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As fulfillment of the requirements of Contract H0387019 for the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, a complete field kit, for performing on-site determinations of individual employee Time Weighted Average (TWA) exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO), has been developed by MDA Scientific, Inc. This report provides background information and experimental data validating the use of this kit with confidence to ? 10 percent accuracy.

Jan 1, 1981

By Donald P. Schlick

This Information Circular presents a brief historical digest of the early attempts of the Bureau of Nines and the U.S. Public Health Service to establish coal mine dust exposure standards. It reviews current, accepted standards of the United States as well as available standards of other countries.

Jan 1, 1971

"Qatar, crude petroleum, production, annualdata MY 1949-51Quality mine, Ark., coal, carbonizing properties TP 667washabilty study RI 496N. Dak., lignite, grindabilty as function ofmoisture, tests, results RI 5167"

Jan 1, 1960

By Laurence G. Britton

Accurate flammability and ignitability data for chemicals form the cornerstone of procedures used to assess the hazards associated with commercial chemical production and use. Since 1967 the ASTM E27 Committee on the Hazard Potential of Chemicals has issued numerous, widely used consensus standards dealing with diverse testing and predictive procedures used to obtain relevant chemical hazard properties. The decision to issue a standard rests solely with the membership, which consists of representatives from industry, testing laboratories, consulting firms, government, academia, and instrument suppliers. Consequently, the procedures are automatically relevant, timely, and widely applicable. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of the widely used standards, complemented with hypothetical but relevant examples describing the testing strategy, interpretation, and application of the results. A further goal of this paper is to encourage participation in the consensus standards development process. The paper is published in two parts. The first part (in the preceding issue of Process Safety Progress) dealt with the E27 standards pertaining to thermodynamics, thermal stability, and chemical compatibility. The second part, published here, focuses on the flammability, ignitability, and explosibility of fuel and air mixtures. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 24: 12?28, 2005

Jan 1, 2005

This volume constitutes the final report for the Rescue Subsystem portion of the Coal Mine Rescue and Survival System program conducted by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation under contract to the United States Bureau of Mines (Contract Number H0101262 dated Jung 17, 1970). The program was directed by the Special Systems Department of the Westinghouse, Baltimore, Maryland facility. The basic objectives of the CMRSS program were to develop and test hardware to determine the efficacy of a variety of coal mine rescue and survival concepts and techniques. These concepts were drawn from two major- sources: the Request for Proposal from the Bureau of Mines and the final report on the Mine Rescue and Survival Study conducted by the National Academy of Engineering (NAE).

Jan 1, 1971

By K. T. Menzies

This report documents laboratory and in-mine analyses of diesel exhaust pollutants carried out to assess the fate of potentially reactive species in the mine environment. Specifically, the concentration of stable compounds including carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and potentially reactive compounds including nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, aldehydes, formaldehyde, acrolein, formic acid, odorants, particulates, soluble sulfates, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were determined. The concentration and mass emission rates of these compounds were measured in the laboratory under three engine speed and load conditions and with three exhaust control conditions, i.e., none, catalyst, water conditioner. Once calibrated, the engine was installed in the Bureau of Mines Safety Research Coal Mine and the concentration of exhaust pollutants measured at several distances downstream (inby) of the engine. Laboratory results confirm the relatively small effect of exhaust control devices on most pollutants under engine conditions of low speed and load. At higher engine speed and load, the catalyst is more effective in controlling many pollutants. The in-mine data indicates that during residence times, which are typical for miner/exhaust contact, most diesel exhaust pollutants do not decrease in concentration. The obvious exceptions are nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and formaldehyde. The concentration of these pollutants is reduced by up to 75 percent in five minutes. The lack of increase in levels of obvious reaction products indicates that surface loss may be a major sink for these pollutants.

Jan 1, 1980

By Joseph M. Pugliese

The Bureau of Mines through its contract research program recently analyzed the mining and environmental requirements in the premining stage for copper mining in the northern highland of Wisconsin. The Critical-Path-Method (CPM) was used in this research. However, a step-by-step derivation of the CPM Diagram was beyond the scope of this effort. The Bureau of Mines objective now is to show, step by step, how the original hand-computed CPM Diagram was constructed. The streamlining (restructuring) of this diagram from the original effort is also summarized. The critical path time (longest time) through the original CPM Diagram was 25.12 yr, excluding public liaison effort. This diagram showed the involvement of the regulatory agency, mining applicant and public in the premining stage. Analysis of this diagram produced a streamlined version which reduced the critical path time by nearly 7 yr. The CPM construction methodology offered here may be applied to mine planning for any mining operation.

