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By H. R. Pierce

Bureau of Mines engineers end others have endeavored to deter-nine a fundamental method for gauging the capacity of gas wells to deliver gas under different pressure conditions. Their studies show that for accurate gauging two factors must be determined: (1) The actual pressures at the face of the sand in the well (usually referred to as "at the sand"), acid (2) the relation between such pressures and the rates. of flow of c as through the sand. This paper, the first of a series, describes a method of attacking the problem of determining the actual pressures at the sand by means of observations of pressures and volumes at the well head.

Jan 1, 1929

By J. L. Buckley

A survey of previous underground mine fires revealed a number of reported fires may have been caused by malfunctioning stationary electrical equipment. Therefore, an evaluation of conventional fire protection systems was conducted to determine their usefulness in the protection of this equipment. To simplify the problem and facilitate the handling of data, the under-ground mine was divided into nine work areas. Representative combustibles and associated hazards characteristic of each area were identified. Conventionally available fire protection systems were then examined and evaluated to determine engineering and cost feasibility, effectiveness and reliability for the development of fire protection guidelines which could be used within the nine areas of interest.

Jan 1, 1976

Jan 1, 1948

Jan 1, 1948

By W. Z. Choi

A combined size reduction- liberation model of grinding has been developed to predict the product size distribution for both free and locked particles. The model is an extension of the population balance model for size reduction. Locked (or composite) particles have been subdivided into discrete classes of different compositions to obtain more detailed information. The model has been tested on a sphalerite ore from Tennessee. Liberation data have been obtained using an areal scanning technique on microscope images of polished particle mounts.

Jan 1, 1985

By G. T. Fisher

The material requirements of carbide cutting tools for machining steel and cast iron are dependent on WC bonded with Co, with additions of TaCand TiC. The Bureau of Mines is conducting research to devise substi-tute materials, based on Ni-alloy-bonded TiC, for C-5-grade cutting tool applications. This substitution would result in less dependence on foreign sources for Co, Ta, and W, and use of lower cost materials. In this preliminary study, the Bureau investigated the effects of composition and processing variables on the transverse rupture strength and hardness of Ni-alloy-bonded TiC to identify compositions that exhibit promising mechanical properties. Further systematic modification of these compositions by soild-solution strengthening additions would subsequently be evaluated to obtain cutting tool materials with requisite properties and performance for C-5 applications. Compositions for evaluation were prepared by a powder metallurgy method of cold-pressing and liquid-phase sintering. Complementary analysis of compositions included chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectro-scopy, and density measurements. Based on results of this investigation, promising compositions were determined to be 59.37TiC-25Ni-5Mo-lO.63Mo2C, 59.68TiC-25Ni-3.33Mo-1.77Mo2C-6.67W-3.55WC, and 59.35TiC-25Ni-l.67Mo-3.54Mo2C-3.33W-7.1WC.

Jan 1, 1987

By Ki Bui Ma

Momentum wheels with superconducting bearings can integrate both attitude control and energy storage functions, with attendant savings in the total volume and weight of hardware, and power consumption, all of which are in short supply on mini-satellites. We have built and tested a prototype with a wheel of mass 1.9 kg, diameter 3.25 in, and height 3 in, which can store 3.5 J-sec of angular momentum and 5 kJ of energy when it rotates at an angular speed of 15000 RPM. The energy density of 2.5 kJ/kg achieved is comparable with the lower range for lead-acid batteries. To show that the wheel is energy efficient, we have performed spin down tests and measured the input power required to sustain rotational speed. Results indicate that power consumption, even accounting for the needs of cooling system, is significantly smaller than that for state of the art commercial reaction wheels.

