Search Documents

By Vander de Angeli

Em 2014 houve necessidade de substituição precoce de Caixas de refrigeração no Alto Forno devido a vazamentos provocados por defeitos de fundição ocasionando perda de produção. Após análise das falhas no componente, a oficina de fundição da ArcelorMittal Tubarão na busca contínua pela excelência na qualidade de seus produtos, propôs o desenvolvimento de um novo projeto de fundição visando atingimento de nível radiográfico = 3 nas caixas de refrigeração conforme critério de aceitação estabelecido na Norma ASTM E272. Para atingir o objetivo proposto foram inseridos no novo projeto itens para melhorar o processo de alimentação e solidificação do metal. Como resultado o novo projeto apresentou melhora significativa na qualidade do componente do sistema de insuflação de ar do Alto Forno atingindo níveis radiográficos que atendam as exigências da Norma.

Aug 16, 2017

By W. J. Kroll

The production of beryllium metal and its alloys is one of the most difficult tasks in metallurgy. In this report we shall examine the progress made in this work- in the last 15 years; taking into account the outstanding publications, including; those of the patent literature, and the information obtained during our 20 years? experience with this metal. The difficulties experienced' in producing elementary beryllium derive from the physical nature as well as from the chemical behavior of the metal and its compounds. Its oxygen affinity is about the same as that of calcium and a little higher than that of magnesium. Its chlorine affinity is much lower than that of magnesium, about equal that, of manganese, and little higher than that of aluminum. The sulfur and nitrogen affinity is probably almost the same as that of calcium for these elements, and beryllium carbide is probably more stable than aluminum carbide, A14C3. The intermetallic affinity of beryllium may be given in descending order, as follows: Nickel - copper - iron. It forms eutectics with -aluminum and silicon as well as with silver. It does not alloy with magnesium and only partly with calcium. Its oxide melts at 2,570° C., but CaO and BaO form readily fusible eutectics with BeO(65).3/ No igneous solvents are known for BeO, which behaves id this regard like Mgo. The beryllium silicate is a strong compound, the aluminete much less so; however, CaO easily displaces Be in the heated mixtures. The Anhydrous chloride hydrolyzes, and it cannot be made from aqueous liquors. It sublimes at 488° C, and melts at 405° C., The fluoride, which, is very Soluble in water, hydrolyzes also, but a kind of oxyfluoride of the approximate formula 2 BeO?5 BeF2 can be made from solutions by dessication. The fluoride melts at 800° C, and boils above 1,100° C. It forms very stable double fluorides with alkalifluorides, which have very low melting points and are fairly soluble in water. They are more stable than the analogous fluosilicates and the sodium fluoaluminate cryolite.

Jan 1, 1945

By Arif Emre Dursun

The aim of this study is to present hazard classifications of location, type and causes of accidents in the Turkish coal-extracting industry using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). In this study, fatal mine accidents were analyzed by pairwise comparison and weighting, and the most important hazards were identified by determining the effective main and sub-criteria among location, type and causes of accidents. For this purpose, first-, second- and third-level hazards consisting of location, type and causes of accident were determined by using the data of fatal mine accidents in underground and openpit coal mining in Turkey between 2010 and 2020.

May 1, 2024

By Silvio de Carvalho Sabença

Um forno a arco elétrico é um tipo de forno industrial que usa uma corrente elétrica alternada para produzir calor. Estes equipamentos servem como uma alternativa para os altos fornos tradicionais, e desempenham um papel importante na produção de aço. Em um forno de arco elétrico, a corrente elétrica passa através dos eletrodos de grafite, do aço e de outros metais, o que resulta na produção de aço de modo mais rápido e eficiente. A queda de tensão no arco é, praticamente, proporcional à distância entre o eletrodo e a carga. O eletrodo corresponde ao polo positivo (+) e a carga o negativo (-). Em corrente alternada os pólos, positivo e negativo, trocam de posição a cada meio ciclo da tensão de rede. Sob condições de arco, forma-se, no eletrodo e na carga, uma finíssima camada altamente ionizada devida a uma altíssima concentração do campo elétrico nestas zonas. No forno o arco se extingue quando a corrente se anula e reacende, quando a tensão volta a crescer. Devido a constantes quebra de eletrodo foi montado o grupo de trabalho com objetivo de reduzir o consumo dos eletrodos, otimização do consumo de energia, redução do Power On, aumento da potência média e redução nas quebras de eletrodos. Esta implantação foi extremamente importante pois o mesmo está garantindo a continuidade operacional, de forma segura e confiável, de um dos equipamentos mais importantes para a produção de aço na Usina.

