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By Douglas F. Scott

In 1981 the U.S. Bureau of Mines and U.S. Geological Survey conducted a mineral survey of the Pyramid RARE II area (No. 5023) covering 23,500 acres (9,500 ha) of E1 Dorado National Forest and 7,900 acres (3,200 ha) of the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit (fig. 1). The Bureau of Mines investigation did not reveal mineral deposits in the area. Samples taken from silicified and limonite-stained metasedimentary rocks and aplite dikes were void of precious or base metals or uranium. Placer samples from stream gravels contained no gold values. Molybdenite occurs in quartz stringers within quartz monzonite near Grass Lake, adjacent to the area; no extension; were found in the area.

Jan 1, 1982

By Arthur Matzick

The oil shale from the Mahogany zone of the Green River formation in northwestern Colorado has the greatest potential in the United States for early utilization. A large reserve of adequately rich shale is available to support a sizable industry, and crushing of tremendous tonnages will be required if conventional processing methods are used. This report presents Bureau of Mines data on crushing experiments, physical properties, and related information for Colorado oil shale. Among the properties important to crushing are slab-forming tendency, resilience, slippery character of the richer grades, and heterogeneous nature of an average charge of Colorado oil shale.

Jan 1, 1960

By D. B. Taliaferro, Thomas Jennings, C. M. Keithly

"INTRODUCTION This report describes the methods of development and operation and gives the results of controlled water injection into oil sands in Illinois. It is the third of a group relating to water-flooding operations in various States; previous reports have covered projects in Oklahome 5/ and Kansas.6/ Systmatic water flooding has been in progress, in these States, for more 10 years. In Illinois the Tide Water Associated Oil Co. has been injesting water into one or two wells on each of five leases in the Robinson Acknowledgments This study was made under the general supervision of R. A. Cattell, chief engineer, and H. C. Fowler, assistant chief engineer, Petroleum and Natural Gas Division, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C., and N. A. C. Smith, supervising engineer, Petroleum Experiment Station, Bureau of Mines, Bartlesville, Okla., and under the direct supervision of Ludwig Schmidt, senior petroleum engineer, Bureau of Mines, Bartlesville, Okla.The cooperation of the operators who are conducting water-flooding projects and who have made this report possible by furnishing data on their operations is gratefully acknowledged. The writers are grateful also to the following members of the Bureau of Mines for assistance in preparation and criticism of the manuscript: C. J. Wilhelm, Franklin, Pa.; and Gustav Wade, R. E. Heithecker, and Peter Grandone, Bartlesville, Okla. The illustrations were prepared by Helen Cramer, Petroleum Experiment Station, Bureau of Mines, Bartlesville, Okla."

Aug 1, 1944

By H. Britton

This bulletin is the seventh in the series of petroleum bibliographies published by the Bureau of Mines, Bulletins 149, 165, 180, 189, 216, and 220 being compilations for the years 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919-20, and 1921, respectively. In this bulletin the same general plan of classification of references has been followed, but several additions have been made. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgment is made to the following organizations for the use of their libraries in the preparation of this bulletin: University of California, Stanford University, California State Mining Bureau, Union Oil Co. of California, Standard Oil Co. of California, and the Mechanics Mercantile Library of San Francisco; acknowledgment for their assistance is also made to H. H. Hill, C. P. Bowie, A. L. Foster, M. J. Gavin, H. C. Miller, E. B. Swanson, and Miss Louise Janssen, all of the Bureau of Mines, and to Miss Elizabeth H. Burroughs of the Union Oil Co. of California.