Jan 1, 1983

By P. L. Weston

The Bureau of Mines used high-temperature reduction roasting, magnetic separation, acid-leaching, and autoclave precipitation processes to recover iron and manganese from brown Cuyana range ores of Minnesota. Wet magnetic separation concentrated over 90 percent of the iron in 3 of 4 ores as high grade products analyzing 74 to 85 percent iron, 2.5 to 6 percent manganese, and 3 to 10 percent SiO2. The nonmagnetic fractions were leached with dilute sulfuric acid extracting 83 to 93 percent of the contained manganese and small amounts of iron. The leach solutions contained Mn-to-Fe and Mn-to-SiO2 ratios favorable enough for possible consumption in metallurgical mane operations. Exceptionally pure Mn solutions were achieved by pressure precipitation of the remaining iron in an autoclave followed by lime precipitation of silica and alumina.

Jan 1, 1966

By F. J. Palumbo

An electronic color-sorting machine was tested for recovering colorless glass concentrates from mixed glass products. The tests were made using glass recovered from unincinerated (raw) urban refuse and residues resulting from the incineration of refuse. The results of the study revealed that concentrates analyzing about 86 percent colorless glass could be recovered from mixed unincinerated glass containing 54 percent colorless glass material. Recovery of the colorless glass was about 62 percent. Color sorting the incinerated glass was somewhat more difficult. Multiple-stage processing was required to recover 59 percent of the colorless glass material in a product analyzing 89 percent colorless glass. The feed material analyzed 41 percent colorless glass.

Jan 1, 1971

By J. A. CoRGAN, J. A. DECARLO

The coal -carbonizing industry is recognized as one of our country's most essential industries , and this position has been achieved through its primary function as a source of supply of special fuels and chemical raw materials . When coal is carbonized at high temperatures in slot - type coke ovens in the absence of air , it decomposes into two main products cokę ... and crude gas . Of these , the more important is coke , a hard, strong, porous solid that remains in the oven after the volatile matter in the coal has been driven out by heat . The hot crude gas carries with it all. of the coke -plant products except coke and has a complex composition in the vapor: state . Its processing , to produce the four principal coproducts of coke (tar , ammonia , light oil, and gas ) , is accomplished by preferential condensation and absorption . Although the principal coproducts of coke tar , ammonia , and crude light oil - - gas, are of secondary importance , their

Jun 1, 1949

By E. V. Cilento, K. A. DiGregorio, R. C. Lantz

"DIGREGORIO, K. A., E. V. CILENTO, AND R. C. LANTZ. A kinetic model of superoxide production from single pulmonary alueolar macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. 256 (Cell Physiol. 25): C405-C412, 1989.-A kinetic model was developed to describe the production of superoxide (02) by single pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM). Model predictions were compared with experimental results obtained from single rat PAM. The 02 was quantified by measuring the reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) to a diformazan precipitate (NBTH,) from video-recorded images of individual cells. The kinetic model considered three reactions: 1 ) the production of extracellular 02 from the reduction of oxygen by NADPH oxidase using intracellular NADPH as the substrate, 2) the subsequent dismutation of 02 to form H,O,, and 3) the reaction of 02 and NBT to form diformazan. NBT specificity for 02 was analyzed by comparing results in the presence and absence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) that catalyzes the dismutation of 02 to H,O,. Measured PAM heterogeneity was accounted for by varying the concentration of intracellular NADPH, its rate of depletion, and the concentration of intracellular NADPH oxidase in the kinetic model. Model predictions compared favorably with experimental results except when SOD was present. This discrepancy may be due to diffusional limitations because NBT is a relatively small molecule (818 mo! wt) compared with SOD (34,000 mol wt). In addition, the cell surface is both ruffled and negatively charged, which may introduce steric hindrances and/ or electrostatic effects, since SOD is also negatively charged, whereas NBT is positively charged.PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES (PAM) protect the lungs by phagocytizing foreign debris and bacteria. This process is accompanied by the production of superoxide anion (02) at the surface of the plasma membrane (3, 31). Superoxide readily dismutates to form H20 2 and subsequently, other oxygen metabolites which have been shown to be both antibacterial and cytotoxic (21, 25, 35).Superoxide is produced from the reduction of extracellular O, at the surface of the cell membrane by NADPH oxidase by the following reaction (3, 4)"

Jan 1, 1989

By J. E. Dooley

Reference mass spectra and analytical correlations for 20 alkylcycloalkyl sulfides and two dicycloalkyl sulfides are presented 'to provide information that will facilitate the identification of sulfur compounds occurring in natural or synthetic mixtures. Reference spectra indicate relative intensities in addition to parent and base peak sensitivities. Analytical correlations establish the ionic species that reflect major fragmentation paths for the com-pounds studied. Specifically, the correlations show that base peaks are formed by several different processes: (1) Cleavage of the bond a to the ring, (2) fragmentation of the alkyl chain, and (3) fragmentation of the ring plus fragment contribution from the alkyl chain. Useful correlations for deter-mining alkyl chain length involve the CnH2+3S+ and CnH2n+1 + ions. CnH2n-2+ and CnH2n-1 S+ ions reveal the number of carbon atoms in the cyclic ring. Other important ionic species are also discussed.

