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By Jr. Jacobson

Thermal reactions of l-methylpyrrole, l-butylpyrrole, and l-isopropyl-pyrrole were investigated by a flow method in the temperature range of 4500 to 5750 C. Those of I-butylpyrrole and l-isopropylpyrrole were also investigated in the 3400 to 4000 C range in a static system. The I-substituted pyrroles isomerize by an irreversible reaction to 2-substituted pyrroles. A reversible isomerization reaction shifted the alkyl group from the 2-to the 3-position on the pyrrole ring. All of the isomerization reactions are homogeneous, unimolecular, nonchain, first-order reactions having similar mechanisms and transition states. There is decomposition and cleavage of the longer alkyl side chain when it is in either the 2-or 3-position giving, as products, pyrrole, 2-and 3-methylpyrrole, 2-and 3-ethylpyrrole, pyridines, and hydrocarbons. The decomposition reactions appear to be by free-radical mechanisms. Pyridine homologs are formed by the expansion of the alkylpyrrole: butylpyrrole produces pyridine, and isopropylpyrrole produces 3-methylpyridine. Approximate Arrhenius equations are given for the formation of the decomposition products.

Jan 1, 1966

By Kenneth M. Smith

The kaolin deposits of Aiken County, South Carolina (fig. 1), have been worked continuously since 1852. It has been long known that the deposits contain a high percentage of' alumina and that large reserves exist. These facts led to the early selection of' this area for examination in the search by the Bureau of Mines for high-alumina clays. An exploratory program was started by the Bureau, and drilling was carried on from. June 27, 1942, to October 31, 1942. The kaolin-bearing district occupies an area approximately 25 miles long and 11 miles wide, running northeast, with its center at Aiken, S. C. (fig. 1). Within this district, a triangular area bounded by Horse Creek, Silver Bluff Road, and Hamburg Road was roughly prospected by boring 43 machine and 12 hand holes. As a result of the data obtained, a final smaller area was chosen for more systematic prospecting. This area is bounded by Pine Log, Tewkesbury, Silver Bluff, and Craig Sawmill Roads and covers about 4,000 acres. Mineral exploration agreements covering 11,272 acres were signed by 35 property owners, and 11,956 feet was drilled in 200 holes on these properties.

Jan 1, 1949

By Robert S. Warfield

The Federal Bureau of mines and U.S. Geological Survey conducted exploratory investigations and geologic mapping in the Wishbone Hill district of the Matanuska coalfield almost continuously from 1942 through 1958. These investigations delineated reserves of high-volatile bituminous coal necessary to supply the rapidly expanding military and civilian requirements in the Anchorage area. This report describes the program conducted by the Bureau of Mines from 1949 through 1958, and briefly summarizes previous investigations, the results of which have already been published. The coal-bearing structure on both the north and south limbs of the prominent Wishbone Hill syncline was explored by 8,719 feet of churn drilling and 25,460 feet of diamond-core drilling. A total of 33 holes were drilled ranging in depth from 60 to 2,114 feet. To supplement the drilling operations, bulldozer and dragline trenching were undertaken at key locations; about 25,000 cubic yards of dragline trench were excavated in the vicinity of the old Premier mine.

Jan 1, 1962

By Arthur V. Petty

The Bureau of Mines has researched the utilization of mining and pro-cessing wastes as raw materials for the production of glass-ceramic pipe. Characterization of various wastes as to occurrence and chemical composition is reported. A computer program was developed and used to identify waste materials and mixes that would result in glass melts from which glass-ceramics could be produced after cooling and subsequent heat treatments. The production of abrasion-resistant pipe from inexpensive and readily available domestic resources could offer an economical substitute for high-alloy steels containing the critical and strategic materials cobalt and chromium.

