Search Documents

By A. P. Anderson, J. H. Jensen, W. E. Breckoff

Bromine is the intermediate member of the halogen family of elements between iodine, a solid, and chlorine, a gas. The name is derived from the Greek "bromos," meaning stench. Bromine is the only nonmetallic element that is liquid at room temperatures with a melting point of -7.2° C and a boiling point of 58.78º C. Reddish brown in color, it dissolves easily in water to yield a red solution. Bromine volatilizes at ordinary temperatures to a red vapor that is very irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat. Density of the liquid is 3.12 and gas weighs 7.59 gpl at standard conditions. As the element is highly active, it exists in nature only as bromide compounds. Bromine was discovered by Antoine Jerome Balard in seawater bitterns in 1826 and first prepared in quantity in 1860. Distribution Bromine is widely distributed in nature and compounds occur in solution in natural brines, in seawater, saline lakes, oil and gas well brines, and in evaporite chloride minerals. The concentration of bromine salts ranges from 60-65 ppm in seawater to several thousand ppm in oil well brines and saline lakes. The distribution of bromine in marine evaporite minerals and in the solutions from which they crystallized was determined many years ago by H. E. Boeke (1908). Theoretical aspects regarding the geochemistry of bromine have been published in numerous papers (Raup and Mite, 1969). Bromine occurs in solid solution in carnallite and sylvite associated in potash deposits; in halite in salt beds; salt in oil shales; and in trona deposits. Its presence is useful as a guide in geochemical exploration. The analysis of small amounts of bromides in the presence of large amounts of chlorides is discussed by W. Schwerdtner (1963). Manganese, iron, and iodine may interfere with the determination. Other analytical methods are discussed at length in the literature (Stenger and Atchison, 1964). Sources and Reserves The sources and reserves of bromine, given in Table 1, appear ample to meet present and foreseeable requirements in all producing countries. With the occurrence of bromine salts in seawater and other brines, the potential for bromine production is worldwide. It has been estimated that 99% of all commercially recoverable bromine is in the ocean. However, actual subterranean brines having a higher bromine content than seawater will continue to be the preferred sources of bromine for the foreseeable future. [ ]

Jan 1, 1983

By J. Richard Kyle

Lead-zinc ore bodies in the upper part of the Pine Point carbonate barrier complex are localized in paled-solution structures that developed as the result of post-middle Givetian subaerial exposure. Detritus-filled dolines host prismatic ore bodies, and macropores and stratabound permeable zones contain tabular ore bodies. Sulfides are concentrated in these transgressive paleosolution structures that acted as natural bypasses between aquifers and loci for mixing of fluids of different character. Complex ore textures indicate rapid early sulfide precipitation followed by slower sulfide growth. Evidence for both sulfide-carbonate equilibrium and disequilibrium conditions suggest fluctuations in ore fluid composition, perhaps related to periodic supply of reduced sulfur. District and ore body metal distribution pattern may reflect the nature and movement of mineralizing fluids.

Jan 1, 1981

By W. W. Beddow

TWENTY years or so ago I wrote an article on management which consisted mostly of a chart similar to thousands of others of that day showing line functions, staff functions, and the chain of command in a typical mining organization. Since hen we have been "bossing" from the faces to the swivel chair and we have made many errors of no little expense to our companies. We have kept the chart in mind but many times we have changed the functions to fit the people we have had to work with. Good management after all is getting results with the people, the equipment, the supplies, and the natural conditions of the coal seam or seams and adjacent strata present. We have made, with little effort, a good showing with average people and equipment in good natural conditions. We have made a miserable showing (although expending every personal effort) with better than aver- age people and equipment in bad natural conditions. In the latter case many of our stockholders felt that better management would have found some way to save their investment. Perhaps they were right.