Aug 17, 2017

By Musa Karakus

Ceramic build-ups are synthetic mineral deposits formed in critical locations in or near the throats of inductor units in channel induction furnaces, the preferred melting and holding furnaces used in iron foundries. The build-ups are undesirable because they slow down melt circulation, increase power consumption and cost. and decrease the quality of the metal. This study involved the determination of the mineralogy of build-up samples and the quantitative measurement of phase abundance in those build-ups by cathodoluminescence microscopy. These undesirable deposits usually are hard and dense and contain variable amounts of entrained metallic iron. The non-metallic phases dominantly consist of oxides and silicates of several refractory elements, AI, Mg. Ca, Si, and Fe. Minor amounts of the sulfides of Ca. Mg, Fe and REE elements, especially Ce and La. and the oxides and silicates of Ce and La elements are locally present in the build-ups. The build-up samples were found to be ideally suited for study by cathodoluminescence, which has provided an easy means for rapid re-cognition of the phases present in the build-ups. The phase compositions were determined by electron microprobe analysis. The phases identified and their characteristic cathodoluminescence shown in the ceramic build-up samples were: spinel (bright green, blue-green, and red). forsterite (red and purple), periclase (dark reddish-brown, blue. and orange), corundum (red, blue, orange, and white), anorthite (yellow, yellow-green, blue, and blue-purple), hibonite or calcium hexaluminate (dark green), mullite (dull red-brown), gehlenite (deep blue), silica(dark brown, pink, purple, red. and blue), monticellite (light violet blue and light pale yellow-orange), silicon carbide (orange), oldhamite (bright yellow and orange). Ce-La silicate phases (purple), and glass (orange, dull red, and purple). Non-luminescent phases were: hercynite, Fe-oxides, Ce-La-oxides, Fe-sulfides, and metallic iron.

Jan 1, 1989

By Natália de Oliveira Roque Maciel

Nos últimos anos, especialmente fibras naturais extraídos de plantas lignocelulósico, ganharam atenção devido ao seu desempenho como engenharia de reforço compósito polímero. Por exemplo, as fibras lignocelulósicas extraídos a partir das folhas da planta curauá (Ananas acutifolius) exibir um potencial de reforço devido à sua relativamente alta resistência. As fibras, entre 0 a 30% em volume de, foram misturados com resina de poliéster sob pressão num molde metálico, e curada à temperatura ambiente durante 24 horas. Este trabalho procura avaliar a resistência ao impacto deste tipo de matriz de epóxi fibra de reforço. A resistência ao impacto aumentado substancialmente com a quantidade relativa de fibras de curauá reforço do compósito. Este desempenho foi associada com a resistência imposta pelas fibras e o comportamento de propagação da fissura

Aug 17, 2017

By Carter NB

A statistically-designed experimental program has been used to study compositional and processing variables which influence the development of strength and reducibility of iron ore pellets. The effects of chemical composition and processing variables were investigated by indurating laboratory-made green pellets, of known composition, under approximately isothermal conditions in a pot- grate simulator. Some findings from a six- variable study are summarized in the form of contour diagrams and emphasize the importance of interactions between the variables. Production of strong, highly reducible pellets is possible over a considerable range of combinations of temperature and firing time. Abrasion index (AI) and cold compression strength (CCS) improve as both these variables increase, but reducibility (R) declines, so a compromise is required. When the lime level is too low to form enough slag for bonding, the AI and CCS may be inadequate. Larger additions of lime tend to improve AI and CCS, with only slight effects on R. Finer grinding of the balling feed (i.e. higher Blaine index) tends to improve Al and CCS without

Jan 1, 1980

By R. W. Raymond

The death of Louis Janin, which took place Mar. 6, 1914, at Santa Barbara, terminated the earthly career of almost the last survivor, and one of the most illustrious members, of that group of American mining engineers and metallurgists who, in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, directed the development of the mineral resources of the Pacific slope. Louis Janin was born in 1836 at New Orleans. His grandfather, an officer in the French army, had emigrated to this country, with his family, at or before the outbreak of the French revolution. His father became an