Jan 1, 1984

By J. W. Thompson

SALE AND CONVEYANCE. DEED BY INDIAN ALLOTTEE OF UNSOUND MIND-BONA FIDE PURCHASER. The deed of an Indian allottee whose mind was unsound, but who was not entirely without understanding, is voidable if made before the grantor's incapacity has been judicially determined; and a purchaser of the original grantee who interposes the defense of a bona fide purchaser has the burden of showing a purchase for value and on failure to do so can not claim the benefit of a bona fide purchaser. Adams Oil & Gas Co. v. Hudson (Oklahoma), 155 Pacific, 220, February. 1916. PURCHASER OF MINING CLAIM-RIGHT TO FIXTURES. The purchaser of a mine equipped with an electric hoist, placed in the mine under a rental contract with the owner of the hoist and under an agreement to return it to the owner at the expiration of the term of hiring, can not claim and hold the hoist as against the owner where the agent of the seller explained to the purchaser that the hoist was not owned by the owner of the claim. Montana Electric Co. v. Northern Valley Mining Co. (Montana), 153 Pacific, 1017. p, 1018, October, 1915. AUTHORITY OF GRANTEE TO EXTEND LEASE. A deed conveying lands subject to an oil and gas lease under which the lessee had the right to drill or pay money in lieu of drilling at his option, and reserving to the grantor a share of the royalties under such lease, and expressly authorizing the grantee to lease the land for oil and gas purposes and to take the rentals, authorizes the grantee to extend the existing lease before the expiration thereof in consideration of the annual payment of money in lieu of drilling, as contemplated by the lease.

Jan 1, 1916

By Edward L. McHugh

The appraisal of mineral resources of the Challis National Forest, Idaho, by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, was made so that the mineral resources of the forest could be appropiately considered in land use planning. Information from this study is intended to tip the U.S. Forest Service to incorporate mineral resource data into forest plans The study was done in conjunction with the U.S. Geological Survey, which released a companion report on the geology and mineral potential of the Challis National Forest in 1989. This summary report is derived from a more detailed USBM Open-File Report (MLA 6-91) that includes descriptions of mines and prospects, commodity profiles, and development cost models. Since the 1860's mines within the Challis National Forest have produced mineral commodities worth more than $590 million at current (1989) commodity prices. Identified mineral resources have a gross value of about $2 billion at current prices, including 8 strategic or critical minerals. The U.S. Bureau of Mines study identified and described 723 active and inactive mineral properties within the forest. Mineral properties with identified resources were evaluate to determine their economic significance, and an assessment was made of the feasibility of mineral development. Of the 2,516,191 acres in the Challis National Forest, about 390,000 acres were classified as having mining development interest. Commercially important mineral production, mainly of molybdenum, gold, and silver from the Challis National Forest is likely for the foreseeable future.

Jan 1, 1991

By Frederick W. Lee

List of contributing editors of Geophysical Abstracts:

Sep 1, 1932

By Frank S. Wartman

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Jan 1, 1927

By J. B. Salsman

As part of the research effort on investigating the effects of microwave energy on the chemical and physical properties of minerals and ores, the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) Tuscaloosa Research Center has conducted research to measure the dielectric properties of these materials. The objective was to establish a reliable database for use in predicting the effects of microwave heating on a wide range of minerals. The dielectric constants and loss factors of minerals, commonly referred to as the dielectric properties, were determined utilizing the theory of microwave propagation through an open-ended, air-filled coaxial line that was terminated at its open end with the particular mineral under investigation. In this phase of microwave research, the USBM measured the dielectric properties of powdered minerals with medium to high electrical conductivities in the frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz and as a function of temperature from 25 to 325 °C. Since the minerals were prepared as powders, techniques were used to relate the measured dielectric properties of the powdered minerals to the dielectric properties of the mineral at its theoretical or natural density.

Jan 1, 2010

By N. L. Wimmler

The chromite deposits along the Stillwater complex in Stillwater and Sweetgrass Counties, Mont., have at various times been studied and reported on by the Federal Geological Survey, the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, other Government agencies, and private interests, Several of the deposits were explored to a mall extent by the owners during the World War of 1914-17, but no production resulted. The importance of these deposits and the urgent necessity of developing large domestic sources of chromite were realized shortly before the beginning of the recent World War. These deposits were therefore investigated and developed by Government agencies and., as a result, now afford the largest known reserves of chromium in the United States. In 1939, under the authority of the Strategic Minerals Act, the Bureau of Mines and the Geological Survey made preliminary investigations of these deposits. As a result, the Bureau of Mines conducted an extensive program of trenching, diamond core drilling, and sampling. This work was begun in August 1939 and continued to April 1943. The Bureau of Mines also performed numerous metallurgical tests on the beneficiation of the chromite ores and concentrates and for the production of chromium metal there from. Research continues as a means toward utilizing these ores.

