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By D. Harrington

Metal-mine fires in the United States are not of frequent occurrence and relatively for of those that do occur result in loss of life, although many cause heavy property loss or are costly to extinguish. Over a span of years, however, more lives are lost in metal Trines from fires than from any other of the untoward occurrences which afflict metal mining, such as electrical storms, floods, cave-ins, magazine explosions, or strikes. In perhaps more than 90 per cent of the fires. in metal mines' there is no loss of life; hence, the general public, even the general mining public, seldom hears of these fires, though the property loss frequently reaches hundreds of thousands of dollars; on the other end, in some instances the property damage from an underground metal-mine, fire has been negligible and the loss of life comparatively high. In any comprehensive study of metal-mine fires, ventilation is certain to be found a vital factor. The influence of ventilation on fires and the influence of fires on ventilation are of vital importance. In metal-mine fires very few persons meet death from actual contact Pith heat or flame; nearly all fatalities are duo to asphyxiation or suffocation. A well-planned, well-installed, and well-operated mechanical ventilation system is unquestionably one of the best available present-day protections from loss of life and property in case of fire in a metal mine; that this is true is attested by the usual helplessness of mining officials in trying to handled underground fires in a mine that has not had the foresight to install mechanical equipment to control underground air flow. On the other hand, the establishment of high-velocity air currents without sufficient day by day attention to such details as the method of coursing, or controlling, or confining them most certainly tends to increase dangers from fires rather than to aid in the avoidance or elimination of these dangers; the truth of this latter statement is shown by the fact that the greatest, loss of life in metal-mine fires during the past 20 years has been in relatively well-ventilated workings, and in every case the life loss has been due to some more or less trivial or easily remedied defect in the Ventilating system - usually a defect that has had some reference to doors used or supposed to be used to deflect or control air currents.

Jan 1, 1933

By Robert M. Busche

[Recent developments in the gasification of coal, both by the Bureau of Mines and American industry, have intensified interest in the thermodynamic and kinetic principles necessary for understanding the reaction mechanism and rates and the physical changes that take place. In the course of a Bureau of Mines study of the kinetics of coal gasification at the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Demonstration Plant, Louisiana, Mo., a bibliography of approximately two references was compiled. They are listed n this publication and refer both to American and foreign sources.]

Jan 1, 1952

By Altemar Dettogne do Nascimento

A Máquina de Lingotamento Contínuo nº 1 da ArcelorMittal Tubarão (AMT), com capacidade nominal de 1,8 milhões de toneladas/ano, teve seu start up em 1995. A máquina é curva com raio de 10,5 m. São produzidas placas de 200, 225 e 250 mm, largura de 800 a 1650 mm e velocidade até 1,7 m/min. Em Abril de 2012, a Máquina parou para uma reforma geral. A empresa Italiana Danieli Davy Distington foi contratada para fornecer a engenharia, fabricação e entrega dos equipamentos no período de 12 meses. No ano anterior à parada da máquina, foi realizado um site survey, o que possibilitou a elaboração de um planejamento detalhado de todas as atividades. A reforma da máquina teve como objetivos principais: correção do alinhamento da máquina, substituição de estruturas oxidadas, implantação de novas tecnologias e redução do tempo de exposição dos operadores a ambientes agressivos (alta temperatura, projeção de aço, queda de cascão da panela e material particulado) através da implantação da sala remota de controle dos veios. A máquina foi colocada em operação em 10 de agosto 2012 após ter completado, sem desvios, as fases de instalação e testes. Este trabalho mostra as fases de desenvolvimento deste projeto, os resultados das tecnologias implantadas e os testes de performance para diferentes famílias de aço.