Jan 1, 1929

By W. M. Myers

[Utilization of small stone is recognized as one of the important problems of the lime industry. The term ?small stone' is used to designate material that is too small for calcination in tie shaft kilo. The maximum dimension A such stone rosy be placed at four inches. The introduction of any considerable quantity of stone having demensions lee: than this into the charge of a kiln impedes the draft and readers successful operation of the kiln difficult on impossible. Attempts design a shaft kiln which would calcine stall stone satisfactorily have not been successful to date. Thousands of tons of this small stone arc produced daily, and while part of it finds a market, for it has many uses, the profit is usually small an competition is teen and prices are low. Production of the material is, however, so greatly in excess of market that surplus of hundreds or possibly thousands of Jose axe place daily in stock piles and classified as waste. in a few instances a fortunate combination of circumstances, such as a program of or other work requiring large quantities of concrete aggregate, may mate it possible some quarries to market this stone later at a profit, teat in general the chances A profitable utilization are slight, and the quarry operator has the expense of handling this waste stone and providing a storage site for it. The brittle nature of limestone makes it impossible to quarry the stone and crush, it to size suitable for the shaft kilns without producing an excess of undesirable fines. Elimination of fines by changes in quarrying or crushing practices cannot lee expected. On the contrary, the adoption of more modern methods of quarrying in recent years has increased the proportion of small material. The tendency is to blast the roan with large charges of explosives and crush it with mechanical crushers, which produces more fines than the older methods of careful blasting with small char yes and sledging the rock by hand.. We increasing use of underground mining of limestone has also increased the production of small stone, as blasting in the confined space of an underground stope shatters the rocs more completely than quarrying in the open. The use of the very friable limestones, such as the limestone of Florida for the manufacture of lime adds a new factor to the calcination of small stone. These friable lime limestones have a low tensile strength and crumble in the kiln, causing trouble. Successful calcination of these stones is accomplished in specially]

Jan 1, 1926

By Jan C. Still

The Glacier Bay subarea is that part of the Juneau Mining District (JMD) within Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve (GBNP). It is the western portion of the JMD and consists of the land between the Fairweather Range crest and the Takhinsha and Chilkat Ranges crests (excluding that land east of Excursion Inlet.) Figure B-1 shows the area. It is bounded on the north by the Alaska-British Columbia International boundary, to the south by Cross Sound and Icy Strait, and contains Glacier Bay. During 1975 -1977 the Bureau conducted a detailed study of the occurrences, prospects, and deposits in GBNP (B_4).2 This work was in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) under the provisions of the Wilderness Act (Public Law 88-577). As a follow up to this earlier Bureau work, limited studies were conducted, during 1985 and 1986, as part of the JMD study. This report covers the most important aspects of the earlier studies and the 1985 and 1986 studies. ACCESS The Glacier Bay area may be reached through Gustavus airport, a paved strip which is serviced by scheduled jet airliners in the summer and air taxi services year-round. The airport is connected to Bartlett Cove (GBNP headquarters) by an all-weather road. No other roads exist in the area except a skid road to the LeRoy Mine and mill in the Reid Inlet area. Much of the Glacier Bay area is accessible through the salt water inlets and fjords which are part of Glacier Bay. Cruise ships, charter boats, and fishing boats visit these inlets and fjords during the summer months. Elevations within the area range from sea level to over 15,000 feet in the rugged Fairweather Mountain Range. More remote areas are accessible by small boat, foot, or helicopter. Glacier ice is a year-round hazard to navigation in Glacier Bay, and during the winter months some of the more northerly inlets are frozen.

Jan 1, 2012

By T. A. Klinefelter

ONE OF THE many services rendered by the Federal Bureau of Mines is the identification and general examination of ore and mineral samples. Many of these, coming from almost every State in the Union, are clay and shale samples. Other Government agencies, State geologists, universities, and other laboratories are often requested to make similar examinations. This publication describes methods of testing these samples. An earlier paper, published in 1943, described Bureau of Mines methods of testing such clays.3 This paper was to be followed later with another (part II) that would describe much more thorough testing than did the rather general outline of part I. Part I has been out of print for some time and needs revision, and part II was never written; hence, the present publication is designed to include part I and also those additions intended as part II. The tests presented in part I were simple, requiring only the ordinary equipment to be found in any good chemical laboratory. The second publication was to include a greater number of test procedures and information on increasing the accuracy and precision of those previously given.

