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By A. E. Sears

The intent of geomorphic landform design is to mimic the function of the natural landscape. In a surface mine reclamation application, geomorphic landform design has the potential to mitigate stream loss. This research quantified features of reference landforms and performed computer modeling of a conceptual valley-fill design using geomorphic landform principles. A design was created using published design parameters with a software design tool (Carlson Natural Regrade with GeoFluv). Three additional designs, incorporating field-obtained regional geomorphic landform parameters, were completed and resulted in a geomorphic landform design specific to southern West Virginia. This work illustrates the importance of field determination of the ridge to head-of-channel input and drainage density parameters. Values of ridge to head-of-channel distance measured in this study were consistently an order of magnitude greater than software recommended values (SRV); SRV = 24 m (80 ft) versus field= 220 m (720 ft). Similarly, for the drainage density parameter, the software recommended range is 6 to 9 km-1 (80-120 ft/ac). The field measurements for central Appalachia quantified the drainage density to range from 5 to 5.3 km-1 (67-70 ft/ac). This affects Appalachian valley-fill stream construction by making the stream lengths shorter and the land slopes steeper with straighter headwater channels compared with areas in the southwestern United States. While the application of geomorphic landform design to surface mine sites presents challenges, this work provides support for future applications.

By Rowlands N. J, Zimmermann D. O

The Engel Model search simulator is described with particular emphasis on preparation of input parameters. The computer has a "black box" role in the same way a telephone or radio is a "black box" in communications. A search technique (sensor) is selected and applied in two stages of'search, namely, reconnaissance and detailed. The model relies on knowing and quantifying the parameters of the target sought and the search technique; this is usually done by analogy studies from available literature and experience. The parameters are then balanced by feasibility studies on the search area. Case histories show that the study makes the user aware of what he is likely to find rather than what he wants or needs to find to be viable. Two case histories are presented: one for Mississippi Valley type lead- zinc deposits and another for stratiform copper. The first study showed particular benefits in the input stage and highlighted the fact that one could expect a lot of encouragement by way of interesting results but with little chance of finding the high-grade,

Jan 1, 1974

By John Durkin

Electromagnetic narrow-band signals were transmitted through the earth at 27 coal mines located throughout the United States. From those Bureau of Mines tests, apparent earth conductivity values were derived based upon a homogeneous half-space model of the earth. The derived conductivity values were found to be inversely proportional to the transmitted frequency and mine depth. A linear regression model relating the logarithm of the conductivity to the mine depth was formulated, and the results indicate that the mine depth can be an adequate predictor of the apparent earth conductivity above coal mines. Apparent earth conductivity was found to decrease with mine depth.

Jan 1, 1984

By John Durkin

Electromagnetic narrow-band signals were transmitted through the earth at 27 coal mines located throughout the United States. From those Bureau of Mines tests, apparent earth conductivity values were derived based upon a homogeneous half-space model of the earth. The derived conductivity values were found to be inversely proportional to the transmitted frequency and mine depth. A linear regression model relating the logarithm of the conductivity to the mine depth was formulated, and the results indicate that the mine depth can be an adequate predictor of the apparent earth conductivity above coal mines. Apparent earth conductivity was found to decrease with mine depth.

Jan 1, 1984

By Angus D. Campbell

Introduction In the Twentieth Annual Report of the Mcintyre Porcupine Mines, Limited, for the year ending March 31st, 1932, the General Manager, Mr. R. J. Ennis, said: "During the period under review, the plans outlined in last year's report have been completed, and all operations have been centralized in the new plant adjacent to No. 11 shaft. The new mill went into operation on May 27th and attained its rated capacity of 2,000 tons per day on November 15th. The new shops, warehouse, change-house, and general offices were occupied on December 1st, consummating the change from the old to the new plant ... "Silicosis is now definitely recognized as an industrial disease, and progresses rapidly when associated with tuberculosis. In an effort to combat its prevalence and progress, the new change-house was designed to build up the men's resistance to this and other forms of disease. It provides for a complete change from underground to street clothing, with a shower bath and solarium treatment in the interval. 'Unfortunately, in almost every goldmine, a very small percentage of the work-men are not adverse to taking some of the high-grade ore for their own purpose. This, in turn, tends to cast suspicion upon the honourable as well as the dishonorable employees. The new change-house routine discourages this practice and eliminates unjust suspicion, to the satisfaction of all concerned with the Company's operations".