Jan 1, 2002

R. G. BROWN, Bodie, Cal.: Mr. Rickard's paper, with its valuable illustrations, brings into fresh clearness the game of hide-and-seek which the miner must play with his ore-deposit; but, more than this, it goes far towards classifying those perplexing idiosyncrasies which, while unclassified, constitute a labyrinth almost without clue. Probably every engineer can add to the list by the mention of at least one fresh detail from his own experience, and I for one would like to comment on two of Mr. Rickard's divisions. To what he has written about " walls within walls" and " walls without walls," the accompanying Figs. 1 and 2 may be appropriate, the more so as they represent conditions obtaining in a part of the Butte copper-belt more typical of the copper-veins as a whole than the Gagnon, which, in some respects the most interesting mine in the camp, stands almost alone in many particulars. (See nuns., xvi., 62.) Fig. 1 was sketched in January, 1895, in the stopes above the 700-foot level of the Colusa-Parrot mine, east of the Parrot and southwest. of the Anaconda. The stope, the commercial foot-wall of which is shown at A, was 30 feet wide at this section, the pay-ore being massive chalcocite, jumbled with bornite, pyrite, quartz and thoroughly broken-down granite. A and At are inch-thick seams of black talc; B, B' and B" are also talc, possibly 1/8-inch thick. In the plane of the section the "banded quartz " and " quartz and pyrite " were both of too low grade for extraction, but 5 feet back along the stope had been of fair value. The granite with quartz and bornite between Bt and A' was pay-ore, but that to the right of B" was not. In both cases the ferro-magnesian minerals had been removed, leaving, where not obscured by ore, faint, dark patches. Between A'

Jan 1, 1897

By C. A. Rowland

The use of the Bond Work Index to size industrial grinding equipment is well known. Its use to measure grinding efficiency was presented by C.A. Rowland, Jr. at an AIME meeting in 1976. However, due to a bureaucratic error, the paper was never submitted for publication. This metric has nevertheless been adopted by industry as a widely used standard. The purpose of this paper is to re-present and update the application of this tool as a standard for measuring grinding circuit efficiency. Definition ?standard, n. something established for use as a rule or basis of comparison in measuring or judging capacity, content, extent, value, quality, etc.; as standards of weight and measure? (Webster, 1958).

Jan 1, 2008

Jan 1, 1957

By G W. Wilson, M Aubertin

A desulfurised tailings cover was installed at the Detour Lake Mine in Ontario, Canada, to reduce oxygen penetration into the underlying sulfidic tailings. The cover ranges from one to 1.5 m in thickness and was intended to maintain high water saturation to reduce oxygen diffusion and consume oxygen by oxidation of the residual sulfide minerals. The tailings impoundment was instrumented to measure climatic parameters, water levels and water content profiles within the tailings and single-layer cover. One year of monitoring data was collected. Additional tailings samples were obtained for geotechnical and geochemical characterisation. The average grain size of the cover material was found to be coarser than the underlying tailings. Monitoring also indicated that air entry values of the cover material were lower than the tailings. Numerical modelling was conducted on the cover to predict water content profiles under varying climate conditions together with the depth of oxygen penetration and diffusive oxygen fluxes. Estimates of the diffusion coefficient and kinetic oxidation rates from field data compared well with values obtained by laboratory measurements. Numerical simulations indicate water saturations of less than 85 per cent can be expected under varying climate conditions. Predicted oxygen flux rates through the desulfurised cover over tailings with high acid potential indicate low flux rates reaching these tailings due to either consumption of oxygen by residual sulfur within the cover or saturation of the underlying tailings.

Jan 1, 2003

By R. J. Reuss

The ore at this new underground operation is a massive sulfide breccia with high copper values. A major highway and electric transmission line pass directly over the near-surface orebodv. The mining method being used is undercut and fill. A continuous miner together with a single boom, hydraulic jumbo is used for the mining. Backfill is a weakly cemented sand-gravel mixture that is pneumatically placed. The ore is treated by conventional crushing, milling and flotation.