Jan 1, 1944

By R. L. Smith, J. L. Rutherford

ALTHOUGH considerable effort has been devoted toward the determination of the mechanical properties of pure metals, it is extremely difficult to compare the results of such work. This is because of differences in method and type of test, grain size, heat treatment, and purity of material. There is very little information on the properties of most of the high melting point reactive metals with purities greater than 99.9 pct. Previous evidence concerning the tensile properties of unalloyed metals show that: body-centered-cubic metals are brittle at low temperatures; face-centered-cubic metals remain ductile; some hexagonal metals remain ductile, others become brittle. It may be that traces of impurities decrease the low temperature ductility of the body-centered-cubic lattice. This would suppose that a body-centered-cubic lattice free from impurities would exhibit nearly the same ductility as a face-centered-cubic structure. The present investigation has been an evaluation of the tensile properties of zone refined iron in order to determine whether higher purity material than that previously evaluated behaves differently. Experimental Procedure In this investigation, high purity iron was zone purified using the floating zone method.' The starting stock was obtained from two sources. The first,

Jan 1, 1958

By P. E. Fitzgerald, J. C. Gindlesperger

1. The Acidizer (Trade Publication of Dowell Inc.): No. 1. Aspects of Acidizing. No. 2. Inhibited Acid. No. 3. The Value of Acidizing. No. 4. The Chemistry of Acidizing. No. 5. Jelly Seal in Acidizing. No. 6. Loosening Stuck Drill Pipe. No. 7. The Geology of Acidizing. 2. J. C. Albright: Acid Is Being Used for Cleaning Intake Wells in Water-flooded Areas. Oil Weekly (Sept. 23, 1935) 24. 3. D. H. Bancroft: Acid Tests Increase Production of Zwolle Wells, Miller County, Arkansas. Oil and Gas Jnl. (Dec. 22, 1932) 42. 4. A. H. Bell: Possible Areas for Acid Treatment in Illinois. Pub. of Illinois- Indiana Petr. Assn. and lllinois Geol. Survey (1934) 49. 5. N. A. Best: Treating Limestone Formations Consists of More than Pouring Hydrochloric Acid in the Well. Oil and Gas Jnl. (April 5, 1934) 54. 6. L. G. E. Bignell: Sealing Off Salt Water from Oil-bearing Formations. Oil and Gas Jnl. (Jan. 30, 1936) 59. 7. L. G. E, Bignell: Acidizing Upper Limestone Formation Facilitated by the Use of Jelly Seal. Oil and Gas Jnl. (March 5, 1936) 30. 8. L. G. E. Bignell: Bailing, Shooting, Tubing and Acidizing Have All Been Tried in Deep Test at Binger, Oklahoma. Oil and Gas Jnl. (May 10, 1934) 38. 9. L. G. E. Bignell: Dowel1 Incorporated Increasing Its Field Service for Acid Treatment of Wells. Oil and Gas Jnl. (June 7, 1934) 62. 10. L. C. Chamberlain, Jr. and P. E. Fitzgerald: Oil Well Acidizing in Michigan. Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers (March 1937). 11. M. E. Chapman: Some of the Theoretical and Practical Aspects of the Acid Treatment of Limestone Wells. Oil and Gas Jnl. (Oct. 12, 1933) 10. 12. C. E. Clason and J. G. Staudt: Limestone Reservoir Rocks of Kansas React Favorably to Acid Treatment. Oil and Gas Jnl. (April 25, 1935) 53. 13. W. F. Cloud: Cleaning and Reconditioning Oil Wells—Reconditioning by Use of Acid (Petroleum Production 1937), 389. University of Oklahoma Press, 1937,' 14. K. A. Covell: Developments in Eastern Production Practice. Acid Treatment of Michigan Wells. Amer. Petr. Inst. Prod. Bull. 213 (1934) 77; Oil and Gas Jnl. (May 31, 1934) 89; Oil Weekly (May 28, 1934) 17. 15. B. A. Cunningham: Acid Treatment of Lime Formations. Amer. Petr. Inst. Paper 901 (1933) 9D, 1-7. 16. 0. I. DeSchon: Pondera Production up 22,000 Barrels. Montana Oil & Min. Jnl. (Jan. 26, 1935) 1.

