSTRACT: Surface mining operations must manage variability from within their operations as well as variability imposed upon them by external forces. A framework to manage both internal and external variability through the continuous review and adjustment of a mine plan during active mining lifetime operation is introduced, to minimize lost production and maintain operational safety. The observational approach of “observe, evaluate, interpret, predict, and adapt” is employed as the backbone of this approach. Although written with a surface mining operation in mind, the framework outlined in this paper would be equally applicable to any mining or processing operation.

Jan 1, 2011

By W. Zheng

Pipelines can develop stress corrosion cracks in either intergranular or transgranular form. Since the mid-1980s, numerous colonies of transgranular cracks have been found across Canada and many other countries in the world. While the intergranular form of cracking has been well studied in the past 40 years, the mechanisms governing SCC in near-neutral pH environment, i.e., the transgranular form of the cracking, are yet to be understood in greater depth. Over the past ten years or so, a large number of research publications have been available on this subject and this paper summarize our latest progress in understanding the mechanistic aspect of the problem. Better understanding of the role of mill scale surface and the steel metallurgy in crack initiation has been indicated in the recent literature. However, the initiation of SCC in the lab research still relies on loading conditions that are far more aggressive than those encountered in the field. Most crack growth studies in the past are also performed under very aggressive mechanical conditions, which could have prevented the observation of environment effects. However, more recent research at lower K or Delta K ranges seems to suggest a strong role of the environment. Naturally, modeling of growth should reflect the effect of the environment, steel metallurgy, and the changing mechanical properties of the pipe steel with time. For a specific steel in a given environment, the crack growth rates tended to increase with the strain rate, indicated either by the nominal applied loading frequency or by the calculated crack tip opening rate. Future research needs to address the issue of concurrent growth of multiple interacting cracks. More attention should also be given to concurrent initiation of multiple cracks in a colony, as failure is usually caused by a coalesced crack not by an individual crack. The effect of soil environment should not be limited to the chemistry of soil solution; other factors such as cathodic processes, the variation of environment with time and physical conditions of coatings should also be considered as part of the study.

Jan 1, 2005

By E. Landry, W. Naudts

"The amenability theory was developed by Alex Naudts and considers grouting operations as continuous permeability tests where Newtonian test fluid water, is replaced by a cementitious or solution grout. It utilizes hydraulic conductivity and grouting data to establish the amenability coefficient of a particular grout zone. The amenability coefficient reflects the quantity of apertures or voids accessible to the selected grout, divided by the number of apertures accessible to water, in the zone intersected by the grout hole. By calculating, in real time, the effectiveness of a particular grout at the start of a grouting operation, the most appropriate grout to match design criteria can be targeted. By incorporating the amenability theory in every grouting operation, schedule savings and an increase in productivity are typically achieved. Three short case studies illustrate different enhancements in productivity: At an underground mine during the construction of declines, a cement based suspension grouting program was highly ineffective and did not appear to affect the inflow into the mine workings. The amenability theory was utilized to evaluate the grouting program and based on this evaluation, changes to the grouting program were made which allowed the grouting to meet the project’s objectives. On another project, a pre-excavation grouting program implemented during shaft sinking operations utilized the amenability theory to select the most suitable grout for the program. Schedule constraints also influenced the selection of the grout. In the third case history presented, the amenability theory was used to select the grouting sequence of every individual grout hole for a grouting project in a highly heterogeneous soil formation. INTRODUCTION The amenability of a given soil, civil structure or rock formation for a particular grout formulation is a measure of the ability of that grout to permeate the pores, fissures and apertures water will flow through. The amenability coefficient of a particular grout for a specific zone equals the percentage of apertures, pores and fissures accessible by water that are also accessible by grout. Grouting should be viewed as a continuous permeability test, where the apparent in-situ hydraulic conductivity value for a particular grout zone is continuously evaluated, using grout instead of water as test fluid."

Jan 1, 2019

By J. H. Hodgson

"Those of us who have been concerned with the problem of geophysical exploration in southwestern Ontario have followed the development of the Poulter method with much interest. I have much appreciated the opportunity of reading an advance copy of Dr. Poulter's clear exposition and of preparing the following brief remarks on the probable applicability of the method to the Palaeozoic area of southwestern Ontario.During the years 1944 to 1946, the Ontario Department of Mines, in co-operation with the Union Gas Company and the Dominion Natural Gas Company, operated an experimental party in the hope of establishing a seismic technique appropriate to the •area. The results were completely negative. During two summers' field work, no reflections whatever were obtained except in one area near Windsor. It is the •purpose of these remarks to inquire whether Dr. Poulter's techniques might yield favourable results.It was the conclusion of the report on our work that two principal causes contributed to the failure of the method. In the first place, the geological column possesses few elastic discontinuities and those that exist appear to have low reflection coefficients. In the second place, the area is drift-covered in general. This drift complicates the situation by absorbing seismic energy and by giving rise to groups of complicating refracted phases which obscure the entire interesting section of the record. The situation is further complicated by the high reflection velocities and the relative shortness of the Palaeozoic section, these factors combining to bring in a reflection from the basement in about half a second."