Jan 1, 1970

By B. H. Caudle, A. D. PUCKETT

This paper summarizes precent knowledge of the ignition qualities of pure hydrocarbons likely to be present in modern Diesel engine fuels, as shown by an extensive search of the technical literature. The report also discusses the possible significance of cetane number and hydrocarbon struc- ture. Cetane or cetene numbers, and other physical properties, are tabu- lated for about 100 hydrocarbons, and a bibliography is appended. In recent years the Diesel engine has enjoyed increasing popularity due to its dependability, inherent characteristics of fuel economy, and the fact that it operates on a fuel that hitherto has been available in comparatively large quantities at a low price. These qualities have en- abled the compression-ignition engine to compete very favorably with other types of prime movers in many fields and have led to predictions of fur- ther rapid expansion in the application of Diesel power. In a survey of the field of all petroleum fuels for combustion engines, Holaday et al (9) have predicted that by 1948 railroads will be using 10 times as much Diesel fuel as was used in 1939 and that over-all consumption will have doubled that of 1939. Other estimates of the yearly demand for Diesel fuels five years hence vary from 2,6 to 5 times the amount used in 1944. Into this picture has come the question of whether the greatly in- creased production to meet this estimated demand is compatible with the maintenance and possible improvement in quality of fuels necessary to satisfy future engines. Unfortunately perhaps for the Diesel engine, factors other than those of simple arithmetical multiplication must be considered. For example, the consumption of oil in central heating plants doubled from 1935 to 1943, and a further increase of 57 percent of the 1943 demand is expected by 1950. Jet propulsion has been developed to the stage where it is entirely practical for military aircraft. Catalytic cracking plants, many of which were constructed to meet the war- time accelerated demand for high-octane gasoline, are taking their place in the refining industry. All these developments, as well as the Diesel engine, require material of approximately the same boiling range. Virgin gas oils make excellent burner fuels, perform most satisfactorily in the gas-turbine units for aircraft according to present information, and are at a premium as catalytic cracking stock.

Jul 1, 1948

By Frank J. Wiebelt, Spangler Ricker

"INTRODUCTION Bauxite, in Appalachian Alabama, occurs in the Rock Run and Goshen Valley districts in Cherokee County; in Nences Creek Valley near Jacksonville; near Anniston in Calhoun County; north of Fort Payne in DeKalb County; near Ashville in St. Clair County; and near Talladega in Talladega County.In February 1942, Preston E. Cloud, Jr., assistant geologist, Federal Geological Survey, began a study of these bauxite deposits and the geology relating thereto.The Bureau of Mines established field headquarters at Piedmont, Calhoun County, in July 1942. Mineral agreements covering a total of 11,097 acres were executed with 15 landowners in the Rock Run district; 38 in the Goshen Valley district, covering 7,575.5 acres; and 3 in the Nances Creek Valley district, covering 988.5 acres. Drilling was done on.the properties of 9 land¬owners in the Rock Run district, and on the property of 1 landowner each in the Goshen Valley and the Nances Creek districts. Drilling began October 26, 1942, and ceased on May 17, 1943.Power drilling was supplemented by a labor crew that drilled hand-auger holes in shallow deposits and sampled .old shafts, mines, and mine dumps.In all, 222 holes for a total of 13,250 feet were drilled. Of these toles, 88 penetrated bauxite but too low in grade to constitute ore."

Mar 1, 1948

By C. M. Keenan

During the 7-1/2 years (January 1945-June 1952), immediately preceding enactment of the Federal Coal Mine Safety Act, 26 major disasters3/ in the coal mines of the United States caused the deaths of 491 persons. In the next 7-1/2 years under the act (July 1952-December 1959), only 12 major disasters occurred. The total killed was 148. This improvement is commendable. However, the continuing frequency of minor fires and gas and/or dust ignitions in the Nation's coal mines, many of which could have been of major consequence, are cause for serious concern to the coal-mining industry and those affiliated agencies engaged in promoting safety in the industry. The data presented in this report have been prepared to make available to the coal-mining industry and related groups an overall perspective of the disaster potential from mine fires and gas and/or dust ignitions in coal mines after 7-1/2 years under the Federal Coal Mine Safety Act. This act, effective July 16, 1952, which amended the original Federal coal-mine investigative act of May 1941, provides under Title II certain enforcible mine-safety provisions designed to prevent major disasters caused by explosions, fires, inundations, and man-trip and man-hoist accidents in coal mines that employ 15 or more individuals underground.