Jan 1, 1933

By J. P. Mogan, E. D. Dainty, K. Katsuyama

"The Volvo BM 861 U articulated truck is one of the few underground diesel units manufactured by an organization which shares the same corporate roof as the engine manufacturer. As a consequence, the unit has provided an opportunity for the characteristics of the entire system- turbocharged aftercooled engine, transmission and exhaust scrubber- to interact to minimize emission levels. The performance of the components of the system, as evaluated by full-scale dynamometer testing, is summarized. The over-all effect of the various innovations was a 38% reduction in the recommended ventilation level over that of the bare engine.IntroductionThe Mining Research Laboratories of Energy, Mines and Resources Canada is required, as part o f the certification service of the Canadian Explosive Atmosphere s Laboratory, to test the exhaust emissions of diesel engines, and to recommend appropriate amounts of fresh ventilating air to minimize the risks to health of underground personnel working with, or in the vicinity of, such diesel engines. Volvo BM AB of Sweden made application for the certification of the BM 861 U truck during a period in which EMR personnel were engaged in a number of research projects concerned with improving the environment in dieselized mines. One such avenue of research was the venturi or high-energy scrubber; as the BM 861 U was equipped with this type of scrubber , EMR and Volvo BM agreed to cooperate in a considerably more extensive investigation than would be normal for a certification application. The outcome of some of this research is summarized in this paper."

Jan 1, 1981

By O. W. Shimer, D. C. Helms, C. E. Brown

The early history and progress of anthracite stripping, from the first known operation at Summit Hill in 1821 through 1917, was covered in 1917 in a paper by J. B. Warriner,1 then chief engineer, now president of the Lehigh Navigation Coal Co., and stripping methods between 1917 and 1931 were the subject of a paper in 1931 by H. H. Otto,2 of the Hudson Coal Company. The present paper is confined to methods used today on pitching beds in the western middle and southern anthracite fields. The anthracite industry, not unlike other large industries, had been affected for more than a decade by the adverse economic conditions of the country. High development and operating costs and the competition of other fuels caused some collieries to be closed temporarily, while others were permanently abandoned. In order to obtain a larger tonnage at a lower development cost, a larger stripping program was put into effect by many companies. In 1932, stripping operations accounted for 3½ million tons, or 7 per cent of the total anthracite production of the year, and in the next 10 years this increased until more than double that amount, or over 14 per cent of the total production, was from stripping operations. These figures represent the total production of the entire anthracite region; unfortunately, the figures have not been separated from the different fields. There are some operations in the southern and middle western fields where the tonnage obtained from stripping amounts to more than 30 per cent of the total colliery production. Stripping operations on pitching beds present difficult problems. Owing to the various geological formations, a different situation is encountered in nearly every stripping pit; and because of the proximity of an overlying bed, it is very often necessary to load the entire overburden into trucks and haul it out of the pit to the dump area, although back filling and casting is done whenever possible. Beds in the areas described in this paper pitch from 20" to 90° and some are on the invert in many sharp folds and faults. Planning The more successful strippings have had adequate engineering analysis. Some work is being done without much preliminary planning, but many strippings would have failed completely if close supervision by the engineering department had not been maintained. Locations of stripping areas are determined as follows: I. By constructing cross sections over the areas and drilling sufficient diamond-drill or well drill holes to study the strata and to determine the location, thickness and pitch of the beds.

Jan 1, 1946

By R. E. Morgan, Barkleym J. F.

