Search Documents

By W. O. Macha

El presente texto señala la importancia del Sink and Float como método de concentración que facilita la explotación de minas de bajas leyes anteriormente desapercibidas en la industria minera. El estudio se divide en dos partes: la primera describe las generalidades de dicho método, mientras que la segunda muestra las pruebas metalúrgicas desarrollas con minerales de las minas "Casapalea", "San Cristóbal" , "Yauricocha" y "Tajo Abierto" de la Cerro de Paseo Co., así como las de "Austria Duvaz" "Victoria" y "Germania"de la "Negociación Minera y Metalúrgica Lizandro Proaño S . A . ", y la de "Sacracancha Gale". Como consecuencia de estas pruebas de Heavy Media, se encontró que el 75% de minerales tiene posibilidades de ser pre-concentrados por este método, asimismo la importancia del Sink and Float radica en el campo de los minerales usados corno relleno en las minas y de las abandonadas canchas.

Jul 20, 1960

By Thiago Pinto Silva

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito da adição de minérios com diferentes comportamentos a alta temperatura (assimilação e penetração de fase líquida) nos indicadores de processo em uma sinterização piloto. Para isso, seis sinter feeds foram caracterizados e, em seguida, submetidos ao ensaio de sinterização, considerando diferentes misturas a sinterizar. Foi observado que a substituição parcial de um minério que possui grande capacidade de assimilação por aqueles que assimilam pouco o líquido formado no processo de sinterização, resultou em maior resistência mecânica do sínter. Essa propriedade pode também ser associada ao formato dos poros no sínter produto, que reflete na sua redutibilidade. Em termos de penetração de fase líquida, os resultados indicam relação direta com a resistência mecânica do sínter. Dessa forma, esses ensaios de caracterização, juntamente com os aspectos mineralógicos, químicos e granulométricos, permitem subsidiar a tomada de decisão para a substituição mais adequada de um minério na mistura a sinterizar.

Aug 16, 2017

By Leonardo Martins da Silva

O minério de ferro quando encontrado contendo teores do elemento fósforo acima de 0,05% é considerado rejeito dada sua inutilização para o processamento de fabricação do aço. Tal fato ocorre devido a elevação da dureza do aço tornando-o quebradiço e com fratura. Sendo assim o presente trabalho tem como objetivo a avaliação do efeito do processo de lixiviação ácida como finalidade de redução do teor de fósforo no minério de ferro. Através da utilização do software Termocalc® foi possível analisar as diferentes estruturas formadas em diferentes teores do elemento fósforo. Através da técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foi possível analisar a estrutura do minério de ferro após seu tratamento com a energia de micro-ondas. Por meio da técnica de planejamento estatístico fatorial com pontos centrais e axiais foi possível determinar as condições ótimas de remoção de fósforo através da técnica de lixiviação ácida.

Aug 1, 2018

By Fred C., Bond

IN CYANIDE milling, little attention has been paid to the effect of the viscosity of the mill solution on the extraction speed. The viscosity of the solution varies with the amount of dissolved salts present as impurities. These salts build up to a maximum depending on the character of the ore, the grade of cyanide used, the lime and salts added, and the impurities originally in the water. The viscosity will change from month to month and week to week as these factors vary; and that this variation affects the extraction is unquestioned, although methods for calculating it are lacking. The character of the ore is probably the most important of the four factors, as the amount of minerals present that are soluble in cyanide solution will vary constantly, and each variation affects the viscosity of the mill solution. When the cyanide consumption increases as the character of the ore changes, the viscosity of the solution will increase and the extraction will decrease, for the cyanide consumption is usually a measure of the impurities dissolved from the ore. In other words, as the difference between the total and free cyanide increases the extraction will decrease, other factors remaining constant.