Jan 1, 1937

By M. Gensamer

IN applied mechanics and in metallurgy the transition from elastic to inelastic action is a matter of considerable interest and importance. Often the first inelastic deformation is apparently quite homogeneous; that is, uniformly distributed throughout the specimen. Sometimes this deformation is heterogeneous; that is, localized; inelastic deformation proceeds to some definite amount in restricted regions before adjacent regions of the specimen are inclastically deformed. In such cases the deformation does not become homogeneous until the whole specimen has been deformed the amount corresponding to that for each localized deformation. If the test is stopped before uniform extension sets in, the heterogeneous character of the deformation is apparent on the surface of the specimen through characteristic markings, which have been called "Lüders"' lines, "Hartmann's" lines, the "Piobert effect," or simply "flow figures." These markings are the source of considerable trouble in fabricating operations, particularly in the deep drawing of steel sheet. In many cases where the transition is of this nature, the stress developed at the upper limit of the elastic range is greater than the stress during the period of heterogeneous deformation, giving rise to the familiar "drop of the beam" effect in testing. The amount of the yield-point elongation, as well as the value of the stress at the lower yield point (the value to which the stress drops when yielding begins), are functions of the tempera-ture and the testing speed. Lower temperatures and faster rates of testing increase both the yield-point elongation and the yield-point stress. These matters have been ably discussed in a recent paper by Winlock and Leiter1 though, as brought out by the discussion of that paper, the phenomena are but little understood. The purpose of the present paper is to clarify the problem through the application of a simple principle, and to show that, through the application of this principle, a number of phenomena in the plastic deformation of metals become more read-ily understood.

Jan 1, 1938

By Edwin B. Wilson, Charles F. Cockrell

The application of evolutionary operation is proposed for the cleaning of coal by the heavy media process. Analysis of the data given suggests some benefits that may not be immediately appreciated unless evolutionary operation is applied. For example, while it may seem obvious to increase specific gravity when the ash and sulfur content of the clean coal is lower than that allowed, evolutionary operation may show that an increase in feed rate or an increase in both feed rate and specific gravity would be a more profitable alternative. In addition, by using evolutionary operation, up-to-date knowledge of the effect of change of feed rate or specific gravity on yield and product quality is available. This information facilitates confidence about decisions made in regard to the day-to-day operation of these units. A number of other applications in the minerals industry are proposed. An application of evolutionary operation in a related field is also given where a large number of variables were required to be optimized.

Jan 1, 1969

By Andrew Hyslop

IN our never ending search for new and better ways of underground mining, we find that transportation has had its share of new ideas in the past few years. The old and still effective method of track haulage has had some competition from rubber tired cars and belt conveyors, each of which has its own safety hazards which demand close scrutiny in any safety study. The use of shuttle cars, in particular, has introduced clearance hazards caused by the absence of the more or less positive guides formed by the rails of a track sys¬tem; likewise the requirement of greater clearance tends to increase roof hazards which we all know to be great enough with the best of methods. However, the subject of transportation hazards is too broad to be covered entirely in one paper, so I will confine myself to track methods which carry the preponderance of underground tonnage. I am quite sure that to this group it is an evident fact that haulage accidents are of major importance. However, to stress the point, it may be well to look at a few figures. Safety statistics can be quite boring and often are subject to question as to mathematical accuracy because of different

Jan 1, 1948

By Courtenay de Kalb

REVISION of the United States mining law is needed. chiefly because of the following reasons: 1. The conceptions as to the characteristics of orebodies that were held at the time the statute of 1872 was enacted have since proved to be in many respects erroneous. 2. The operation of the existing law has been found to work unnecessary hardship upon many claimants to mineral land. 3. The existing statute fails in large degree to encourage development of mineral resources. 4. The existing law often produces conflict between placer and lode-claim rights, working unnecessary injustice to placer claimants. 5. The methods of establishing the rights of locators on United States mineral land are defective, and are not uniform throughout the States within which such lands exist. LAW OF THE APEX The objections to the so-called "law of the apex" are so well known as to require no detailed statement. It is sufficient to point out that the apex rule was based upon the notion that ore deposits consisted of well-formed veins included between definite walls, like the slice of ham in a sandwich. The fact is that veins conforming to that simple type are rare. Irregularity is the rule, and the chief metal production of the United States comes from masses which bear no resemblance to the tabular form of vein. Manifestly the law of the apex fails completely in such cases. Moreover, the tendency is constantly toward the exploitation of ores of lower grade than could formerly be worked, and such deposits exist mainly in the form of large irregular impregnated zones and masses, so that the future. development of our mineral resources would be continuously embarrassed by shadowy claims to extra-lateral rights by the locators of so-called apexes