"INTRODUCTION Wood burned for commercial heat and power usually is waste material from some manufacturing process. The amount of it reaches substantial proportions. It is estimated that over 50 percent of the timber cut for lumber becomes ""waste"" in the process - sawdust, shavings, trimmings, slabs, and bark. Woodworking manufacturing processes also produce much waste. The incentive to use this waste has resulted in much development of wood-burning equipment to produce heat and power. To answer general inquiries received by the Bureau, this publication covering developments along these lines was written. There is included a bibliography of additional information on the subject.COMPOSITION AND BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF WOODThe approximate composition of moisture-free wood is, in even figures:PercentHydrogen 6Carbon 49Oxygen 44Ash 1Total 100This composition corresponds to about C6H1005. Moisture is essentially always associated with wood. Green wood contains approximately 30 to 50 percent moisture; air-dried or seasoned wood contains 15 to 25 percent and kiln-dried about 8 percent. Exposed to the weather, wood absorbs and gives off moisture depending on weather conditions and water contact.""Dry"" wood ignites relatively quickly and readily gives off volatile matter when heated. Long flames and smoke easily occur during burning. The burning action is substantially retarded, however, by appreciable moisture content; ignition is more difficult. When the moisture content is more than about 70 percent, an auxiliary fuel is required to maintain combustion. One of the main factors in the problem of the satisfactory and smokeless combustion of wood is its moisture content."

Sep 1, 1950

By W. M. Aubrey

The use of solid fuel in shaft furnaces to indurate iron ore pellets was originally considered a necessary evil, which the industry worked long and hard to eliminate. Since then changes have taken place in furnace design and operating practices that have led us to our suggestion that solid fuel additions could again be used. In essence, what has happened is that the developments which made it possible to operate without solid fuel have also created new operating conditions favorable to the effective use of solid fuel. Because these new conditions* were brought about in part by the desire to eliminate solid fuel and because the development was a gradual one, the industry failed to reassess its position and for years neglected the possibility of returning to solid fuel.

Jan 1, 1967

By Ayşe Ece Yıldızçelik, Mehmet Buğdaycı, Onuralp Yücel

ZrB2 and TiB2 are significant metal borides. They are being used in various industrial areas from space technology to nuclear industry owing to their physical properties such as high melting point, high thermal/electrical conductivity and low density. Present study was conducted in two main stages: self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reactions and leaching. ZrO2, TiO2, B2O3 were used as starting material and Mg was used as a reductant to produce ZrB2-TiB2 powders via SHS. Therefore, it was aimed to determine production parameters, leaching conditions and comprehensive examination of final product features. The samples were characterized by using chemical analysis (AAS), XRD, XRF and SEM/EDS techniques.

Jan 1, 2015

By Shiju Zhang, Yongnian Dai, Songli Liu, Kuisong Zhu, Wenhui Ma, Li Cao

There is an abundance of vanadium-titanium magnetite in Panzhihua, China, which contains more than 8.73 x 10^8 tons of TiO2 accounting for 90.6% of the national reserves. To fully utilize Panzhihua titanium resources, many processes were proposed. The present status and future development of technologies for comprehensive utilization of vanadium-titanium magnetite including blast furnace, electric smelting, and ilmenite upgrading processes are reviewed.

Mar 1, 2017

By Barry D. Simmons

"A well-defined approach is essential to ensure the long-term success of a regional exploration program. Teck's approach in eastern Canada is designed to fulfill corporate objectives while recognizing certain unique parameters for exploration in the area. The elements of this approach include clearly defined objectives, technical considerations and personnel policies, all of which are equally important. The goal is a significant discovery before the mid-l990s and the company is confident that this target will be achieved.IntroductionAs one of Canada's oldest continuously operating mining companies, Teck Corporation traces its roots to Kirkland Lake, Ontario, with the development of the Teck-Hughes gold mine in 1913, later supplemented by production from the Lamaque gold mine in Val d'Or, Quebec. Control of the company was acquired by Temagami Mining Company, part of the Keevil Mining Group, in 1959. Credited as one of the first discoveries made using airborne geophysics, the Keevil Group had recently found the small but very high-grade copper deposits at Temagami, Ontario. These developments in eastern Canada formed a foundation for remarkable growth and Teck's present status as one of Canada's most successful and respected mining companies.Teck currently operates successful mining ventures across Canada and has international exposure through its association with Cominco Ltd., M.I.M. Holdings Limited and Metallgesellschaft AG. Operations in eastern Canada, however, remain an important component of Teck's ongoing success. The David Bell and Williams mines at Hernlo, Ontario, are Canada's lowest cost and largest gold operations, respectively. The Niobec Mine at Chicoutimi, Quebec, is North America's only significant producer of niobium. Teck maintains a 45070 interest in Golden Knight Resources Inc., part owner of the successful gold mining operation in the Casa Berardi area of northwestern Quebec. As a significant shareholder in Aur Resources Inc. and as a part owner, Teck is participating in the development of the Louvicourt deposit, a major base metal discovery at Val d'Or, Quebec."