Jan 1, 1915

By A. Chieregati

"A heterogeneity study was conducted at Erdenet Copper Mine in Erdenet, Mongolia, to determine the fundamental sampling error associated with blasthole sampling. Using a custom designed sector sampler, six large blasthole samples were collected to perform the test that was developed by Pierre Gy, to estimate the constitutional heterogeneity factor for several types of ore. The study investigated the entire sampling protocol, from mine site to analytical laboratory, and quantified the contributions to fundamental sampling error (FSE) of the various stages of sampling and sample preparation. The total relative standard deviation (RSD) of sampling error was determined to be ±32% and ±49.4% for copper and molybdenum respectively. A classical statistics analysis conducted on the data confirmed the level of RSD. About 95% of the sampling error was produced from only one step in the sampling protocol: when the 1 kg sample was reduced to 50 g sample for chemical analysis. Therefore, it is recommended that the 1 kg sample be reduced to 50g using a slightly different protocol to minimize the FSE. The 1 kg sample should be first crushed to 0.2cm size. A 250g split should then be taken and fine ground. A 50g split should then be taken from the 250g fine ground split. These two simple steps will reduce the FSE to ±7.9% and ±17% for copper and molybdenum respectively. The modified sampling protocol effectively reduces the probability of misclassification of low grade ore to zero. INTRODUCTION The Erdenet copper-molybdenum open pit mine is located in Erdenet, in Orkhon province, Mongolia. The Erdenetiin-Ovoo copper-molybdenum deposit is between 1.5 and 3 km wide, and about 25 km in length (Erdenet Mining Corporation, 2016). Chalcopyrite, bornite covellite and chalcocite are among the major minerals found in the deposit. The mine processes approximately 26 million tons of ore annually. A study was conducted to evaluate the fundamental error associated with the blasthole cuttings and sampling protocol at the mine. The open pit mine uses 215mm diameter Russian drills to drill 17.5m holes for 15m benches. The total weight of blasthole cuttings for a 215mm diameter hole and 15m bench height is between 1.5 and 2 tonnes. This amount of sample is difficult and time consuming to collect and analyze. Therefore, a sector sampler was designed for the Russian drills to collect large samples that were representative of the blasthole cuttings (Ganguli et al., 2016). In order to eliminate the delimitation and the extraction errors, researchers consider sector samplers to be ideal for sampling blastholes (Pitard, 2008; Chieregati and Pitard, 2009). This method was intentionally more rigorous than the blasthole sampling protocol at the mine to ensure that the blasthole cuttings were properly sampled. This study was part of a broader study that also looked at the relationship between particle size and grade. The samples collected by the custom designed sector sampler were very large (195 kg on average), and therefore, sufficient for both studies. The relationship between particle size and grade has been reported in Ganguli et al. (2016)."

Jan 1, 2017

By Kenneth K. Landes

So far my consulting in industrial minerals has been confined principally to carbonate rocks,-salt, coking coal, and glass sand. Much of this work has been for companies either too small for a full-time geological staff or unaware of the value of employing one or more qualified geologists permanently. It gave me considerable personal satisfaction to see several of the latter companies employ one or two full-time geologists after the completion of a consulting contract with them. One possible reason why some companies lack the wisdom to hire geologists is that they are dominated by engineers who still subscribe to the old idea that engineers are self-sufficient in all fields. They could have learned this from their professors. I once knew a Dean of Engineering who got purple in the face when a faculty committee was discussing the financing of a broad gauged engineering project and suggestions were made that assistance be obtained from the Schools of Business and Law and from some of the science departments tie pounded the table and shouted "Engineers are trained to handle all this!" In teaching engineering geology some years ago I used to tell the class repeatedly that the course would not make them geologists, that the purpose was to teach them

Jan 1, 1972

By Marko Lampi, Ross Andrews, Jouni Pihlasalo, Robert Matusewicz

With widespread discussion on reducing carbon, sulphur and other emissions, use of sustainable energy sources and the pivotal circular economy theme, consideration needs to be given to pyrometallurgical operations broadly and more specifically, non-ferrous metallurgy. These themes present a number of challenges in terms of current operations and the view of processing the metals which are largely taken for granted in day to day living. This paper considers how these themes will impact pyrometallurgical flowsheets using the non-ferrous base metals as an example. It will examine the flowsheet chain to offer views on the boundaries of flowsheet optimization and the application of available tools to meet these future goals and challenges. INTRODUCTION The themes of reducing footprint through lowered CO2, S and other emissions, together with process sustainability (e.g. lowered energy) and links to the circular economy are well known to everyone in the metals industries. Whether it is reducing greenhouse gas emissions or analysing the importance of metals recycling in the circular economy, all these themes carry with them the fundamental premise of any change being considered; how can you best optimize a system to meet your aims? Of course, this depends on the available tools and the approach used for optimisation.