Jan 1, 1948

By W. L. Hunter

This report describes results of beneficiation and smelting studies conducted by the Federal Bureau of Mines on chromite samples from the Emma Belle and Seiad Creek prospects in the Seiad Creek area, northern California. Samples were chosen from this area because the ore is typical of disseminated types that represent a sizable domestic reserve. The two samples were similar in composition, and both responded in like manner to gravity beneficiation. As the ore was banded, considerable coarse gangue was rejected in laboratory sink-float from a minus-3/4-inch, plus-6-mesh fraction without excessive chromium loss at a medium density of 3.32. An average of 85.6 percent of the chromium was recovered in the sink product, which analyzed 35 percent chromic oxide (Cr203). Tabling yielded concentrates containing 49 percent or more Cr203; however, recoveries, ranged from only 33 to 45 percent. A combination of tabling and electrostatic separation of the table middlings showed that the chromium recovery could be increased to about 73 percent; the composite concentrate averaged 53 percent Cr203.

Jan 1, 1960

This report, the fourth in an annual series, outlines recent trends and developments in the minerals industry. Discussed are new methods, equipment, techniques, and systems used to more effectively extract and process mineral products. Environmental considerations, health and safety standards, price controls, inflation, material shortages, and more dependence on foreign imports were problems faced by the minerals industry. Although productivity increased for most mineral commodities, the annual rate of increase has slowed in recent years, indicating a maturing technological situation. Growing concern for energy resulted in increased interest and research in alternative fuel sources. The primary concerns of metallurgists were pollution control and improved efficiency and performance of metallurgical processes, especially for reduction of energy consumption.

Jan 1, 1974

By D. L. Forrester

This paper, describing the milling practice of the Old Dominion Co., is one of a series being prepared by the: United Staten Bureau of Mines. ACKNOWLEDGMENT In the preparation f this paper, acknowledgment is made of the valuable service rendered by R. S. Allen, metallurgist of the Old Dominion Co. T. G. Chapman, one f the consulting engineers of the Bureau of Mines, assisted in arranging the paper for publication.

Jan 1, 1931

By Carl F. Wingquist

In support of Bureau of Mines studies of thermal fragmentation of rock, the elastic moduli of four types of rock were measured at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 1,500° F (1,089° K). The sonic method was employed to determine the resonant frequencies of the rock specimens and from these frequencies, the elastic moduli were calculated. Data for Young's modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio are given as a function of temperature for Dresser basalt, Reserve taconite, Jasper quartzite, and Charcoal granite. Young's modulus and the shear modulus decreased with increasing temperature up to about 1,200° F and then became relatively insensitive to temperatures from 1,200° to 1,500° F.

Jan 1, 1969

By R. D. Haynes

Coal, gas, and oil in many geological formations of the Eastern United States are intimately associated but have traditionally been recovered independently of each other. Oil and gas wells, however, are often spaced sufficiently close to cause the subsequent loss of up to 50 percent of the recoverable coal in the form of pillars or barriers left for mine safety purposes. A long-range planning technique was devised for exploiting oil and gas wells simultaneously with the mining of coal to recover the maximum fuel potential of the formations. Planned plugging of oil and gas wells, determined partly from production predictions via decline curve analysis, is coordinated with a mine development plan to achieve maximum coal recovery and reduce overall production losses of gas and oil due to plugging of the wells.

Jan 1, 1973

By James Spiers

This paper describing the mining practice at the Central-Eureka mine is one of a series of similar papers being prepared by the United Staten Bureau of Mines on mining practices, methods, and costs in the various mining districts of the United States. The mining practices described in this paper are illustrative of the methods employed in the exploitation of comparatively low-grade gold ores under the extremely heavy and swelling ground conditions which occur in the Mother Lode belt of California. The Central-Eureka Mining Co. comprises a group of adjoining mines in Amador County near Sutter Creek. The principal mines of the consolidated group are the Central-Eureka, formerly known as the Summit mine, and the Old Eureka mine, which is also known as the Hayward Quartz mine. The group is situated in the most productive part of tae main Mother Lode belt, the 10-mile portion which lies between the towns of Plymouth and Jackson. The three largest producing mines of the entire belt at the present time are the Argonaut, Kennedy, and the Central-Eureka; these lie within a radius of less than 1-1/2 miles.