Jan 1, 1926

By Juan P. Camus, Sergio G. Jarpa

INTRODUCTION Chuquicamata mine is a large copper open pit located in the north of Chile. It has been in production for more than 80 years and now is in the later stages of its life with declining grades and increasing haul distances. As any old mine with long established organizations and procedures, it has faced one of the most difficult managerial problems: to conduct changes. Since 1994, the new management team has been devoted to a modernization pro- gram focused mainly in restructuring business operations. downsizing the labor force and introducing a mine planning pro- cess consistent with the company's goal. The explicit identification of the latter issue has been made because of the management’s conviction about the importance of it in the profitability of the business. The mine planning process at Chuquicamata mine has evolved from an old manual technique towards a modern computarized system, however the fundamental aspects and the procedures involved in this process have been the same. For in- stance, the cutoff grades policy has not changed during the last said 20 years, regardless of the changes to grade distribution, commodity prices, plant capacities, etc. To review and rethink this process, the strategy was to work with a small group of inside engineers and the management in order to interact with several mining consulting firms. The idea was to open a discussion about the fundamental principles used in the mine planning activities and, at the same time, to explore new ideas to improve the operating practices that have been followed for a long time. Thus, the goal of this paper is to present the mine planning approach that was the result of this work and the improvements that were obtained. THE CHUQUICAMATA MINE The Chuquicamata division is one of the five operations of Codelco and is currently devoted to operating the Chuquicamata mine; a copper open pit, concentrator, smelting and refining complex. It also operates Mina Sur which consists of an open pit mine, a leaching-solvent extraction and electrowinning process. There is also a dump leaching and a Sx-Ew plant for treating the low grade suifide ore (under the cutoff grade) from the Chuquicamata mine. Prior to reviewing the mine planning process, capacities for the Chuquicamata sulfide line were 640 000 tpd of run of mine material, 160 000 tpd of ore and 4 200 tpd of concentrate. This meant a total annual movement of around 230 Mt in the mine and a treatment of 57 Mt in the concentrator with a stripping ratio of approximately 3: 1. The old exploitation strategy consisted of an "open scheme", which means that all benches must have a berm with enough space to allow the traffic of large haulage trucks. This fact implied working with a great flexibility, but the consequences were flat slope angles. One of the reasons for using this operating practice in short term planning was that the grade consistency from the pit has always been a controversial variable. Schedules were designed to meet grade targets accurately and they were modified immediately when deviations become apparent. This reality led to working with a great deal of independent pushbacks and it required flexibility in the traffic system. The cutoff grade policy has been the same for a long time and the figure was 0.5 %CUT either for sulfide or oxide ore. This was the reason why a balance was produced between the mine and the concentrator. The mine is operated principally with benches of 26 m but in the upper part of the pit there are benches of 24 and 30 m. The main production equipment is shovels of 28 and 34 yd3 along with trucks of 200 and 240 st. Regarding the crushing facilities, there are two main systems located inside the pit and an old one in the periphery, close to a stockpile and near the concentrator. In the north part of the pit there is a crusher for waste material and in the north-east area is located the ore crusher facility. Both restrict a significant area of the pit and the mine sequence is considering to move the ore crusher again to the south-east sector where it used to be located. Relating to the waste crusher, the idea is to move it up to a bench near the surface in order to use the same conveyor belt and, at the same time, liberate an important sector. THE MINE PLANNING PROCESS The objective of the mine planning process is to develop a mine plan for the life of the deposit, in harmony and consistent with the company's goal. It includes the origin and destiny of tonnages and grades from the mine(s), along with the necessary resources to carry out this plan such as: fleet requirement, consumable goods, manpower, etc. From the financial point of view, it means to establish the cash flow for each time period of the mine life. That is. the revenue, capital investment and operating cost associated with each period of the plan. The fundamental principles involved in the mine planning pro- cess have been a controversial issue for a long time. One of the reasons for these divergent views could be produced by the difficulty of modeling a complete extraction policy for a geological re- source. This particular problem has to deal with several decision variables that are time dependent. So far, there is no mathematical formulation for managing such a problem, and the approach to solve it is based on a circular analysis combined with certain heuristic tools. So, a global model rather than a formula, requires a clear understanding of mine operations as well as economic theory and its application to a non-renewable resource. In order to manage this complex problem, the mine planning process can be conveniently split off in three stages which are conceptual, feasibility and operational planning. The characteristics of each stage are basically the timeliness in which they are developed and the kind and number of variables involved. Thus, conceptual planning is devoted to the definition of key variables like: the size of the operation, mining method, extraction se-