Jan 1, 1992

By Kenneth Robertson

ALL, strangers visiting this district are struck with the peculiar manner in which the pig-iron is graded. There are eleven regular grades, besides which, when gray forge is ordered, one-half of Nos. 1 and 2 Mill are shipped. Occasionally there is another grade Known as Silver Mill, which is made so seldom that I cannot describe it, and have no sample to exhibit. Most of you have found it difficult to grade properly and uniformly under the simpler system which obtains elsewhere, and can consequently readily imagine the increased difficulty with us. Each furnace employs an " expert," and even with this precaution, the system is not conducive, at all times, to amicable relations between buyers and sellers. I am told that it was adopted at the time Southern irons were seeking a market; but it still remains, although the time has come when our iron is sought for and has obtained for itself a place in the markets of the country. The grades are as follows:

Jan 1, 1889

By Rafael Malagutti Leandro

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência do tempo e temperatura de tratamento térmico de solubilização no tamanho de grão e na fração de ferrita de um aço inoxidável dúplex UNS S31803 (SAF 2205). A chapa do aço em estudo foi laminada com 22% de redução de espessura antes de ser solubilizada a 1.000°C, 1.100°C e 1.200°C, por tempos de até 96 h. A fração de ferrita das amostras foi obtida por medidas magnéticas em ferritoscópio e por estereologia quantitativa. Já o tamanho de grão foi determinado por estereologia quantitativa de imagens obtidas por microscopia óptica. Observou-se o aumento da fração de ferrita em função da temperatura de tratamento, como esperado, e foi realizado comparativo entre as duas técnicas de determinação da fração de ferrita com simulações de equilíbrio em Thermo-Calc®. O intercepto médio das amostras solubilizadas a 1.000°C manteve-se praticamente constante em todos os tempos de solubilização estudados, em aproximadamente 9 micrômetros; após 5h de solubilização a 1.100°C, e após 30 min a 1.200°C, contudo, observou-se significativo crescimento de grão nas amostras.

Aug 7, 2018

The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) defines an independent contractor as any person, partnership, corporation, subsidiary of a corporation, firm, association or other organization that contracts to perform services or construction at a mine. Contractors that perform specific types of work are required to report the number of employees who work at coal mines and noncoal mines.

Jan 1, 2008

By AIME AIME

THE petroleum engineers have the conference habit. They drop in, thresh things over, and drop out. No time is wasted. So it was at the Fort Worth meeting of the Petroleum Division, Thursday and Friday, Oct. 8 and 9; headquarters, Blackstone Hotel. Associate Chairman Albertson arrived the morning of the 7th, to tie in any loose ends of the technical program. S. M. Greenidge, chairman of the local committee, checked the arrangements with his committeemen at a luncheon that noon. By mid-afternoon the next day's attendance was anybody's guess-there were no noses to count. But when the gavel sounded Thursday morning 175 members and guests were present, also the official A.I.M.E. party consisting of President Lovejoy, Secretary Parsons, and George Otis Smith. Shortly after adjournment Friday afternoon all but a handful had vamoosed, lit out, disap¬peared. But, in the meantime, it was a grand conference, attendance maximum every session, and the discussion fast and furious. The discussion came from all over the floor, sometimes as good-natured sniping, sometimes in long volleys that were almost fatal to the reporter. Everyone knew his subject and few there were who had nothing to say.

Jan 1, 1936

By Mehmet Bu daycı, Onuralp Yücel, Ahmet Turan, Murat Alkan

In this study, iron based alloys (Fe, Fe-Cr-Ni-Mo, etc.) were produced by using metallothermic methods starting from Mill Scales obtained continuous casting processes. During the process, the combustion was realized by ignition and the produced wave propagates throughout the reactant mixture yielding the desired product. In this work, Mill scale used as an iron source, which includes +2, +3 values iron oxides. Aluminum, Magnesium and Silicon were used as reductants. In these metallothermic experiments, different ratios of reductants were examined, and their effects on the metal recovery and alloy compositions were investigated. The samples were characterized by using chemical analysis (AAS), XRD and XRF techniques.