Jan 2, 1915

Further discussion of the paper of JAMES JOHNSTON, presented at the New York meeting, February,. 1914, and printed in Bulletin No. 85, January, 1914, pp. 107 to 133. See also Bulletin No. 91, July, 1914, pp. 1473 to 1496. THOMAS CROWE,* Victor, Colo.-The interest manifested of late in the treatment of low-grade ores, together with Mr. Clevenger's discussion of the Mill and Metallurgical Practice of the Nipissing Mining Co., prompts me to acid a few remarks relative to concentration in connection with cyanide treatment of low-grade ores. Mr. Clevenger in this discussion does not condemn concentration in this connection, but, nevertheless, the tone of his remarks would lead one to believe that his conclusions are like those of many others: that concentration is often turned to as a last resort in an attempt to improve or obtain an extraction upon an ore by the recovery and sale of the refractory portion of the ore. This, I will attempt to point out, is not always the case. Concentration in connection with cyanidation often performs an entirely different function, i.e., one of saving fine grinding. Economy being the keynote of successful treatment of low-grade ores, the problem often becomes more commercial than metallurgical, and, as there is generally a definite ratio existing between cost of operation, degree of comminution, and percentage of extraction, the grade of ore under treatment usually imposes a limit upon these factors. With many ores grinding is the most expensive single item in their treatment; therefore, the degree of comminution is very apt to be governed by the allowable cost of operation. With most ores the degree of comminution controls to a great extent the percentage of extraction. So in the treatment of low-grade ore it often becomes necessary to sacrifice extraction, through coarse grinding for the benefit of cost, in order that the greatest ultimate profit may be obtained, and it is under these conditions that it is, possible for concentration to play an important part in overcoming to some extent the effect of mesh. The precious metals occurring in an ore are usually closely associated with the metallic portion of the ore, and as this metallic portion is generally fairly well liberated from the gangue at comparatively coarse meshes, further grinding of the ore is necessary only in order that the metallic portion may be reduced sufficiently fine that the precious metal part of it may be dissolved by cyanide solutions in a reasonable length of time.