Jan 1, 2019

By Sandra Lúcia de Moraes

O Brasil figura como uma das grandes potências minerais do mundo, sendo esse setor de grande valia para a economia brasileira por gerar milhares de empregos diretos e indiretos. Apesar de sua importância econômica e social, a atividade da mineração ocasiona uma grande geração de rejeitos. O país é detentor de um robusto arcabouço legal, com uma série de regulamentações a respeito do meio ambiente no setor mineral, sendo que 14 delas são específicas para rejeitos da mineração. No entanto, o acidente ocorrido com a barragem da Samarco em 2015 trouxe novamente à pauta a temática dos rejeitos, o que tem instigado uma série de discussões na cadeia da mineração. Neste trabalho, os autores procuraram caracterizar três aspectos: o cenário atual da cadeia produtiva da mineração, a problemática da geração de rejeitos e o nível de desenvolvimento tecnológico que visa o seu aproveitamento. Esse conteúdo está estruturado em duas partes. A primeira parte, retratada neste documento, analisa a cadeia produtiva da mineração e a dinâmica que caracteriza a participação de seus vários atores, assim como as formas de aumentar os investimentos em processos de recuperação de rejeitos.

Oct 30, 2017

By Hall J. S, Zuiderwyk M, Reid A. F

A prototype version of a computer controll- ed on-line scanning electron microscope image analyser, employing the real-time signals ob tamed by digital control of the electron beam has been used to obtain statistical quantificat lion of a wide range of mineral grain character istics, including composition, size distribut- ion, and degree of liberation. These propert lies have been determined for suites of whole particles of flotation concentrates, mounted without further preparation. The facility is also well adapted to the measurement of general Istereological parameters. The computer control software is based on an operating system which includes the device drivers and which is linked to FORTRAN programs [containing the procedural algorithms. The beam scanner provides a 4000 x 4000 point raster swept at a 10 Mhz rate in steps of 1 to 200 points and a set of up to 8 signal channels which respond to electron or energy dispersive X-ray signals to provide a digital attern.characterizing the sample composition. the beam is stepped at high speed until a part- 'cle or phase boundary is encountered; a longer well time is set if X-ray data is required. he digital scanner interrupts the computer

Jan 1, 1977

By G. Barbery

In Mineral Processing, the objective of most processes is the separation of mixtures of minerals, which are originally associated in composite particles. Feed preparation processes grinding for instance, which take place before beneficiation or separation processes do not usually break particles at the boundary between mineral phases. They produce composite ("middlings") as well as liberated particle. It is therefore necessary, in a particulate system, to determine the proportion of particles which are liberated as well as, ideally, the size distribution of minerals which remain associated in composite particles. Up to now, there has been a lack of experimental techniques to characterize completely composite particulate systems. Heavy liquid separation which is commonly used to obtain information of this type can only be applied to simple binary cases for which one mineral has a low density (lower than e.g 2.8 ). The technique which is proposed in this paper involves the measurement of parameters on polished sections of particles mounted in a matrix, and the use of mathematical transformations to reconstruct in three-dimensions the information obtained from these measurements .

Jan 1, 1977

By W. M. Peirce

WITH the supply of zinc, like that of most other nonferrous metals, inadequate to meet the demand, efforts to increase domestic ore supplies and production capacity have been of primary interest. No major sources of new ore have been disclosed during the year but improvements have been reported in facilities for mining and concentrating ores from existing mines. The American Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co. has announced its intention of erecting a new mill in the Ouray district of Colorado. The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada is reported to be planning improvements costing $3,000,000 to its Sullivan mine and concentrator at Kimberley, B.C., where the sink-float process is to be used for preliminary ore treatment. In the reduction field, the St. Joseph

Jan 1, 1947

By L. C. Graton

I. INTRODUCTION. The Relations of Scale in Geologic Work. MANY features of human accomplishment rest upon the possibility of representing natural objects on a scale of different magnitude from the actual one. Most drawings, for example, are of very different scale from that of the object depicted, and indeed are useful mainly on this account. More important than the question of mere convenience, however, is that of meeting the physical limitations of vision.1 Thus, a mural