Jan 1, 1992

By A. Sokolov, E. Hasikova, V. Gostilo, V. Titov

Introducing online X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers in the mining and processing industries can lower costs and improve the representativeness and speed of analysis. The applicability of the CON-XTM industrial conveyor XRF analyzer for continuous measurement of potassium content in process materials was demonstrated at various stages of potassium muriate (MOP) production. The CON-X analyzer produced reliable and accurate results for sylvinite ore (27–36% KCl), MOP cake after flotation (88–97% KCl), and NaCl residue (1.5–5% KCl). Tests of the analyzer at an MOP-producing plant showed a < 0.5% difference between online and laboratory results.

Jan 1, 2014

By O. W. Shimer, D. C. Helms, C. E. Brown

The early history and progress of anthracite stripping, from the first known operation at Summit Hill in 1821 through 1917, was covered in 1917 in a paper by J. B. Warriner,1 then chief engineer, now president of the Lehigh Navigation Coal Co., and stripping methods between 1917 and 1931 were the subject of a paper in 1931 by H. H. Otto,2 of the Hudson Coal Company. . The present paper is confined to methods used today on pitching beds in the western middle and southern anthracite fields. The anthracite industry, not unlike other large industries, had been affected for more than a decade by the adverse economic conditions of the country. High development and operating costs and the competition of other fuels caused some collieries to be closed temporarily, while others were permanently abandoned. In order to obtain a larger tonnage at a lower development cost, a larger stripping program was put into effect by many companies. In 1932, stripping operations accounted for 3½ million tons, or 7 per cent of the total anthracite production of the year, and in the next 10 years this increased until more than double that amount, or over 14 per cent of the total production, was from stripping operations. These figures represent the total production of the entire anthracite region; unfortunately, the figures have not been separated from the different fields. There are some operations in the southern and middle western fields where the tonnage obtained from stripping amounts to more than 30 per cent of the total colliery production. Stripping operations on pitching beds present difficult problems. Owing to the various geological formations, a different situation is encountered in nearly every stripping pit; and because of the proximity of an overlying bed, it is very often necessary to load the entire overburden into trucks and haul it out of the pit to the dump area, although back filling and casting is done whenever possible. Beds in the areas described in this paper pitch from 20" to 90 and some are on the invert in many sharp folds and faults. Planning The more successful strippings have had adequate engineering analysis. Some work is being done without much preliminary planning, but many strippings would have failed completely if close supervision by the engineering department had not been . maintained. Locations of stripping areas are determined as follows: I. By constructing cross sections over the areas and drilling sufficient diamond-drill or well drill holes to study the strata and to determine the location, thickness

Jan 1, 1944

By Jehan Rondot

Les bancs de quartzite inhabituellement purs et epais decouverts lors de la cartographie geologique de la region de Charlevoix sont maintenant entres au stade de !'exploitation et se revelent etre une richesse naturelle durable pour cette region. Les etudes stratigraphiques effectuees dans cette partie (Quebecia) du bouclier canadien indiquent que la succession: lo. complexe a amphibolite et leptynite a la base, 2o. quartzite et gneiss a sillimanite, muscovite et gneiss calcosilicate et conglomeratique au sommet est constante sur de grandes distances (de Charlevoix a la Basse Cote Nord) et represente une sedimentation continentale et de plateforme, peu epaisse, du proterozotque inferieur. La purete et la grande epaisseur du quartzite s'expliqueraient par un processus de sedimentation continentale complexe ou se succedent climat tropical-humide et glaciaire-aride et transport fluviatile et eolien. Parmi la multitude de depots de quartzite qui existent dans le monde, peu sont de qualite superieure. Or, de par sa composition chimique, le quartzite de La Galette se compare avantageusement a ceux des meilleurs gisements des Etats-U ni s, de l'Europe de l'Ouest et de I' Afrique du Sud. D'acces facile pour l'exploitation, les gisements ne sont qu'a une quarantaine de kilometres de Baie Saint-Paul ou de La Malbaie, sur le SaintLaurent. L'utilisation en metallurgie du quartzite de La Galette comprend la production de silicium, de ferro-silicium et d'autres alliages de silicium . La composition du quartzite est en outre appropriee pour la production de carbure de silicium et de silicate de sodium. Les fines peuvent etre utilisees pour la fabrication du verre et comme matiere de charge.