Jan 1, 1957

By Amanda S. Azman

It is known that exposure to high sound pressure levels can lead to permanent hearing loss; however, many workers, in mining as well as other occupational sectors, frequently receive hazardous noise exposures. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends using a criterion level of 85 dB(A) for implementation of hearing loss prevention programs1. But, despite engineering and administrative controls, workers continue to exceed their recommended daily noise dose. Hearing protection devices are worn as a final defense against noise overexposure, but many workers have difficulty communicating or detecting warning signals while wearing them. New electronic technology has been integrated into conventional hearing protectors to allow for some degree of sound restoration. Research is currently being carried out within NIOSH, Pittsburgh Research Laboratory (PRL) to evaluate the performance of sound restoration hearing protectors. Due to certain features of the devices, such as their non-linear performance and possible manipulation of electronic settings, there are obstacles to testing them using the existing standard hearing protector test methodology (ANSI S12.42-1995 and ISO 4869-3:1997). These and other issues related to testing these devices are outlined within this paper, and possible solutions are discussed. Measures of attenuation properties have been done on a set of the devices and preliminary findings indicate that new test methods, or at least modifications of existing methods, must be developed to accurately determine device performance. Furthermore, it is necessary to know not only the attenuation properties of such devices, but also the degree to which speech intelligibility or recognition of warning signals is preserved, as compared with conventional hearing protectors. As additional data is collected a more accurate and reliable test methodology will be developed, and a more comprehensive picture regarding device performance will be determined and disseminated.

Jan 1, 2008

By C. B. Manula

This report is volume 7 of an eleven-volume final report for a Grant completed by The Pennsylvania State University for the Bureau of Mines to develop a dynamic general purpose computer simulation model for underground coal mining. The simulator developed under the Grant has a wide range of possible applications in the design and evaluation of underground coal mining systems from the standpoints of health and safety, productivity, and mine environment. The Master Design Simulator consists of nine free-standing function-oriented subsystem models linked together into an integrated, comprehensive model of an entire mining system. The subsystems comprising the Master Design. Simulator include geology and reserves, methane generation, roof support, subsidence, production, rail haulage, cost, water generation," and ventilation. This volume of the final report describes the Rail Haulage subsystem of the Master Design Simulator. This subsystem can be used as a free standing model or can be linked to the Production subsystem to provide rail haulage capability. Complex rail haulage systems can be realistically simulated with this model. This report includes complete instructions for operating the subsystem as well as a program listing. In addition, a case study is included which illustrates the application of the subsystem when linked to the production subsystem.

Jan 1, 1974

By Robert L. Lappi

This report covers the final phase of a project demonstrating the economic efficiency of cross-ridge mountaintop coal mining. A demonstration mine was established at Big Wheel Gap in northeastern Tennessee. Not only was cross-ridge mining feasible for the selected site, but parallel cut methods could not be used due to a deficit in available spoil storage. Cross-ridge mining permitted coal extraction at a cost almost identical with costs simulated by computer projections using mathematical optimization techniques. No unexpected environmental problems were encountered. Volume I is accompanied by Volume II which describes the MATHMINE Mine Simulation System, software used to support the mining demonstration.

Jan 1, 1984

By Henry P. Chandler

TONNAGE of natural abrasives sold or used in the United States in 1959 increased 12 percent. Artificial abrasives produced in the United States and Canada jumped 24 percent. Imports, exports, and reexports of abrasive materials also showed gains. Sales of grinding wheels were up 33 percent and coated abrasives 17 percent. FOREIGN TRADE Imports of abrasive materials totaled $91 million, an increase of nearly 51 percent over 1958. Chief commodities contributing to [ ]