Jan 1, 1996

By Hugo Herreras

Recientes estudios en la ingeniería de voladura de rocas señalan herramientas modernas, como es el caso del sistema JKSimBlast, que han permitido a Shougang Hierro Perú avanzar en la ingeniería del diseño de voladura de rocas desde el diseño original hasta el actual. En ese sentido, el presente texto describe el sistema del diseño, modelamiento, simulación y administración de voladura en la integración de la empresa Shougang Hierro Perú S.A.A. El diseño consiste en modelar cálculos complejos para realizar las modificaciones apropiadas en el diseño y lograr una voladura que convierta al macizo rocoso in-situ en un muckpile de forma apropiada, suelto, con una fragmentación adecuada para los procesos subsecuentes como carguío, acarreo, chancado, molienda etc y que no cause daño por vibración e impacto por presión de onda aérea al entorno de la mina.

Sep 19, 2006

By Andrew L. Mular, Richard R. Klimpel

Optimization strategies of possible interest to mineral processing are reviewed and typical strategies initiated in processing plants to date are discussed. Both On-Line and Off-Line optimization procedures have been employed by industry, assisted either by operators or by digital computers. In every case, dollar benefits have accrued.

Jan 1, 1991

By E. H. Griswold, C. E. Beecher

DURING 1931 the petroleum industry has faced the most hazardous periods of its existence, caused by large potentials, overproduction, and demoralized markets. Two state governors actually resorted to the use of the militia in an effort to restore a semi-stabilized condition within the industry, to prevent waste of the states' natural resources, and to restore prices to a level that would yield the states a reasonable tax revenue. These conditions have made it necessary to put into effect most. stringent economies and have produced a spirit of cooperation between companies to an extent that never before existed. The necessity for unified action on such matters as proration and the advantages to be gained by unit operation are being realized by the oil industry as a whole. Fewer wells have been drilled and wildcat operations almost eliminated: development and operation costs have been greatly reduced and more attention is being paid to efficient recovery methods. The net work of oil pipe- lines has grown rapidly especially in the area of East Texas. The construction and operation of natural gas and gasoline pipelines into areas far distant from the source of supply has been one of the outstanding accomplishments. Refining efficiency has continued to increase and the public is being supplied with a better grade of gasoline at a lower price. The unreasonable tax which state politicians have succeeded in placing on gasoline has encouraged tax evasion and unfair competition by un- scrupulous dealers and has misled the public as to the true price of gasoline.

Jan 1, 1932

By J. D. H. Strickland, K. J. Jackson

IN previous papers' ' details were given of the constructlon and use of an apparatus to study the rate of chlorine consumption and the rate of sul- fate and sulfur production when dilute aqueous chlorine solutions were allowed to react with pyrite and galena in acid solutions at or near room temperature. The reaction with pyrite was very rapid, and hence entirely transport-controlled in its kinetics, and produced only ferric and sulfate ions. The behavior of galena was much more complex and was studied in some detail. Sulfur monochloride could be detected as a reaction product and both

Jan 1, 1959

By Juliano Villanueva

La concentradora Antapaccay comenzó sus operaciones en noviembre del 2012. Como parte del proceso de puesta en marcha, se desarrolló la subetapa de este comisionamiento de los IsaMills, fundamentales en el circuito de remolienda. El circuito de remolienda consiste en dos IsaMills, uno para el concentrado rougher y otro para el concentrado scavenger. En ese sentido, el presente texto describe las ventajas encontradas en este equipo como el nivel de carga de medio de molienda, que es reflejado en el consumo de energía.