Jan 1, 1931

By H. N. Dunning

A comprehensive production research program, now in progress at the Petroleum Experiment Station of the Bureau of Mines at Bartlesville, Okla., includes studies of the displacement of petroleum from sand by detergent solutions. An earlier report (12)2/ presented the results of an extensive research program to determine the value of detergents as floodwater additives. This report presents later results of the detergent-testing program (13, 17). Although water-flooding methods and controls are constantly being improved to increase the production of oil from secondary-recovery operations, considerable crude oil commonly remains.in place after a water flood has been terminated. Therefore, the possibility of improving the efficiency of a waterflood by the use of detergents is of increasing interest. The effects of many substances on the efficiency of water flooding have been investigated in laboratory studies (5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 24). Of the various sub-stances tested, only surface-active agents were consistently effective in removing oil from sand. Results of laboratory studies presented in earlier reports (9, 11, 12, 13) show that many detergent solutions effectively displace petroleum from sand surfaces under varying conditions encountered in centrifuging, manual and mechanical agitation, ultrasonic vibration, and imbibition.

Jan 1, 1957

By Scott A. Stebbins

This Bureau of Mines publication presents a method for estimating capital and operating costs associated with the exploration, mining, and processing of placer deposits. To ensure representative cost estimates, operational parameters for placering equipment and basic principles of placer mining techniques are detailed.

Jan 1, 1987

By Ludwig Schmidt

Large quantities of gasoline are lost each year by evaporation from bulk-storage station tanks. The rate of evaporation from bulk-station tanks is influenced by two principal factors: First, the vapor pressure of the gasoline in the tank; and second, the amount of "breathing" of the tank. The vapor pressures of the gasoline govern the amount of the gasoline vapor in the air-vapor mixture above the gasoline in a tank at a given temperature. This is one of the principal factors in determining the total pressure of the air-vapor mixture within the tank. The "breathing" of the tank is caused by the inflow of air from the atmosphere during certain periods of the day and the expulsion of the air-vapor mixtures at other times, caused by atmospheric variations. The pressure built up within a tank and the amount of gasoline in the air-vapor mixture are both a direct function of the temperature existing within the tank. Therefore, two of the most common methods for reducing evaporation losses from bulk-station tanks are: (1) The use of vapor-tight tanks equipped with relief valves and operated at 1 or 2 ounces of pressure and about 1/2-ounce vacuum; (2) reducing the temperature of tanks and their contents by painting them a light color, by insulation, and in some instances by using water sprays. Water sprays, although effective, usually are too expensive to operate economically. In order to determine and compare the effects of various colors, insulation, and pressure in reducing the evaporation losses of gasoline held in storage in bulk-storage tanks, the Bureau of Mines made observations from May 29 to October 15. 1930, on five horizontal tanks of 12,000-gallon capacity each, which were erected at the plant of Black. Sivalls and Bryson Manufacturing Co., Kansas City, Mo. This report gives in detail the results of these evaporation tests.

Jan 1, 1931

By M. C. Malamphy

A general description of the activities and results of bauxite investigation by The Bureau of Mines at its bauxite project in Saline and Pulaski Counties, Ark., has been given in Report of Investigations No. 4251. The factual data obtained during the project are reported in a series of Reports of Investigation beginning with No. 4251, of which this is the fourth. The data are accompanied by maps showing the location of holes drilled and the deposits developed. Each area upon which work was done is reported by half townships. Each bauxite deposit investigated was assigned a name and a number for ready reference and identification, and its location and name are shown on the appropriate half-township map. The description of each half township is followed by a description of each deposit developed in that half township. The 14 half-township maps and 77 detail maps of the bauxite deposits in this series of reports give the locations and numbers of all the holes drilled on the project except the deep holes drilled to test the geophysical anomalies. The locations of those holes show on Figure 13 in Volume 1. The descriptions of the deposits developed are followed by complete detailed logs of the drill holes. Many of the widely spaced exploratory holes did not discover bauxite of minable thickness and grade. The pertinent information obtained from the widely spaced exploratory drill holes has been summarized and tabulated, and a table for each half township-is given with the discussion covering that area.

Jan 1, 1948