Jul 29, 2018

By Donald I. Bleiwas

The U.S. Bureau of Mines has evaluated the potential availability of nickel from 36 deposits or districts in 16 market-economy countries (MECs), analyzing more than 95 percent of production in those countries. This study indicates the quantity of nickel available on the basis of net production costs and total costs with a 0-pct and a 10-pct discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR). Costs of production are expressed in dollars per pound of recovered nickel. The study also indicates sensitivities of the cost of production to energy, labor, and other factors. The studied deposits and properties contain approximately 33 Mmt of recoverable nickel. About 26 Mmt of nickel is potentially recoverable from laterite deposits, of which 4.5 Mmt can be produced at $2.50/lb or less with a 0-pct DCFROR. Approximately 7 Mmt of nickel is potentially recoverable from sulfide deposits, of which about 6.3 Mint could be produced at $2.50/lb or less at a 0-pct DCFROR. The price of nickel averaged above $6.00/lb in 1988. Sensitivity studies performed for both laterite and sulfide deposits indicate that the total cost of producing nickel from laterites is most sensitive to increases in energy costs and that the total cost of producing nickel from sulfide deposits is most sensitive to increases in labor costs; sulfides are also affected by changes in revenues from byproducts.

Jan 1, 1991

By Pedro Sampaio Cotta

O mercado de Siderurgia no Brasil vive um momento de pressão causado pelas quedas dos preços internacionais e agravado por fatores internos como a redução no consumo, aumento do custo de energia e tributação elevada. Tendo em vista que, ao menos no curto prazo, não há perspectiva de melhoria, as indústrias do setor se mobilizam para adequar a esta nova realidade. A sobrevivência em um cenário de alta competitividade é garantida reduzindo custos de produção e manutenção e buscando aumentar a produtividade sem, entretanto, expandir a capacidade produtiva. Para atingir estes objetivos as indústrias focam em pequenas melhorias operacionais, com investimentos em pequenas modernizações e otimizações de processos existentes, em detrimento de grandes investimentos em expansões. Neste contexto observa-se um aumento na relevância do software de automação, que surge como alternativa para realização de melhorias, pois possuem custo relativamente baixo em comparação com reformas a nível mecânico e podem proporcionar ganhos importantes de eficiência e qualidade. Este artigo apresenta um estudo da utilização de metodologias ágeis de desenvolvimento de software para realização de melhoria contínua em processos industriais. Como exemplo de aplicação é apresentado o trabalho de otimização do software de automação de um laminador de alumínio com foco no aumento de sua taxa de utilização. A meta foi buscar um ganho de produtividade garantindo os mesmos padrões de segurança originais dos equipamentos e com impacto mínimo nas atividades produtivas.

Aug 17, 2017

By D. M. S. Bhatia

Five sulfide minerals from the Magiwnt mine, southeast Missouri were analyzed for 31 trace elements in over 300 samples by laser microprobe spectrographic analysis of polished sections. The concentration of several trace elements shows a pattern of progressive variation with depth (space) and variation with different paragenetic stages (time) of each mineral. Factor analysis of the geochemical data shows sympathetic correlation both in space and in time of Bi, Cd, Ge, and Sn in galena and sphalerite, and Ni and Co in sphalerite and marcasite.

Jan 1, 1979

By G. V. Sullivan, G. F. Workentine

Beneficiation studies were conducted by the Bureau of Mines on three samples of low- grade chromite - bearing material from the Stillwater complex of Montana . The objective of the study was to develop methods for recovering chromite from low- grade materials to improve the domestic reserve situation . Samples were obtained from the three largest deposits in the district , Mouat , Benbow , and Gish . The chromic oxide ( Cr₂ 0 ) content of the ore and of the chromite was about the same in each of the samples . The major gangue constituents ranged from clean olivine in the Mouat sample to such altered minerals as serpentine and talc in the Benbow and Gish samples . Tabling , flotation , high- tension electrostatic separation , and combinations of processes were applied to each ore . Treatment of the Mouat sample ( 9.95 percent Cr₂ 0 ) by high- tension electrostatic separation , a combination of tabling and high- tension electrostatic separation , and tabling with middling retreatment resulted in concentrates that graded 42.8 , 42.0 , and 40.7 percent Cr₂03 at chromium recoveries of 85 , 86 , and 84 percent , respectively . Other techniques were less selective . 2 The Benbow sample ( 7.75 percent Cr₂0 ) responded most selectively to tabling with middling retreatment and a combination of tabling and hightension electrostatic separation to produce concentrates of 40.1 and 39.5 percent Cr₂g with each process having a chromium 2 recovery of 69 percent . Response of the Gish sample ( 8.04 percent Cr₂03 ) to the various concentration techniques was about the same as that of the Benbow sample , but in general , somewhat less selective . A combination of tabling and high- tension electrostatic separation resulted in a concentrate that contained 71 percent The Mouat mine was reopened in 1953 when the American Chrome Co. contracted with the Federal Government to produce 900,000 tons of chromite concentrate . The ore , averaging 20.2 percent Cr₂03 , was treated by tabling to produce a 38.5 - percent Cr₂ O concentrate.