Jan 1, 1960

By Audrey A. Soja

The Bureau of Mines investigated beryllium resources, production methods, and production costs to estimate the quantity of beryllium available for future use. Eight mining districts and 12 deposits are included in the study; lack of data precluded the evaluation of resources from 6 nonproducing and undeveloped deposits. The study revealed that demonstrated beryllium-bearing resources should be sufficient to meet domestic needs and those of other market economy countries (MEC's) well into the 21st century. Total demonstrated beryllium-bearing in situ resources from MEC's are estimated at 118 million metric tons (Mmt) of ore containing approximately 33,000 mt beryllium metal. Approximately 111 Mmt ore containing 29,000 mt beryllium was included in the cost analysis and availability sections of this study. Three Brazilian districts currently produce beryl ore, and one domestic company, Brush Wellman Inc., produces bertrandite ore. Brush Wellman Inc. owns and operates the only MEC facility in the Western Hemisphere for extracting beryllium values from beryl and bertrandite and is the beryllium industry's only fully integrated corporation.

Jan 1, 1986

8053. Andreev, B. A. Zakashanakii, M. S., Samsonov, N. N., and Fotiadi, E. E. A Textbook of Gravitational -Surveying, (in Russian). Gosgeolizdat, Moscow-Leningrad, 1941, 432 pp. This textbook was written at the suggestion of-the faculty of geophysical exploration of the Leningrad Mining Institute. It contains two parts: (1) Theory and technique, and (2) Applications to geology and exploration. The features bringing; the text up-to-date include: (a) Description of the principal modern gravimeters; particular attention to the method of simultaneous oscillation of 4 pendulums; (b) discussion of the aperiodic oscillation of torsion balances; outline of the construction of variometers Z -20 and Z-40; (c) material for aid in interpretation, such as reference-charts, formulas with their derivation, atlas of theoretical curves, and examples of interpretative calculations; (d) considerations in the planning of surveys and the densities of various rocks; and (e) detailed analysis of significant examples. The text is provided with a bibliography, V. S.

Jan 1, 1946

By Lorraine B. Burgin

This study by the Bureau of Mines documents the leadtime required for preliminary and detailed exploration, development of the mine, and construction of beneficiation and support facilities for selected copper deposits in Arizona. The time for major exploration ranged from 1 to 15 years, time for open pit development (or construction) was 1 to 4 years, and time for under- ground development was 4 to 8 years; one underground mine presently being developed may require 12 years to achieve production. Construction of the beneficiation plants required 8 months to just over 2 years. The data are supported by historical facts for each deposit during the leadtime stages from location of claims through exploration, construction, expansion, and leaching. The sequence of development and factors contributing to differences in the time spans are discussed. Histories are detailed for the Miami, Castle Dome, Copper Cities, San Manuel-Kalamazoo, and Twin Buttes properties; briefly summarized are the Pinto Valley, Miami East, Esperanza-Sierrita, Pima, and Mineral Park Properties. Each mining operation had its own pattern of development, and together they present a source of planning information for the development of other properties.

Jan 1, 1976

By Rodney D. Rosenkranz

Energy consumption in domes tic copper production has increased nearly 60 percent in the last 10 years, reaching approximately 175 trillion Btu in 1973. Energy required to produce 1 pound of copper rose from nearly 41,000 Btu in 1963 to nearly 50,000 Btu in 1973. Production from lower grade ores and strict pollution control regulations have contributed to this increase. Each stage of copper production has been analyzed to determine total energy consumed, energy mix required, cost of the energy, and recent or proposed changes in operations which may affect the consumption of energy by the copper industry. Data have been gathered from a recent Bureau of Mines canvass of the industry, from visits to copper operations, and from conversations with copper industry officials.

Jan 1, 1976

By T. F. Myners

This paper, describing the concentration methods and costs of Witherbee, Sherman and Company at Mineville, N. Y., is one of the series of papers on milling methods and costs being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines. It deals principally with the production of high-grade concentrate. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author is indebted to C. F. Jackson, principal mining engineer, United States Bureau of Mines, to A. M. Cummings, general superintendent of Witherbee, Sherman and Company, and to the company's engineering staff, for assistance in preparing this paper.