Jan 5, 1913

By O. C. Blade

This report on the properties of aviation gasolines and aviation jet fuels produced in the United States during 1953 was made under a co-operative agreement between the American Petroleum Institute and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the Interior. Analytical data are presented for 101 samples of aviation gasoline which include, for the second time in this series of reports, data on some samples of grade 108/135 aviation fuel. Data also are given for 32 samples of aviation jet fuel. The analyses were made on samples typical of the manufacturers' production in their laboratories and the results sub-mitted to the Bureau of Mines for compilation. The products of 19 manufacturers of aviation gasolines and of 19 producers of aviation jet fuels are represented.

Jan 1, 1954

By A. M. Rowe, I. H. Silberberg

A computer program was written to predict the phase behavior generated by the enriched-gas-drive process. This program is based, in part, on a new concept of convergence pressme, which is then used to select vapor - liquid equilibrium ratios (K-factors) for performing a series of flash calculations. The results of these calculations are the equilibrium vapor and liquid phase compositions which define the phase envelopes. The program was used to predict phase envelopes for 11 different hydrocarbon systems on which published experimental data were available. The predicted and experimental results compare favorably. INTRODUCTION The reservoir engineer is frequently faced with the problem of predicting what will happen if gas is injected into a reservoir. One aspect of this, general problem is predicting the phase changes that will occur when a non-equilibrium gas displaces a reservoir fluid. In particular, a "dry" gas, upon displacing a volatile oil, will pick up intermediate components from the oil. On the other hand, a "wet" gas, containing a high concentration of intermediates, will lose some of these components to a relatively low-gravity, non-eouilibrium1- crude. It is this latter Drocess. occurring in the enriched-gas displacement, which is treated in this paper. In the past, these phase changes have been determined experimentally and the results incorporated into various modifications of the Buckley-Leverett analysis.112 Such experimental work is time consuming, and the results are sensitive to numerous experimental errors. With the wide availability of high-speed digital computing equipment and numerous correlations pertaining to the vapor-liquid equilibria of hydrocarbon systems, it is now practical to calculate such phase behavior. This paper describes a computer program for performing these calculations. THE ENRICHED GAS DISPLACEMENT PROCESS Experimental results have shown that oil recovery can be significantly increased by enriching the displacing gas with intermediate hydrocarbon c0m~onents.3 The essential features of the phase behavior generated by this enriched-gas-drive process are commonly illustrated with ternary diagrams such as Fig. 1.4 In this figure, Gas D, which contains a high concentration of intermediate hydrocarbons with respect to the undersaturated Crude A, is injected into the reservoir. When D contacts A, gas goes into solution until the oil becomes saturated (Point. B). Further contacting of Gas D and saturated Oil B results in a Mixture C which separates into Vapor Y(c) and Liquid X(c). Liquid X(c) is contacted by additional Gas O, resulting in Mixture E which separates into Vapor Y(e) and Liquid X(e). Repeated contacts of the liquid by the injected gas will eventually result in Liquid X(4 of maximum enrichment existing in equilibrium with Gas Y(d). The equilibrium tie-line X(4 Y(4, when extended, passes through the Point D representing the enriched injection gas. For systems of more than three components, the predicted equilibrium states are dependent upon not only reservoir temperature and pressure, but also the compositions of the crude oil and injected gas. If the gas is sufficiently enriched, a miscible displacement is generated. Line If is tangent to the phas,e envelope at the critical point (Point Z) and represents the limiting slope of the tie-lines as the critical state is approached. Point 1 therefore represents the minimum enrichment of injection gas required to generate a miscible displacement. Point G represents the minimum enrichment required for initial miscibility of the injection gas with Crude A. Accra has presented a method to be used for prediction of oil recovery by the enriched gas displacement process.l To develop the phase behavior data needed, he designed the experimental procedure described in the following quotation from his paper: The original liquid was contacted by a volume of displacing gas and allowed to come to equi-