Jan 1, 1964

By B. M. Bench

This Bureau of Mines report describes photo lineaments obtained from stereoscopic examination of vertical aerial photographs and by the Ronchi grating study of aerial photoindex sheets. The photolineaments are compared with the trends of oriented fracture systems procured by measuring the compass direction of joints in bedrock. The relative reliability of the methods is shown, and the results are presented in graphical, tabular, and written form. Analyses of field measurements of strikes of bedrock joints in the project area indicate for the most part two intersecting sets of major joints oriented N 76° W -N 15° E, and N 57° W -N 27° E. The analyses of lineaments determined by stereoscopic examination of aerial photographs show dominant trends of lineament zones of weakness to be an average of N 65° W -N 20° E. Analysis of lineaments found by Ronchi grid viewing of aerial photoindex sheets indicate dominant trends of N 70° W -N 27° E. The three methods give similar findings and verify the work of previous authors. The Ronchi grid method is a useful guide, but it cannot be substituted for the two more painstaking methods.

Jan 1, 1977

By Veronique Falmagne

"In 1987 the only knowledge available of the Ansil orebody was that it was high grade, deep and relatively small . High stresses were also anticipated because there had been rockbursts during shaft sinking and destress blasting had been necessary (Fig. 1). From the design, through the development and now in the mining stage, rock mechanics and microseismic monitoring have been used to maximize recovery and safety and minimize dilution. Examples are given of the use of a microseismic monitoring system in the early stages o f mining. This paper also presents a review of the mine's in situ stress measurement campaign, cable bolting practice and backfill procedure.The Design PhaseAfter the initial mapping and classification work, preIiminary numerical modelling was performed using assumed stresses of ov = oH and oH = 3ov• The empirical Mathew's analysis was then used to optimize stope dimensions based on geomechanics data available at the time (Bawden et 01., 1988; Falmagne, 1987; Potvin et 01., 1988). Because of high stresses predicted by numerical modelling and a brittle, strong and relatively unfractured host rock which was believed to be rockburst prone, it was decided to mine without temporary or permanent pillars. However, in order to satisfy production rates, the orebody had to be broken up into two horiwns separated by a triangular pillar (Fig. 2). The final mining sequence is shown in Figure 3.The Development PhaseAt this point, based on work accomplished to date, including mapping and observations from drifting and modelling, the following problems were identified: (1) flat backs in the hangingwall andesite were thought to be highly stressed; (2) flat backs in weak massive sulphide ore would also be subjected to high stress and be difficult to support; (3) the felsic dyke was noted as a "" stress raiser"" , because activity increased as drifts approached it; and (4) chlorite coating of joints in the hangingwall was thought to be an important factor in reducing their stability."