Oct 1, 2014

By Jianwen Yang, Yucai Zhou, Yanhong Dong, Daixiong Chen

"The study of combined depressants for flotation separation of lead from copper has been carried out to solve the copper-lead separation problem. Test results show that the depressant of CMC (Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose) or sodium sulfite plays an important role on the selective depression of galena flotation. When the two reagents above are combined, the selective depression effect on galena is further enhanced. When the mass ratio of CMC to sodium sulfite is 1:4, galena was best depressed, with the lowest lead content in the copper concentrateClosed-circuit tests indicate that under a certain pH value of the slurry, with the best ratio of CMC to sodium sulfite as depressants, the copper concentrate with the grade of 28.23% copper and 4.12% lead is obtained, and the copper recovery is 84.87%; the lead concentrate with 68.12% lead and 0.86% copper is obtained, and the lead recovery reaches to 92.20%. An efficient separation of copper and lead is achieved with the combined depressants. INTRODUCTIONComplex copper-lead-zinc sulfide ore is abundant in China. With the rapid increase of mineral consumption, it has become one of the important sources to produce copper-lead-zinc metals. However, it is difficult to achieve effective separation of copper and lead, due to the complicated ore properties, such as fine dissemination, low copper grade, complex symbiotic relationship and similar floatability of copper and lead.Poisonous reagents of bichromate and cyanide are often used as depressants for copper lead separation. They have good separation efficiency, but pose serious pollution issues. As the environmental protection is becoming more and more important, it is a trend to replace traditional toxic reagents with new nontoxic efficient chemicals. Organic depressant FCLS studied by Liu has strong selectivity against galena, and does not depress chalcopyrite. A new type of galena depressant of CLS-01 discovered by Jin-lin Yang shows good results in the separation a mixed copper and lead concentrate. In addition, dextrin, chitosan and some other natural organic compounds (Drzymala, 2003; Huang, 2012; Qin, 2013) have also been studied to separate copper and lead."

Jan 1, 2016

By Gérald Riverin, Bernard Salmon, Marlo Gagnon, Réemi Asselin, Alain Cazavant, Michel LaBrie

"The Ansil deposit is located in the Noranda mining camp in the southern part of the Abitibi greenstone belt. /twas discovered in 1981 and production began in 1989 with proven reserves of 1.58 Mt grading 7.2% copper, 0.9% zinc, 26.5 glt of silver and 1.6 glt of gold. It is centered at a depth of 1.3 kilometre and represents one of the deepest ore discoveries ever made from surface.The deposit consists of a single massive sulphide lens located at the contact between the Northwest Rhyolite and the Rusty Ridge Andesite. The lens strikes north-south and dips 50° east. The thickness of the lens may reach up to 35 m and can change very abruptly both along strike and along dip. The maximum thicknesses of the sulphide lens are reached in its upper (western) and at its lower (eastern) edges, thus giving the deposit its present shape of two sulphide domes connected by a thinner central portion. The lower dome is underlain by a thick accumulation of massive magnetite which may reach 10 to 15m in thickness. The upper and lower domes are underlain by two distinct pipe-shaped zones of stringer and disseminated sulphides which merge with a larger stringer zone at depth.The Ansi/ deposit displays strong relationships between its morphology and the distribution of metals. Hydrothermal alteration consists of chloritization and sericitization. Chlorite alteration is closely associated with stringer sulphide mineralization while sericite is developed in diffuse zones bordering the chloritic zones. Unlike other similar deposits, the Ansil deposit is characterized by very extensive alteration and sulphide mineralization in the hangingwall of the massive sulphides. Several features of the deposit are consistent with an origin from a submarine hydrothermal system which was particularly long-lived, and which thus promoted the build-up of very high fluid temperatures with extensive replacement (and enrichment) of pre-existing sulphides after their original deposition onto the seafloor."