Jan 1, 1950

By Lyle F. Smith

With the demand for larger diameter raises under all ground conditions and the increasing price of drill rods and operating costs, it was evident that there was a need for a raise borer with a variable-speed drive and fast-response torque limiting control. The raise boring machine described in this paper was developed after several years of market research and discussions with mine operators and construction contractors. This paper discusses the Ingersoll-Rand raise borers with the solid-state controlled DC motor drives. These machines have gained wide acceptance in the five-year period since being placed in operation and are designed to accommodate the range of raise diameters and lengths most required today.

Jan 1, 1978

By R. W. Culley

"In many areas of Saskatchewan, known gravel deposits have been depleted or are diminishing rapidly; in other areas, particularly in the north, demands for all-weather highways and access roads are far exceeding the supply of gravel sources with which to surface them. These two problems have made conventional methods of air-photo and ground surveys insufficient for gravel location. In the first case, hauling costs on construction now warrant searching for buried deposits and for smaller, less obvious surficial deposits that may be closer to the project. In the second case, search and access conditions are so difficult and costly that the ratio of successes to failures must be kept very high. The Department of Highways has long been aware of the oncoming scarcity of quality gravel deposits and is continually investigating ways of forestalling it. One of these ways is the use of airborne geophysical methods that permit rapid coverage of large areas and that sense and discriminate between earth properties to a significant depth below ground surface. In 1967, the Department began an investigation of an airborne conductivity survey method called INPUT*, or ""Induced Pulse Transient'', leading to a trial in 1968 and data analysis in 1969. The results of this trial initiated• modifications to the technique to improve its sensitivity for mapping shallow deposits. Part way through this modification in 1970, a decision was made to change to an airborne resistivity survey method called EPHASE*. Trials with this technique were conducted and analysed in 1971. This paper is an explanation of the E-PHASE system and a summary of the results from one of three areas mapped in 1971."

Jan 1, 1973

By B. W. Steele

"Dofasco began operations in 1912 as a steel foundry located in Hamilton, Ontario. Today, Dofasco is a fully integrated mill that manufactures hot rolled, cold rolled, galvanized and tinplate steels. Customers include the automotive, construction, tubular, manufacturing, appliance, packaging and steel ser-vice centre industries. Raw steel production and purchased semi-finished steel processed in1994 was 3.5 million net tonnes. Dofasco employs 7300 people at its Hamilton facility.Environmental management at Dofasco is guided by its environment policy and associated commitments. This paper discusses Dofasco’s responsibility for its products as it relates to these commitments. Dofasco is com-mitted to:n the principles of sustainable development that require that activities be conducted in a manner that provides for the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. These principles will be integrated into product design, manufacturing and business planning;n managing renewable and non-renewable resources through the responsible application of reduce, reuse, and recycle principles;n minimizing any potential impact of its operations and products on the environment, employees, customers and the community;n continuous improvement of the effectiveness and integrity of our environmental management systems;n developing understanding among all employees about their responsibilities, and assigning the necessary authority; andn meeting the standards set by relevant legislation and international agreements through participation with governments and the diligent application of economically feasible and scientifically sound methods and technologies."

Jan 1, 1996

By M. E. Charles

The use of water flowing as a lower layer to reduce pressure gradients in petroleum pipelines was investigated using 17.5 deg. A.P.I. Lloydminster crude oil in a 1-inch laboratory pipe-line and a 21h-inch field pipeline. The method was found to be very effective in reducing the pressure gradient below that for the oil flowing alone. The factor by which the pres-sure gradient was reduced varied with the percentage of water added, and in general exceeded 10 for water contents ranging from 40 to 60 per cent. Within this range of water content the pressure gradient reduction factor was independent of the oil flow rate.

Jan 1, 1960

By S. Rash Ahmadi

One of the most important elements in power plants is rotors and repairing the damaged rotors is very important in view point of economics. One of the most complicated problems in power plants is increasing of stiffness of the turbine rotors. This problem which occurs mainly due to thermal shock or rubbing makes to exit damaged rotor from service. These elements can be repaired effectively by heat treatment methods. Tempering heat treatment is the most common solution for straightening of damaged rotors but it requires having good knowledge about heat treatment parameters (temperature and time) and their affects on fundamental properties of rotors. In this article, a suitable method is introduced in order to modify the increased stiffness in journal part of rotors due to martensite transformation, using heat treatment tempering process.

Oct 1, 2011

By J. A. Beesley

This paper reviews contemporary international law concerning the seabed, current developments in the United Nations on the seabed, and the main outstanding problems. It emphasizes the importance that the Canadian government attaches to this area.

Jan 1, 1969