Jan 1, 1991

The 1996 Arizona Conference was held in Tucson on Dec. 8 and 9. Attendance was 648, a 12% increase from the 1995 conference. The annual conference is organized by the Arizona Conference Board of Directors, representing SME sections from throughout Arizona and adjacent areas. In addition to those representing mining and processing operations in the Arizona region, the meeting was well attended by interested parties from throughout North America. These included vendors, consultants, academia, research organizations and corporate management. The technical program highlighted the meeting. It consisted of a keynote address and morning and afternoon technical sessions. In the technical sessions, 23 papers were presented by the mining, hydrometallurgical, smelting, geology and mineral-processing divisions. The conference was then capped by a banquet that included a talk by a noted economist. Keynote address The program was kicked off by a keynote address titled "Forecasting for the 105th Congress," by Rep. John Shadegg (R-AZ). He was elected to Arizona's Fourth Congressional District in 1994. Shadegg serves on the House Budget Committee, the Resources Committee and the watchdog Government Reform Committee. He stressed the familiar conservative positions of reducing government spending, balancing the budget and states rights. As a member of the House Resources Committee, Shadegg stated his support for the mining industry. Technical sessions Mining division. Two of the five presentations described developments at two Arizona mining operations. T.J. Swendseid of Phelps Dodge presented a paper titled "New developments at Morenci" and P. Garretson of BHP presented a paper titled "Startup of the Robinson Project." Morenci continues to expand its operation and recently broke records for production. Other developments at Morenci included the completion of a 600-m (2,000-ft) drainage tunnel and stockpile rehandling. In addition, Phelps Dodge moved Morenci's crusher plant. It was completely disassembled and reassembled in just eight days. Another interesting presentation was "Predictive maintenance techniques for large electric shovels at Cyprus Sierrita," presented by T. Ritzel of Cyprus Amax. The presentation described high-technology methods for predicting maintenance problems. These methods included vibration analysis, ultrasonic detection, infrared thermography, electrical measurements and tribology (the science of lubricant evaluation). The benefits of these techniques are reduced downtime of the equipment, as was demonstrated in case studies at the mine. The other presentations were "Introduction to NOSA 5-star safety program," by R. McKinnon, BHP Copper North America, and "A new design guideline for mine sealing," by K. Fuenkajorn, Rock Engineering International. Hydrometallurgical division. The hydrometallurgical session consisted of five papers. These included a presentation titled "Recovery of gold and silver using guanidine-based extractants," by M. Vining of Henkel Corp., Tucson, AZ. In this presentation, guanidine-based extractants LIX-79 and AURIX resin were introduced. LIX-79 was shown to have applications in copper-gold and high silver ores. In ammonia-cyanide leaching, AURIX was shown to be more selective in CIL vs. RIL comparisons. Other papers in the hydrometallurgical division included "Application of cobalt in the copper industry," by J. Hawke, OMG Apex Inc.; "Series parallel conversions and production gains at Cyprus Miami Mining's dump leach and solvent extraction operation," by E. Bilson of Cyprus Amax; "Lead alloy anode corrosion at the San Manuel SXEW tankhouse," by W .M. Gort of BHP Copper and "Hydrometallurgical treatment of copper refinery slimes," by B.C. Wesstrom of Phelps Dodge. Smelting division. Three papers were presented in the smelting division session. These included updates and reports on improvements at the Hayden, Hidalgo and BHP San Manuel smelters. For example, W.A. Dutton of Phelps Dodge presented "Recent improvements at the Hidalgo Smelter." These changes were aimed at reducing environmental emissions and increasing production. They included modifications to the fugitive-gas collection system to reduce particulate emissions, rubber lining the acid plant scrubbers to reduce corrosion and the installation of a cold lime softening system for water treatment. Equally interesting papers were presented by D. Norton of Asarco, Hayden, AZ, in a paper titled "Update of the Hayden smelter process," and by D. Jones of BHP Copper, San Manuel, AZ, in a paper titled "Update on first campaign of the BHP San Manuel Copper." Geology division. The session began with a paper that outlined the progress of an exploration project in South America. "The Pierina exploration project, Ancash Province, Peru" was presented by J.D. Lowell, Lowell Mineral Exploration, Rio Rico, AZ. Another paper was then presented on a copper deposit in Grant County, New Mexico. "Zonation of supergene copper minerals at Hanover Mountain, Grant

Jan 1, 1997

By Diogo de Oliveira Azevedo

No presente trabalho, processos de conformação a frio e recozimento foram aplicados à liga de magnésio ZK60A (Mg-6%Zn-1%Zr) com o objetivo de determinar a cinética dos fenômenos de recuperação e recristalização para permitir o refino de grão. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma série de matrizes de conformação para a trefilação incremental de barras circulares da liga ZK60A inicialmente recebida no estado envelhecido (T5), resultando em reduções de 7,8%, 15,4%, 22,6% e 29,4%. Após cada passe de trefilação, as propriedades mecânicas do material foram determinadas. O estudo do recozimento foi realizado em amostras com o máximo encruamento a temperaturas de 400°C, 350°C, 300°C, 250°C, 200°C e 150°C. Pela metodologia aplicada, foi possível avaliar a cinética do processo de recristalização da liga ZK60A e determinar a sua energia de ativação.