Jan 1, 1932

By James R. Boyle

The value of Alabama's nonfuel mineral production in 1980 was $328.6 million, a decrease of $7.8 million from 1979. Cement, crushed stone, lime, clays, and sand and gravel continued as the major commodities produced. Alabama led the Nation in the production of crushed marble; was second in bauxite; third in native asphalt, ferroalloys, kaolin, and oyster shell; fourth in dimension marble, masonry cement, and bentonite; and fifth in fire clay and lime. Alabama ranked in the top 20 States in total value of non-metallic minerals produced. Adverse economic conditions in the construction and metals industries impacted on the minerals industry in Alabama. Mineral producers supplying raw or finished materials to these industries experienced periodic reductions in sales during the year. Unit price increases did not keep up with inflation.

Jan 1, 1982

By J. Sammarco

The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is conducting mine illumination research to determine if light-emitting diode (LED) cap lamps can improve safety by reducing glare. Glare can impede a miner?s ability to see hazards and to safely perform their work. Another objective is to determine if a person?s age is a factor. This is important because the workforce is aging ? the average miner is now about 43 years old. Three cap lamps were used to evaluate glare: an incandescent cap lamp, a commercially available LED cap lamp and a NIOSH prototype LED cap lamp. Thirty NIOSH personnel from the Pittsburgh Research Laboratory (PRL) served as test subjects. Three age groups were established with ten subjects in each group. Testing was conducted in the Mine Illumination Laboratory (MIL) of NIOSH PRL. The results indicate no statistically significant difference in discomfort glare among the incandescent and LED cap lamps. However, an analysis of variance for disability glare indicates that the LED cap lamps were superior for the older subjects. Disability glare scores for the oldest subject group improved 53.8% when using the NIOSH prototype LED cap lamp compared to the incandescent cap lamp and 36.5% compared to the commercial LED cap lamp. It ap­pears that, given the conditions of this study, LED cap lamps will not increase discomfort glare and can enable significant improvements in disability glare for older workers. It is also evident that not all LEDs are created equal. The disability glare improved the best for older workers when they used the NIOSH prototype LED cap lamp, which has a different spectral power distribution (SPD) (more short wavelength energy) than the commercial LED cap lamp. Therefore, for disability glare, the results suggest that the SPD is an important factor to consider in cap lamp design.

Jan 1, 2009

By C. E. Gregory

In terms of a Research Proposals supported by a Grant Agreement dated 30 June 1973, the author was commissioned to prepare an annotated bibliography of mine fires. The main objective was to conduct a comprehensive program of library research and search of official files to prepare a list of articles dealing with actual occurrences of mine fires. This bibliography as now completed includes an annotated reference from each article or report cited, underlining the cause, extent, methods used, procedural errors made, results achieved, ventilation effects, and lessons learned from the operation of subduing the particular fire.

Jan 1, 1974

By Mark R. Pettitt

Noise surveys conducted in underground coal mines have consistently indicated that auger mining machines subject the operator and helpers to excessive noise exposure. The machine cutting heads have been identified as the primary noise source. This report documents the research program conducted to (1) investigate the nature of the cutting head noise problem, (2) develop noise control concepts, (3) devise in-mine survivable techniques to implement the noise control concepts, and (4) build and demonstrate prototype reduced-noise auger miner cutting heads. The dynamic forces generated during coal cutting by the brittle fracture of coal are predominently low frequency. The low-frequency (less than 1500 Hz) structural response of the cutting head, therefore, determines the noise radiated by the cutting head. The most feasible methods of reducing the cutting head low-frequency response are to increase both the structural stiffness and the low-frequency damping. A technique was devised to achieve these goals. The standard plate helix was replaced by a sand-filled hollow helix of triangular cross section, and the core diameter was increased with an attendant reduction in helix depth. Extended in-mine tests demonstrated the operational capability of the reduced-noise auger cutting heads. The simple noise control concepts are valid for all continuous miner cutting heads. The sand-filled hollow helix technique, which achieved a 10 dB(A) noise reduction for the auger, can be used on any helix-bearing Cutting head.

Jan 1, 1983