Jan 11, 1914

By Claiborne C. Van Zandt

THE heavy postwar demand for Portland Cement has created shortages that are gradually being overcome by increases in plant capacity. In the post-war period, the Lone Star Cement Corp. has expanded several of its existing 15 plants and has built 2 new plants, now in operation, with a third new plant under construction in Brazil, of design somewhat different from that of the two preceding ones. The new domestic plants are located at Lone Star, Va., near Roanoke, and at Maryneal, Tex., near Sweetwater, and went into operation during 1951. Each plant is equipped with two rotary kilns and has an initial capacity of 1,500,000 bbl per year, or 6,000,000 sacks. The total cost of each plant was about $10,500,000, and on this basis $7.00 in 1951 money are required per bbl of annual capacity; at 376 lb per bbl, this corresponds to $37.00 per ton of output. The investment corresponds to approximately $80,000 per hourly-wage earner employed. The purpose of this paper is to describe the most interesting design features of the two new and almost identical Lone Star plants. Why the Dry Process Was Chosen The two new domestic Lone Star mills employ the dry process because: 1-The raw materials at both properties are particularly suitable and can be dried very, readily. 2-The Maryneal, Tex., plant does not have water available for slurry. 3-Very substantial kiln fuel savings can be obtained. 4-Dry raw grinding reduces ball and liner wear and- general maintenance, without any sacrifice in power. Operating costs to date have more than justified the choice of the dry process for these two plants. Raw Materials The chemical composition of Portland Cement raw material after crushing, grinding, and mixing, but before burning, is about as follows: [ ] sometimes tailings from an iron ore concentrating plant. Certain objectionable materials occur in raw mix: magnesia, limited in cement to 5 pct, in excessive amounts; alkalies, as sodium and potassium; phosphorous; and sulphur, generally present in coal and oil. The Roanoke raw, materials are dense limestone and shale. The Maryneal materials are soft limestone and a hard brittle clay that can be handled much like shale. Sand and iron ore are required in small quantities. General Plant Layout and Construction The two plants are so similar that one joint description will cover both, with such exceptions as will be especially indicated. The crushing plant is located in the quarry, and raw material is conveyed by belt to the storage building, where all materials are stored and handled. Fig. 1 identifies the various structures of the Roanoke plant. The large storage building is used for the storing and handling of all materials, including limestone, shale, sand, iron ore, coal, clinker, and gypsum. Directly adjoining the storage building is a structure under a similar arched roof, containing the raw and clinker grinding departments and the electrical substation. The discharge ends of kilns and coolers, and coal or gas burning equipment are also placed at one end of the mill building. The 340ft long kilns extend away from the main buildings to form the long leg of an L, at the end of which is the feeding and kiln dust collecting equipment, and the raw blending silos are conveniently located adjacent to the feed end of the kilns. The machine shop, storeroom, electrical shop, foremen's office, service rooms, and meeting hall are combined in one structure in the center of the plant, and the office and laboratory are close by. The cement silos and packhouse do not have to be tied directly into the manufacturing process and are therefore located at a point convenient to the railroad tracks.

Jan 1, 1952

By B. H. Bergstrom

The Gaudin-Meloy1 size distribution equation requires the evaluation of two constants, xo and r. The common log-log representation of a screen analysis as cumulative weight percentage passing versus size, readily yields the required constants as illustrated for curves A and B in Fig. 1. The 100% passing (y = 1.0) size is simply x,. If the straight portion of the curve be extrapolated to the 100% passing (y=1.0) abscissa, the intercept is the Schuhmann size modulus, k. The ratio of xo to the size modulus, k, is r as shown: The Gaudin-Meloy equation requires that the slope, a, of the size distribution approach unity in the finer sizes, as is the case for curves A and B. Often distributions are better characterized by slopes other than unity. The schuhmann2 equation is able to represent these distributions if the upper portions of the curves are ignored. Empirically, the Gaudin-Meloy equation can be modified to yield slopes other than unity by writing it as Here, a is the familiar Schuhmann slope, and xo is the 100% passing size. The value of r is still given by Eq. 2. Eq. 4 with its easily determined constants is more versatile than either the Schuhmann or the Gaudin-Meloy equations, since a wide variety of size distributions can be closely described. It is easier to fit than the Rosin-Rammler3 equation, and has the advantage that the top size, x,, is finite. REFERENCES A. M. Gaudin and T. P. Meloy: Model and a Comminution Distribution Equation for Single Fracture, AIME Transactions, 1962, Vol. 223, pp. 40 to 43. R. Schumann, Jr.: principles of comminution, I., size Distribution and Surface Calculations, AIME Technical Publication No. 1187, 1940. P. Rosin and E. Rammler: The Laws coverning the Fineness of Powdered Coal, J. Inst. Fuel, 1933. Vol. 7, p. 29.