Aug 8, 2018

Jan 1, 1915

By John P. Turner, Benjamin J. Turner

"Non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT/NDE) methods have become standard tools as part of the post-construction quality assurance of drilled shaft foundations. In responding to anomalies, foundation designers, owners, and contractors face a number of choices, including: (i) acceptance of a shaft with known anomalies, (ii) further investigations of integrity (e.g., concrete coring), (iii) repair schemes, and (iv) reject and replace. To assist in selecting the best option, analyses are often performed that involve assessing the structural performance of reinforced concrete shafts that may include defective concrete or voids. Currently, the analytical tools for predicting the flexural strength and stiffness of drilled shafts with defective concrete located in discrete regions of the cross section are limited. This paper presents a robust moment-curvature analysis tool for drilled shafts based on the fiber-element discretization method. The tool allows for consideration of anomalous or defective concrete regions in the shape and location that they are believed to exist in the shaft while considering explicitly the nonlinear material behavior of the intact regions based on expected material properties. A case study is used to illustrate the practical application of the analysis to drilled shaft projects.INTRODUCTIONImperfections such as defective concrete or accidental eccentricity of reinforcing cages are an inherent part of the drilled shaft construction process that will occur occasionally even when construction best-practices are followed. Petek et al. (2002), O’Neill and Sarhan (2004), Poulos (2005), and others have described the effects that construction defects can have on the axial and lateral performance of drilled shafts. Our industry has seen rapid progress in recent years in the development and improvement of tools for detecting drilled shaft anomalies, such as gamma-gamma and crosshole-sonic logging, sonic-echo testing, thermal integrity profiling, and even visual inspection with invasive video cameras. Nonetheless, in most cases the wealth of data from these tests is used by foundation engineers to make a fairly “black or white” decision—should the defects be repaired, or should the shaft be rejected? A third option that is not typically considered is to directly analyze the section, including anomalies, and compare the reduced strength and/or ductility to the actual project demands. This option takes full advantage of the data collected during integrity testing, and may provide a justifiable means for avoiding further construction costs and delays, whether for repair or replacement."

Jan 1, 2016

By Charles S. Barrett

THERE is a road into the microscopic realm that has remained untraveled through all these years of intense activity with high-power optical and electron microscopy. The road is worthy of careful scouting by metallurgists and other investigators, for it leads into relatively new country and it makes some areas accessible that heretofore could be reached only by very indirect paths or by the use of imagination. And when the road passes through familiar territory it frequently permits a new view of commonplace things that should prove of value from time to time. An accepted way to interest people in new sights such as this is to present an illustrated travelogue. This I propose to do, using many pictures taken in my recent exploration of this road. In the manner of travelogues, I shall touch briefly upon a large number of different subjects in physical metallurgy and shall, attempt to give an exhaustive treatment of none, for the objective is to provide a means for further research, to interest others in it, and to indicate what appears at the moment to be profitable directions for it to take. The method I shall present involves X-rays, but does not make use of the usual accompaniments of X-ray research such as reciprocal lattices, Fourier series, or the stereographic projection. The method is so simple in its fundamentals that it could have been developed 20 years ago, or perhaps even 30 years ago. It is well to have a destination for our travels, so that when we are through we shall have explored some region of importance, despite our preoccupation with the novel means of transportation and our interest in the sights to be seen along the way. So let us name the Cold Worked State as our destination, and make side trips into the territories known as Recovery, Recrystallization, and Precipitation-hardening. A great many investigations have been made of the nature of cold-worked metal, and a great variety of methods used, many of which are indirect, such as X-ray line intensities, X-ray line widths, calorimetric measurements, and magnetic measurements. Since comprehensive reviews of these investigations have been published in recent years, they need not be discussed here. The investigations that were the direct forerunners of the present work should be first mentioned. In 1931 I became interested in the structure of individual spots in X-ray diffraction patterns.1 When a crystal is placed in the narrow pencil of X-rays in a Laue camera, the spots recorded on the film are not always uniformly black, but may have an internal structure. The meaning of this may be understood from Fig. 1, which represents a narrow beam containing X-rays of many wave lengths ("general radiation") penetrating a crystal in the direction of the arrow and forming a pattern on the vertical film at the right.