Jan 1, 1990

By G. Stafford Whitby

N ATURAL gas is found in several provinces of Canada, particularly Ontario, New Brunswick, and Alberta. The largest producer is Alberta, and there the most important field is the Turner Valley, where some low-gravity crude oil and naphtha are associated with the gas. Last year there was produced from the Turner Valley field an average of 3,462 barrels, or about 450 tons, of oil a day. The gas flow from the wells in this field bears such a high ratio to the oil which comes from them that, despite the enforcement of a measure of conservation, it amounted to the vast quantity of 6,000 tons a day, or more than 2,000,000 tons a year. Prior to the application of any conservation measures, the gas flow was at one time of the order of 12,000 tons a day. The heat content of one ton of the gas is almost equal to that of two tons of coal. A certain amount, say, 10 per cent," of the gas is used in Calgary and surrounding towns and in re-pressuring the Bow Island gas field, but the greater part of it goes to waste. What are the possibilities of making use of this waste gas, in whole or part? The possibilities of using it profitably as fuel for domestic and industrial purposes have undoubtedly been carefully considered by the Company which now distributes a part of the gas to cities and towns in Alberta. But the relative sparness of the population and the cost of pipe lines makes such possibilities strictly limited. There are, however, distinct possibilities of making use of at !east a part of the gas for the production of a variety of chemical products and of liquid motor fuel. The present paper is devoted to outlining some of these possibilities. About three-quarters (by weight) of the Turner Valley waste gas consists of methane, the lightest and, chemically speaking, the simplest of hydrocarbon gases. The remaining quarter consists of heavier hydrocarbon gases-ethane, propane, and butane. Formerly, naphtha was separated from the well gas by a simple process of self-refrigeration. The gas coming from the wells at a pressure of, say, 1,200 to 1,800 lb., was passed through simple cylindrical vessels fitted with baffles and known as 'separators'. The pressure was allowed to drop to, say, 300 lb. in the separators, and the cooling effect secured by this expansion brought about separation of the naphtha. The naphtha thus obtained was 'wild', that is, it had a high vapour pressure owing to the presence in it of dissolved and liquefied gas. In order to reduce the vapour pressure to a level at which the naphtha could be shipped, this gas was removed either by distilling it out through a 'stabilizing' column or, according to the practice at many wells, merely by allowing the naphtha to 'weather' in open tanks (heated by coils if necessary) until the gas had been driven off in to the air.

Jan 1, 1936

By V Yadi

Geostatistics has been widely used for more than four decades as a powerful tool in ore resource/reserve estimates and grade control. This method has gradually replaced the conventional method such as polygon and cross-section for grade estimation by more mathematical techniques such as kriging. The advances in geostatistical understanding and the availability of appropriate software packages have given much more contribution in speed and high accuracy during production. However, in many cases, these techniques are sometime applied without support with a good thorough understanding of the geological controls on metal distribution. To produce the result close to actual, the geological control in interpretation and appropriate geostatistical task is a must. Geological logging was described in the core must be consistent with the level plan produced by commercial modelling software used as a guide for grade control during production. Experience gained through evaluation of the Central I deposit resulted that the most effective systems continue to be based on geostatistical methods of resource estimation. Computer applications modelling software packages are necessarily as the core of an efficient in undertaking these assignments. They contribute to make a valued to data management and are becoming increasingly effective during processing. The latter role is particularly important to check the actual versus estimated values where will significantly to improve personnel to have a confident with their knowledge combined with experience and complete their jobs satisfy.

Aug 22, 2011

By A. Vidyadhar

Using pure quartz and hematite minerals, the adsorption mechanism of mixed cationic/anionic reagent schemes was investigated through Hallimond flotation studies. The flotation response of quartz and hematite independently with cationic and anionic collectors as well as with mixed cationic/anionic collector systems is assessed. The flotation response as a function of pH and collector concentration was investigated. The single mineral flotation tests in the presence of anionic collectors, quartz does not respond to flotation, but the C12 amine flotation of quartz was observed to be pH and concentration dependent. It was observed that hematite flotation recovery is maximum at acidic pH with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), neutral pH with oleate, and at basic pH about 9.5 with C12 amine. Flotation results with both quartz and hematite indicate an increased adsorption of cationic collector in the presence of anionic collector apart from its own co-adsorption. The incorporation of oleate in between C12 amine molecules decreases the electrostatic head-head repulsion and thereby increasing the adsorption of C12 amine due to attractive tail-tail hydrophobic bonds, besides forming a closely packed adsorbed layer enhancing the hydrophobicity. The increase in oleate concentration beyond C12 amine concentration leads to the formation of soluble C12 amine-oleate complex / precipitate and the adsorption of these species decreased the flotation since the alkyl chains are in chaotical orientation with a conceivable number of head groups directing towards the solution phase. Keywords: quartz, hematite, adsorption, mixed collector system, flotation, zeta-potential