Jan 1, 1967

By E. C. Carris

THE particular field of application of machines utilizing air cur¬rents as the primary separating medium is in the cleaning of the fine sizes of bituminous coal. Approximately 12,000,000 tons of bituminous coal were cleaned by air machines during 1940. They have not found any application for cleaning anthracite. Since the development and introduction of the first successful com¬mercial pneumatic oscillating machine for cleaning bituminous coal in 1916, by the Sutton, Steele and Steele Co., Dallas, Texas, and the Ameri¬can Coal Cleaning Corporation, formerly of Welch, W. Va., four other successful pneumatic coal-cleaning machines have been developed and introduced to the American coal-mining industry: 1. Peale Davis: "Pneumo-Gravity" machine, 1924. 2. Arms "Concentrator," oscillating table, 1924. 3. Heyl and Patterson oscillating table, 199.7. 4. "Stump Air-Flow," pulsating air jig, 19391. Out of these five developments only the Sutton, Steele and Steele, or American Oscillating, and the Stump Air-Flow Jig remain on the market. They are the predominating pneumatic coal-cleaning machines in use in the United States. HISTORY OF AMERICAN TYPE SEPARATOR The first successful American machine, the CJ table (Fig. 1) was developed by the Sutton, Steele and Steele Co. The SJ table was the first standard model designed specifically for the cleaning of coal. It was installed in the original Crane Creek plant, owned and operated by the American Coal Co. at McComas, West Virginia. This plant was designed by The Roberts and Schaefer Co., Chicago, Ill., working in cooperation with the American Coal Cleaning Corpora¬tion, which had taken over the patent rights and sale of the pneumatic separators. Eight machines were installed in this plant. They were known as the type SJ. They were 60 by 84 in., the short dimension being the width of

Jan 1, 1943

Jan 1, 1966

Coal production during 1963 amounted to 446 mil- lion tons, an anticipated increase of about 6% over the 1962 production of 422 million tons. Electric consumption was 207 million tons, a continuation of its upward trend with an increase of about 7%. The metallurgical market consumed 77 million tons: the industrial market, 96 million tons; and the retail market, 26 million tons. Exports were 46 million tons. Modernization continues in the coal industry as it approaches the mid-1960's. The industry has shown a keen desire to explore and pursue new developments, new concepts and new managerial methods and techniques that have become so vital and important for industrial well-being.

Jan 2, 1964

By M. L. Samuels

DURING the period from 1910 to 1920, there was a lively interest in the subject of grain growth and many papers were published, followed by interesting discussions. Questions dealing with the fundamentals of grain growth-why and how it occurs-were treated in papers by Howe,1 Jeffries,2 Sauveur,3 Chappell,4 Beilby,5 Mathewson and Phillips,6 McAdam,7 Carpenter and Elam,8 Stead and Carpenter,9 Ruder,10 as well as others. Since that decade, much indeed has been done regarding the practical control of grain size, and it is now possible to order material having a size specified in the American Society for Testing Materials classification. Also, one hears the term "spliced boundaries" used in connection with certain tungsten lamp filaments" wherein it is important to prevent "sagging" between consecutive turns of the helix." This practical use of a certain knowledge as to the things that influence or even control grain growth should not be taken as an indication that the subject has been thoroughly explored and that nothing more can be learned from fundamental studies. It is with this thought in mind that a report of some observations and experiments on abnormal grain growth is believed justified. Abnormal grain growth is met with in heat-treating high-carbon steels in the austenitic range,13 in the hardening treatments of high-speed steels, 14.11 and in the low-temperature annealing of strained low-carbon steels as in sheet and wire material. Entirely aside from these instances of exaggerated grain growth, which some might consider as freakish, it is thought that abnormal growth is simply a case where the growth forces and the forces tending to prevent growth are almost, but not quite, evenly balanced. Information relative to grain-growth characteristics in general may be obtained from a study of abnormal growth conditions, which may be looked upon as vantage points. Reflection will show at once that if growth forces are great in comparison to inertia or resistance to growth, many crystals start to grow and, for that reason, none becomes very large, whereas if inertia is predominant no growth at all takes place. Under conditions in which