Jan 1, 1960

By J. E. Miller

Primary standard gas mixtures were developed for more accurate calibration of analytical instruments at the Bureau of Mines Helium Research Center and for calibration of analytical instruments used in the helium conservation program. A 10-kg-capacity balance is used to weigh a 4-kg metal cylinder filled to high pressure (1,800 psi maximum) with the component gases of the desired mixture. At 1,800 psi, a cylinder contains about 60 g of helium, or 420 g of nitrogen. An accuracy of ±0.05 mole-percent or better is claimed for each component in the mixtures.

Jan 1, 1965

By Jerry J. Gray

The utilization of secondary titanium was determined in a study by the Bureau of Mines, and a 10-year statistical table showing supply and distribution patterns is presented in this report. Over the total 10-year period, estimated scrap consumption is larger than estimated scrap supply. Trends from the estimated data indicate that titanium is in short supply and probably will continue to be in the future. Because of higher processing costs for recycle scrap, scrap will tend to migrate to the steel and aluminum industries and to ferrotitanium production and exports. Nonrecoverable losses of titanium metal during processing was determined to be a potential area for research.

Jan 1, 1971

By William C. Cooley

Data on equipment and components which have been used in hydraulic mining experiments, tests, and operations were collected from the literature. Also data were obtained from U.S. manufacturers and suppliers of equipment which is potentially applicable and available in the U.S. for hydraulic mining. The data have been divided into 24 main categories (see the following page) and have been assembled on two-page data sheets which follow. Wherever possible, drawings or photographs are included immediately after each data sheet.

Jan 1, 1975

By W. D. Ryan

The organic act passed by Congress in 1910 instituting the Bureau of Mines provided that the director of the bureau should promulgate such investigations as might be necessary to determine the causes of mine accidents and the best methods of preventing them. With the object of accident prevention in view, Director Joseph A. Holmes, and others who were pioneers in the bureau, conceived the Plan of having first-aid and mine-rescue training as one of the major activities of the Bureau. Out of this plan grew the first-aid and mine-rescue contests, which have been featured as an incentive for men to take courses in this type of mine safety training. The first appropriation for mine-accident investigations became available on July 1, 1908, under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Geological Survey, with Dr. J. A. Holmes in active charge. During 1908 there had been some first-aid training in the Pennsylvania anthracite field and a start made in Illinois, although there appears to be no exact information as to when or where first-aid training in the mining industry first became a reality, it is generally conceded that the St. John's ambulance corps of Scotland was one of the first - if not the first - to make the work effective. In 1911, to celebrate the establishment of the Bureau of Mines and the formal opening of the Pittsburgh, Pa., station, a first-aid and mine-rescue demonstration was conducted on Forbes Field, Pittsburgh. President William Howard Taft and many other men notable in public life were 2 resent. This was the first general national contest of the kind held it the United States; and since then there have been a number of nation-wide first-aid and mine rescue contests, as well as some which have been international in scope. There are over one hundred first-aid and mine-rescue contests of various kinds held annually in connection with mining and the allied industries.

Jan 1, 1929

By F. M. Goodwin, John Campbell, G. W. Jones

"INTRODUCTION The investigation of the general hazards of combustible gases and vapors in manholes owned by the Edison Electric Illuminating Co. and the study of methods for eliminating these hazards, conducted by the Bureau of Mines, the Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of Boston, and the Boston Consolidated Gas Co. since 1929, was continued during 1933.From May and through December 1933 these tests were supplemented by a study of the manholes of the New England Telephone & Telegraph Co. The test crew was under the direct supervision of John Campbell, superintendent of the Special Service Department of the Edison Electric Illuminating Co., and F. M. Goodwin, vice president of the Boston Consol¬idated Gas Co.The procedure of sampling manhole atmospheres and of shipping the samples to Pittsburgh was the same as that used heretofore. In previous reports the relative explosibility of the samples was calculated by adding the percentages of the illuminants, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, and ethane, dividing the total by 6.5, and multiplying by 100. Experience has shown that the factor 6.0 is more nearly correct; therefore, this has been used in calculating the relative explosibility of all the samples listed in appendix A and B of this report. If gasoline vapor is present a smaller factor must be used.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe cooperative investigation was arranged through the interest and effort of W. C. Bayliss, president of the Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of Boston; W. C. Beckjord, vice president and general manager of the Boston Consolidated Gas Co., and A. C. Fieldner, chief engineer, Experiment Stations Division, United States Bureau of Mines. Thomas H. Haines, superintendent, Distribution Department of the Edison Electric Illuminating Co., cooperated heartily in furnishing both men and information for the work."

Oct 1, 1934