Jan 1, 1945

By Frank J. Perzak

This report describes a U.S. Bureau of Mines study on the hazards of large-scale conveyor belt fires in underground coal mines, as a function of both air velocity and distance from belt surface to gallery roof. The fire hazards considered were smoke obscuration, toxic effects of carbon monoxide (CO), and elevated air temperatures downstream of the fire. All of these hazards scale with the ratio of fire intensity to ventilation airflow. These hazards were all found to be greater at the lower belt-to-roof distance, owing to the greater fire intensities that resulted. The hazards of smoke obscuration and elevated CO levels were greater at lower air velocities. Smoke obscuration was found to be the earliest hazard, reaching critical levels before the stage of belt flame spread. Critical levels of CO and downstream air temperatures were not reached until the later stages of flame spread. Fire growth rates during rapid flame spread were much greater than rates measured during the early stages of belt burning. Data were analyzed to determine the early-warning capability of fire sensors. Smoke sensors provided the earliest warning, followed closely by CO sensors. Thermal sensors did not exhibit any early warning capability.

Jan 1, 2010

By D. W. Dareing

Multiple branch wellbores and horizontal holes, when applied to deep lying ore bodies, have the potential of significantly reducing well costs by reducing total footage drilled per acre of well pattern. In addition, horizontal holes may increase sweep efficiency. Well completion is a major problem. They must be cased to contain leaching solutions within the underground portion of the production loop. Several drilling and completion concepts are given and evaluated in the report. Our evaluation shows that there is economic incentive to further develop these concepts for field application to ore bodies 1,500 feet. Multiple branch concepts are the most attractive. They can reduce well costs by as much as 30° when applied to 2,000 feet ore body depths (44%, at 5,000 feet) and can accommodate a lamer pump than conventional vertical wells. We recommend this concept be developed further to accommodate either dual or triple branches.

Jan 1, 1980

By R. Lapcevic, P. Lokin

"Among other components, ore body „T“ was discovered in the Bor pit copper mine at a depth of app. 500m. The ore body is relatively small: 60-65m long, 40-45m wide and up to 50m high, but with an extremely high content of copper and accompanying metals. The rock mass containing the ore body is composed of altered andesite of relatively poor physical-mechanical characteristics. The exploitation of this ore body by way of conventional mining methods was associated with high risk, cost, and potential losses of the rich ore. Due to everything specified hereinbefore, the adopted solution involved ore exploitation with complete ensuring of excavation stability, thus forming an extremely large underground opening. The excavation and supporting were performed according to the NATM principles along with applying shotcrete, 9-25 m long cables, and horizontal and vertical lattice girders. The excavation of the ore body was completed in app. 2.5 years, all the while ensuring complete stability and security of people and equipment; construction works were constantly monitored. The proposed solution for ore excavation enabled more than 95% exploitation of ore as requested by the Investor, while depletion due to waste-rock excavation was less than the allowed 5%. INTRODUCTIONThe Bor copper deposit is located in Eastern Serbia. Copper exploitation in Bor commenced as far back as 1902. A total of 26 ore bodies varying in size and valuable mineral content have been excavated so far. One of the most recent excavated ore bodies is ore body „T“, which is one of the smallest bodies by volume, but also a body with one of the largest content of copper and accompanying metals. An important fact regarding its exploitation is that it is located at a depth of app. 500 m; that its shape is irregular: 60-65 m long; 40-45 m wide and app. 50 m high; and that it lays within a rock mass of relatively poor physical-mechanical characteristics. In addition, above it, in its immediate vicinity, ore body „F“ was previously excavated and its room was refilled with backfill and water. Excavation methods common in mining practice (excavation with caving, excavation with backfilling, excavation with protective pillars) were inadequate in this case for various reasons:• The immediate vicinity of the previous ore body „F“ room could cause expansion of the caving zone also to that room, along with penetration of groundwater and flotation sludge;• Possibility of deformation expansion caused by caving as far up as the surface of the terrain, including the urban area;• Difficulties in maintaining the stability of excavation sidewalls having steep slopes and great height;• Significant loss of ore mass with a relatively high content of metals etc."