Jan 1, 1938

By Carl E. Swartz

In the course of a recent investigation1 to develop a more satisfactory white-metal bearing alloy, a number of alloy systems were studied. The cadmium-nickel system showed characteristics desirable in a bearing alloy, and the system was therefore studied in some detail. Experimental Method Alloying cadmium with nickel offered no serious difficulty. After melting the cadmium, clean sheet nickel was added while the temperature was maintained at 500" to 600" C. A few crystals of ammonium chloride2 served to clean the nickel when the latter did not "wet" readily. In preparing the individual alloys for thermal and microscopic investigation, a "hardener" containing about 10 per cent nickel was used. Thermal Experiments and Apparatus Time-temperature cooling curves were made by standard methods. Globe electrolytic cadmium was added to the hardener to make a melt of the desired composition weighing between 100 and 200 grams. This charge was placed in a Pyrex test tube, 1 by 10 in., closed with a rubber stopper carrying a thermocouple sheath and quartz stirring rod. The assembly was lowered to a depth of about 4½ in. into an electric resistance pot furnace containing a No. 0000 clay-graphite crucible (to catch the melt in case of a break in the test tube). After the tube was clamped in this position, an asbestos-magnesia mixture was loosely packed in the furnace around the tube and a "halved" cover of transite placed on top. This left at least 5 in. of the test tube protruding from the furnace. When the alloy had melted, the thermocouple was adjusted so that the hot junction was l! in. from the bottom of the test tube. The melt was stirred thoroughly for several minutes to insure composition homogeneity and absence of thermal gradients.

Jan 1, 1934

Organization Place Date 1918 Institute of Metals Division, A. I. M. E Milwaukee, Wis. Oct. 8-11 Iron and Steel Members, A. I. M. E Milwaukee, Wis. Oct. 8-10 American Foundrymen's Association Milwaukee, Wis. Oct. 7-12 American Museum of Safety and Sanitation, Exposi- tion St. Louis, Mo. Oct. -7-12 National Safety Council St. Louis, Mo. Oct. 14-17 Business Show : New York, N. Y. Oct. 21-26 National Society of Naval Architects New. York, N. Y. Nov. 14-15 American Society of Mechanical Engineers New York, N. Y. Dec. 3-6 Geological Society of America Boston, Mass. Dec. 25-31 American Association for the Advancement of Science Boston, Mass. Dec. 27-Jan. 2. 1919

Jan 10, 1918

By Charles Bohdanowicz

As in preceding years, the most intensive drilling activity during 1934 took place in the old fields of the western part of the Polish Carpathian petroleum province (district of Jaslo). The number of wells completed to the end of 1934, expressed in percentages, is as follows: Jaslo district, 57 per cent; oil fields outside Boryslaw-Tustanowice-Mraznica, 27; Stanislawow district 8 and Boryslaw fields only 7 per cent. The number of meters drilled (Table 2), expressed in percentages, for the same fields are as follows: Jaslo district, 51 per cent; oil fields outside Boryslaw-Tustanowice-Mraznica, 26; Stanislawow district, 12, and Boryslaw oil fields, 11 per cent. This comparison shows that most of the new

Jan 1, 1935

By J. B. Fisken

(Butte Meeting, August, 1913.) BEFORE touching upon the immediate subject of this paper a few facts of a historical nature as to the general application of electricity to mining might be of interest. As to what was actually the first application of electricity to mining, opinions will no doubt always differ. My experience does not go back far enough, nor are the records to which I have had access of any value as covering this point. Sydney F. Walker, a man whose pioneer experience in the application of electricity to mining purposes dates back as far as 1876, ,gave an interesting resume of the subject in an address before the South Wales branch of the Association of Mining Electrical Engineers at its 1.913 session, and, unless his statements are shown to be wrong, they should be accepted as facts. According to Mr. Walker, the ignition of charges of blasting powder was the first operation in mining to be accomplished with the aid of electricity. Very frequently this energy was furnished by a static machine and occasionally by a magneto generator. Later, this was followed by the application of electricity to bell signals, and we are told that this application was looked upon skeptically and regarded as an expensive experiment by the mining managers of those early days. At the Paris Exposition of 1878, there was exhibited an electric lamp, which suggested future possibilities to the mining engineers of those days. The first successful application of electric lighting to underground excavations that I have been able to find any record of is that of M. Blavier. In the year 1879' he installed two Serrin lamps and successfully illuminated one of the large underground chambers in the Angers slate quarries. Another early application of electricity to the lighting of mines is that in the large chambers in the salt mines of Maros-Ujvár, in Hungary; these have been regularly and successfully lighted elec-

Jan 6, 1913