Jan 1, 1966

By Saieb Haddad, Henry Pate

"Building retaining walls in an urban area is becoming more diffi cult due to right-of-way restraints. Using standard concrete cantilever walls requires a construction easement behind the walls for installation, which for the most part is unavailable. To install these types of walls in a limited right-of-way requires extensive temporary walls to minimize the construction easement. Top-down construction walls utilizing tie-back anchors for support require either the purchase of the right-of-way or underground easements in the area of the anchors.These problems faced the Department on Interstate 75 widening in Knoxville, TN in an area of a large cut. A multi-story Insurance Building and a large commercial Retail Center were located at the top of the cut. To prevent any impact on the buildings, the walls had to be placed within a limited area. The option of buying the properties was prohibitively expensive. Due to the height of the two walls and the variability of the underling rock line, contiguous caisson pile cantilever walls were contemplated as the only wall type that would be appropriate. The cost of the two walls was estimated to be very close or even higher than the cost of purchasing the two buildings. The Department believed that there must be a better way to deal with the problem. A vertically tied-down pile frame wall constructed from the top-down with a concrete facing was developed. This allowed the construction of the walls to be restricted to the available limited area and provided substantial savings for the State. INTRODUCTIONThe widening of I-40/75 has been a major transportation project in the Knoxville area which is being constructed by the Tennessee Department of Transportation. The project includes 18 Retaining Walls and 13 Bridges. Two of the 18 Retaining Walls, refer to Figure 1, are to support two valuable properties, one being an insurance company housed in a multi-story offi ce building and the other a suburban shopping center which were appraised at $13.0 million and $5.0 million respectively. Due to the 31 ft. (9.5m) maximum height of each of the two Retaining Walls and the limited Right-of- Way of 15.0 feet (4.6m), a contiguous caisson pile cantilever wall was proposed for each of the two retaining wall sites with an estimated cost of $12.0 million each. The contiguous pile cantilever Wall is comprised of a line of caisson piles socketed into underlying competent bedrock. The design required that 4 ft. (1219mm) dia. piles be installed at 6 ft. (1.83m) centers, socketed into rock in order to provide lateral stability and restrict lateral wall movement to acceptable limits. The line of caissons would be fronted with a cast-in-place concrete face wall."

Jan 1, 2007

By Alexander Filotti, Richard Kalson

"1. INTRODUCTION- WHAT IS P3 OR PPP ?The Public Private Partnership (PPP or 3P) is a project delivery scheme based on the government providing land and/or a concession agreement, and on a private entity providing the design, construction, financing, operation and maintenance of the project for an extensive duration of time (up to thirty years). At the end of the operation-maintenance period, the project is turned over to the public entity, which fully owns the project at all times. While there are many PPP delivery schemes used around the world, for the present paper, we are going to analyze the impact of the Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Maintain (DBFOM) scheme on the deep foundation specialty subcontractor. There are couple of reasons that the PPP delivery system started to be used and implemented not only by developed nations (e.g. United Kingdom, USA etc.), but also by the International Development Bank for delivering major infrastructure projects in developing nations. From the point of view of government agencies, some of the reasons to use PPP are the following:??The primary use of private capital in an era where borrowing and/or supplemental taxation represents too much of a political risk. Budget deficits and taxation limits are extremely hot topics in every election (national or local) and the level of education of the electorate in this area is making it more and more difficult for politicians to use borrowed funds and additional taxation finance sources for public projects. At the same time, we see an increase in the social expenditures of the government in parallel with a needed increase in expenditures on infrastructure due to aging and neglect.??Bundling the construction risks with the operational and maintenance risks naturally pushes the private entity to increase the level of innovation and communications in the primary phase ( the construction phase) in order to develop future process based upon the innovation and communications utilized in the operation and maintenance phase of the project. This is true if contractual incentives are properly structured because “all revolves around incentives. In a world of ‘incomplete’ contracts, where it is difficult to foresee and contract about uncertain future events, it is important to get the incentive structure right” (Grimsey and Lewis, 2004).??The transfer of very expensive risks such as differing site conditions, schedule, design, construction, maintenance and operation costs from the public authority to the private entity.??The timespan of development and construction of a PPP project is usually shorter than the traditional procurement process (e.g. “ the I-595 P3 provided capacity improvements fifteen years sooner than a conventional plan would have offered. In Maryland, an innovative expansion of the Seagirt Marine Terminal in the Port of Baltimore was completed two years ahead of schedule due to the P3 model. As a result, the Port of Baltimore is only the second port on the US East Coast to have unrestricted access to both a fully functioning 50-foot channel and 50-foot berth.”)"

Jan 1, 2017