Jan 1, 2016

By M Z. Abzalov

Drilling mineral sand deposits has specific challenges, which are different from drilling hard rock deposits: Drilled sequences are represented by non-consolidated free-flowing sands to semi-consolidated clayey sands and indurated layers. Valuable heavy minerals (ilmenite, rutile, zircon, leucoxene) have an average density of 4.6 g/cm3, which is significantly heavier than the hosting sand matrix; mainly represented by quartz (density = 2.6 g/cm3). The large difference in the mineral densities can result in sample segregation in the drilling rods and capturing devices causing biased composition of the recovered samples. The drilled strata can contain beds of consolidated sediments, hard pan lenses and concretions. Therefore, chosen drilling equipment should be flexible and permit a switch from drilling the free-flowing sands to hard rock drilling. Thickness of the sand hosted mineralisation varies from several metres to more than 170 m. Mineralisation is distributed above and below the water table. Evaluation of the mineral sands deposits is based on hundreds of drill holes and many thousands of samples, therefore drilling methods should be fast and cost effective. The drilling methods commonly used for mineral sand deposit evaluation, include aircore, triple tube diamond and sonic; including its variants, such as vibrocore drilling technique. The ability of the studied drilling techniques to properly address the above listed challenges in mineral sand deposits, whilst maximising the quality of the obtained samples has been compared in three deposits: Corridor Sands (Mozambique), Richards Bay (Republic of South Africa) and Fort-Dauphin (Madagascar).This study has shown that aircore samples tend to be negatively grade biased, underestimating the heavy minerals content, in particular when drilled intervals are located below the water table. Triple tube diamond core method can produce non-biased samples. However, results can be marred by incorrectly chosen drilling mud. Sonic drilling is a relatively new technique based on a high frequency vibratory technology. It is the only production drilling technique that allows a continuous relatively undisturbed sample of unlithified sands to be obtained. The main limitations of this technology preventing its wider use for developing mineral sand resources are the relatively high drilling costs, in particular when the depth of drilling exceeds 100 m, and speed of drilling advance.

Oct 5, 2011

By R. C. Wallace

In the early explorations of the Northwest, the search for minerals played a not inconsiderable part. The first episode had its disillusioning sequel. Sir Martin Frobisher, in 1576, sailed up that bay in Baffin land now known as Frobisher bay, thinking that he had the coast of Asia on his right hand. He brought back from this expedition a piece of 'black earth' from Hall island, from which an alchemist by coaxing nature, or his own conscience, obtained gold. A second expedition of three ships was fitted out in 1577, and a third of fifteen ships in 1578. The ships were loaded with this 'black earth', which on subsequent investigation was found to be worthless, and interest in minerals for the time being ceased. In 1612 Hall and Baffin went in search of a gold mine near the Arctic circle on the west coast of Greenland, reported to be worked by the Danes. They found old workings, but no ore. To come nearer the Hudson Bay area, it is noteworthy that the charter granted by Charles II to the Hudson Bay Company in 1670, as a result of the explorations of Radisson and Groseillers, was given "-in consideration for their having at their own cost and charges undertaken an expedition to Hudson bay in the northeast parts of America, for the discovery of a new passage to the South sea, and for the finding of some trade for furs, minerals and other considerable commodities, and of their already having made by their undertakings such discoveries as did encourage them to proceed farther in pursuance of the said design, by means whereof there might probably arise great advantage to the King and his Kingdom - ".

Jan 1, 1925

By James D. Cooper

COMBINED tonnage or natural abrasive materials sold or used in the United States in 1962 was 10 percent greater than that of 1961 and value was 9 percent higher. Production of crude artificial abrasives in the United States and Canada was up 14 percent in volume and 9 percent in value. Value of grinding-wheel sales increased 13 percent, and the value of coated-abrasives sales was up 10 percent. The value of imports and reexports declined, while the value or exports increased. [ ]

Jan 1, 1963