Sep 1, 2012

By Barbara A. Filas

The IFC goal is to promote private sector investment in developing countries which will reduce poverty and improve people?s lives. The developing country goal is to promote health, education and employment opportunities that improve their economies and their standard of living. The mining company goal is to Promote successful ?triple bottom line? mining projects that will grow shareholder equity

May 1, 2002

By Morgan M. Sears, Gamal Rashed, Michael M. Murphy, Brent Slaker

A parametric study was conducted using FLAC3D numerical models to examine the impact of oblique loading on the strength and yield pattern of a stone pillar using two simplified geometry types. In type-1 the side walls of the pillars were assumed to be perpendicular to the roof and the floor, while in type-2 the side walls were assumed to be vertical. These two geometries are frequently used to simplify/model the creation of pillars in dipping mines. Results from the numerical modeling indicate that dipping pillars have reduced strength compared to horizontal pillars, and they are at an elevated risk of failure. Also, an asymmetric failure propagation pattern could be obtained depending on the interaction between the pillar width/height (W/H) ratio, seam dip, in situ stresses and pillar geometry.

Studying the ore textures in a discrete orebody is a novel approach to estimating liberation potential of the ore minerals present. As part of a PhD thesis, this project aims at classifying and quantifying the textures of the Hilton North orebodies, and at estimating their liberation characteristics.

Jan 1, 1993

By Francisco Macías

"El drenaje ácido de mina AMD (Acid Mine Drainage) es la principal causa de contaminación de aguas en la Faja Pirítica Ibérica. En ese sentido, el presente texto señala una forma de tratamiento de drenaje de dicha faja a través del pretratamiento natural para oxidar y retirar fierro, así como del tratamiento pasivo DAS, denominado DAS-calizo, el cual se centra en la retención de metales trivalentes y el paso del sistema, llamado DAS-magnésico enfocado en la descontaminación de Zn, Mn, Cd, Co y Ni. PO. La aplicación del proyecto se realizará por LIFE-ETAD, -en tanto posibilita la viabilidad de un sistema pasivo para la descontaminación metálica en este tipo de aguas ácidas."

Jul 1, 2016

By E. P. Wiechmann, J. A. Henríquez, P. E. Aqueveque, L. G. Muñoz, G. A. Vidal

"The original segmented intercell Optibar succeeded in reducing the magnitude and occurrence of short circuits. It also improved the specific energy consumption of the process. This paper expands the load current source concept introducing a triple segmented bar. This new bar adds immunity to dirt contacts and open circuits. Moreover, it further improves the standard deviation of current densities. As compared with industrial practices this development should accomplish an 8% specific energy reduction. Also, a plant implemented with BBS should be able to work with 12.5% higher process currents than Walker without compromising the operation.INTRODUCTIONIn 2011 the technology based on current mode was implemented at industrial scale. The success of this technology moved CIM Magazine (Lanktree, 2011) to write in the Jan 2012 issue an upfront story of this technological innovation. To cover the story, the technical reporter Graham Langtree was appointed by Peter Braul Editor of the upfront section. The article tells that “More than 40,000 tonnes of copper have been refined in a year-long test run of Optibar Inc.’s new technology at Barrick Gold’s Zaldívar copper plant in northern Chile. The new segmented intercell bars being used in the Compañía Minera Zaldívar refinery have slashed energy costs, reduced short circuits during refining and allowed the production of heftier, purer sheets of copper – gains that all promise to boost the plant’s margins. A copper refining tank house containing the cell circuits typically consumes 2,000 kWh of electricity to produce a single tonne of grade-A copper. Yet, monitoring the energy efficiency of the Optibar technology after increasing the weight of harvested copper sheets, the project’s engineers recorded a 92 kWh-per-tonne cut in energy consumption, a savings of 4.6 per cent. “Today, with the power prices we have, Optibar technology represents a potential savings for the whole plant of US$1.5 million per year,” says Robert Mayne- Nicholls, executive general manager of Barrick Gold’s Chilean operations.”"

Jan 1, 2012