Jan 1, 2015

By W. W. Adams

"Accidents at coal mines in the United States in September 1926 resulted in the loss of 170 lives, according to information furnished to the Bureau of Mines, Department of Commerce, by State mine inspectors. Of this number 125 occurred at bituminous mines and 45 in the anthracite field. As the bituminous output of coal for September was 48,976,000 tons, and the production of anthracite was 8,444,000 tons, the fatalities reported represented a death rate of 2.55 per million tons for bituminous mines and 5.33 for anthracite mines. The industry as a whole showed a fatality rate of 2.6 per million tons of coal produced in September 1925 the rate for bituminous coal mines was 3.29; the anthracite mines were idle in September last year due to a strike.During the first nine months of the present year 1,759 men have been killed by accidents at the coal mines throughout the United States, resulting in a death rate, per million tons of coal produced, of 3.76 as compared with 3.95 for the same period in 1925. Reports for bituminous mines alone showed a nine-month fatality rate of 3.53 which was about the same as the corresponding rate from January to September in 1925. The anthracite rate for the present year, however, shows a decrease of about 17 per cent; that is, the rate has declined from 6.36 to 5.28.Records covering the first nine months of 1926 show that 12 ""major"" disasters, that is, disasters in which five or more men were killed at one time, have resulted in the loss of 271 lives as against 10 disasters and 199 deaths in the corresponding months in 1925. The fatality rates for these disaster: alone were 0.579 and 0.465, respectively. One major explosion occurred at Tahona, Oklahoma, on September 3, 1926, in which 16 men lost their lives.An analysis of the principal causes of the 1,759 fatalities for the first nine months of the present year shows a reduction in the death rate as a whole and for falls of roof and coal and for explosives, but an increase in haulage, gas and dust explosions, and electricity. The comparative rates for these accidents were:"

Oct 1, 1926

GENTLEMAN: The year 1928 was another in the history of the Institute which was marked by quiet growth and steady progress. The total membership as of December 31, 1928, was 8703 as compared with 8438 on December 31, in 1927. Again the main increase has been in Members and the number of Junior Associates is less. As will be seen also by the Treasurer's report, the increase is reflected in larger receipts for dues indicating that fewer have had to be dropped for non-payment. There has been a gratifying increase in the number applying for reinstatement and it seems clear that interest in and attachment to the Institute has notably increased. The year was signalized by the merging of the Rocky Mountain Club with the Institute which brought to our roll one hundred and forty who were not previously members from among the men who have made the West. It also brought to the Institute a strong tradition of good fellowship and a fund of over $100,000, the interest from which is to be expended so far as may be, for purposes beneficial to the Western states. The Endowment Committee expects to see other and similar funds entrusted to the Institute and the Board has already appointed a special committee to consider all projects for expenditure of the revenue from them. It is felt that with the organization and personnel available in the Institute even modest revenues can be made to yield large returns in the way of scientific and technical knowledge. Within the year also, a third great Division has been organized within the Institute, building on the foundation of the old Iron and Steel Committee. The new Division signalized its independence by joining the Lake Superior Mining Institute in a visit to the Menominee Range in September and by furnishing material for a special volume of 353 pages, "Iron and Steel" Technology in 1928," printed and distributed in December. The Institute of Metals Division held its fall meeting with good attendance as one feature of National Metal Week at Philadelphia in October, and published its volume of Proceedings, running to 836 pages, in August. "Petroleum Development and Technology in 1927," 844 pages, came out in June and recorded the work of the Petroleum Division. A most interesting Fall meeting was also held by the Division at Tulsa,

Jan 1, 1929

By W. P. Yant

This report describes result of a study of the carbon monoxide and particulate matter in the air of the Holland, Tunnel and metropolitan New York made by the Bureau of Mines (which had participated in the development

Jan 1, 1941