Jan 1, 1984

By A Huebner, A Noack

Companies all over the world are very sensitive concerning their IT and network security. In most network connected technical installations and machines however, network security is not taken into account to a significant extent: insecure protocols are run, unencrypted information is exchanged freely and even broadcasted wirelessly and networked machines are accessible via insecure file transfer protocol (FTP).What happens in case of malfunctions of such technical installations? Who is responsible? Who can be held liable in case of accidents? The first computer worm for automation systems (æSTUXNETÆ) (Symantec, 2010) was discovered during 2010.The paper is intended to create sensitivity among decision makers for potential security and resulting safety leaks and points out the current status quo in technical network security. It outlines best practices for secure networking and procedures for remote access and remote software updates on stationary equipment and mobile mining machinery. It describes how to ensure authentic and genuine configurations and software targets and how to ensure secure communication for autonomous and remote controlled equipment. For such equipment in particular, the following statement should apply: æThere is no safety without network securityÆ.

Sep 26, 2011

By John E. Hagni, Richard D. Hagni

ORE.ID, a microcomputer program, rapidly searches a database of the principal properties for 573 ore minerals. Searches may be performed on any or all of the following properties: mean Vickers hardness, Talmage hardness, mean reflectance, strength of anisotropism, and colors and tints of the mineral and its internal reflections. Data from the International Mineralogical Association - Commission on Ore Microscopy data card file have been used when available. The program displays the number and type of data matches for each mineral found, displays their chemical components, and allows the range to be narrowed or widened for each of the identification properties for repeated searches, if desired. ORE.ID is much more rapid, allows for the use of more identification properties, and involves more ore minerals than any previous identification system.

Jan 1, 1985

By J A. Rowland

When executing a ventilation change the mine ventilation circuit is in a state of flux throughout the entire change period with discrete mine areas both under ventilated and/or over ventilated during the change process. Whilst routine risk reduction strategies such as removing electrical power and people from the mine are commonly deployed it is wise to complete the change in the shortest practical time frame. This not only minimises the chance of unacceptable concentrations of contaminants accumulating around the mine but reduces the impedance on production activities which are routinely suspended during these change periods. This paper firstly highlights the importance of the maintenance of an accurate ventilation model and discusses issues which should be considered to assist to maintain in it a suitable state of health. Further it provides some tips on how to monitor that your model is in an acceptable state of tune so that it can be confidently deployed in the change process. Finally, it details the sequential process how a finely tuned and accurate ventilation model can be utilised to carry out major ventilation changes according to appliance pressure adjustments only and without the need to constantly measure and check resultant branch flows throughout the whole change process. Also discussed are some simple practical tips which will help ensure that the ventilation change process will go according to the devised plan on the day and in the most appropriate order including checking the efficiency and accuracy of the change, after it is completed.

Oct 12, 2022

By F. G. Scott

This document is a proposed program plan for mining environmental research to be conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Mines in support of industrial oil shale mining and processing. This program plan is one of three research alternatives being considered by the Bureau, each based on a different level of anticipated funding. This report documents the high funding level program plan.

Jan 1, 1980

By I. V. Kojo

Continuous development of technologies has been self-explanatory for Outokumpu Technology&apos;s engineers for decades. The aim in the development has always been the improvement of profitability of the copper production but also the sustainability of the processing i.e. high copper recovery, low external fossil based energy utilization, high emission captures and of course low operation and investment costs. Outokumpu Technology&apos;s long-term view of the development is a change towards continuous processes and elimination of number of unit operations in smelting i.e. elimination of possible sources of emissions. Outokumpu blister smelting processes i.e. Outokumpu Direct-to-Blister Flash Smelting and Kennecott-Outokumpu Flash Converting have shown excellent operational results during the years of operation and it is expected that soon more than 10 % of the world primary copper is produced by these technologies. The paper will give some background of this development trend.

Jan 1, 2007