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By K. E. Waters, N. Brodusch, R. Gauvin, H. Demers

"Rare earth elements are becoming increasingly in demand, due to their prevalence in both renewable energy devices and high-end electronics. The characterization of the composition, morphology and volume fraction of the various phases that have valuable rare earths in the ores are needed to find the optimal industrial process to extract the ores containing the rare earths. Rare earth-bearing minerals contain many elements with the M-and L-lines overlap, requiring a high degree of resolution, pushing the boundaries of scanning electron microscopy quantitative analysis. Enhanced microscopy at a high spatial resolution with improved x-ray quantitative analysis enables the accurate determination of the distribution of the desired rare earths in various mineral phases. INTRODUCTIONRare earth elements are becoming increasingly in demand, due to their prevalence in both renewable energy devices and high-end electronics. From batteries (lanthanum and cerium), to magnets (dysprosium and neodymium) and lighting (yttrium), the rare earth elements are crucial to the advancement of technology, and to energy saving devices (Crow, 2011). The goal of this project is to characterize the composition, morphology and volume fraction of the various phases that have valuable rare earths in the ores in order to estimate the economical VALUES (of the ores and to find the optimal industrial process to extract the ores containing the rare earths. High spatial resolution imaging and x-ray microanalysis are needed to reach this goal. In this work, the results obtained with a cold-field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and a silicon drift detector (SDD) energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) detector at low accelerating voltage are compared to experimental conditions typically used with electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) instrument.With this improvement, a detailed scientific analysis of the composition of these, and other, ores will become possible with a SEM/EDS system. This will help to better understand how such ores were formed, hence assisting in finding them, and to better understand how to process them in preparation for high end industrial applications, namely through mineral processing."

Jan 1, 2012

By A. Boehm

"For recycling LD slag into the steel making process, the phosphorous containing calcium silcate phases have to be removed from iron oxide phases. One possible technical solution could be magnetic separation in a wide range of susceptibilities from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic. To check the feasibility of magnetic separation the distribution of the magnetic susceptibility in size classes as well as the liberation of the phosphorous containing phase were evaluated by a new method combining two dimensional physical property analysis with QEMSCAN analysis. The particle size classes of energy controlled comminution products were subdivided into fractions of defined magnetic susceptibility using a hand magnet of well known field properties (pick up method). On the one hand the susceptibility classes were wet assayed on the other hand analyzed by QEMSCAN followed by data evaluation using iDiscover 5.3.1(FEI), which was adapted to the data structure of two physical properties (size and magnetic mass susceptibility). The results allow the comparison of mass based (3D) cumulative distribution of grades from the wet assays with the area based (2D) distribution from QEMSCAN analysis, in order to control a systematic (size dependent) stereological error for this special type of material. As the physical separation property forms a crucial parameter the results from the liberation analysis by QEMSCAN can be interpreted more profound with respect to an expectable separation result. Once the various mineral compositions of the particles are assigned to the physical properties the Henry Reinhardt chart serves to predict the best possible separation result and thus the feasibility of a separation technique.INTRODUCTIONThe two Austrian steel plants operated by voestalpine AG produce about 650,000 t (voestalpine 2014) of LD slag in the course of steel production from pig iron according to the basic oxygen process blowing oxygen in the converter by an oxygen lance. The process is also known as the Linz Donawitz (LD) steelmaking process. By the addition of lime (CaO), carbon, phosphorus, silica, manganese and sulfur, which are present in the molten pig iron, shall be oxidized and bound in the slag either as oxide or silicate phases, or leave the slag in the gaseous phase (CO). The average chemical composition of the investigated LD slag is given in table 1."

Jan 1, 2016

By Holly L. O. Huyck

Disseminated hypogene sulphide mineralization in the Lakeshore porphyry copper deposit (also called the Cyprus-Casa Grande deposit) of Arizona occurs in both a granodiorite stock and associated volcanic rocks. Structural development and vein paragenesis at Lakeshore are similar to other Laramide porphyry copper deposits of the southwestern U.S. Two major structural trends are present: intrusive contacts, copper-bearing potassic alteration veins and major post-mineralization Basin-and-Range type faults trend N-NW, whereas phyllic veins and secondary post-mineralization faults trend N-NE, and deep propylitic veins trend NE-ENE. Lithologic permeabilities, caused by fracturing in all rocks and by grain size distributions in volcanic rocks, controlled the distribution of copper mineralization. Differences in chemical compositions of host rocks did not affect are grade. Structural control, through density of chalcopyrite-rich veins, was the major control of are grade. Fracture density of other potassic vein types did not strongly affect grade. Within volcanic lithologies, permeability, as indicated by grain size distribution, provided a second-order, but significant, control of mineralization.

Jan 1, 1990

By F. W. Guernsey

Of all the elements, sulphur occupies a place by itself. It is mined in situ, in such quantities and of such purity that, as regards the tonnage produced, it is the first of any element on the list. Iron and coal the great tonnage producers, are combinations of elements, while sulphur is mined and marketed almost chemically pure. It is sold, in large quantities, commercially, calling for a purity of 99.5 per cent while for medicinal purposes, the Pharmacopoeia requires only 99 per cent. purity. It is a very common commodity, and like many common things is of extreme importance, in the progress of our civilization. The substance has been known from the earliest times, the word sulphur being derived from the Sanskrit Culvari", hence the Latin Sulphur. Commercially it is also called brimstone, this word being a derivative of the Anglo-Saxon Bryne Stane or burning stone. From our younger days, we have been more or less familiar with the mineral. On the spiritual side being threatened, if we did not behave ourselves, with an ultimate consumption in a lake of fire and brimstone, (which in moments of reflexion was not pleasant to contemplate) while our bodily ills were taken care of by inward applications as a spring medicine. In both instances, the effect required, was generally attained. Sulphur occurs in nature, both free and in the combined state, it being estimated that it forms, over one tenth of one per cent of the first ten miles of the earths surface. (I do not know who did the estimating and it is not guaranteed).

Jan 1, 1923

By The Hollinger Mill Staff

MR. E. L. Longmore (l), in presenting this paper at the Annual General Meeting, suggested that it was neither desirable nor necessary to read any but the briefest portion of the paper. He wished to emphasize that the scale of the milling operations at the Hollinger not only provided several units in continuous operation to ensure that the test work was being carried on under normal conditions, but also provided a large and competent staff to supervise such an extensive experiment and to criticize intelligently the recorded results. He wished to acknowledge the enthusiastic co-operation of the group of assistants whose excellent work was responsible for the confidence with which the conclusions could be presented. The following data were given as a supplement to the published paper. Following conclusion of the test work described in the paper, the size of the balls fed to the mill was changed from 3-in. diameter to 2Yz-in. Within a short time, a gradual rise in the tonnage rate took place and, as no other condition had been changed, the increased tonnage was credited to the changed character of the ball load. At present, the average daily tonnage for the mill with low discharge is 1,507 tons, an increase of 77 tons over the 1,430 tons ground when feeding a 3-in. ball. A similar increase in tonnage should be credited to the high-discharge test, if the 2;Y2-in. ball had been used at that time. This would raise the 1,117 tons ground at that time to a new figure of 1,177 tons. From a study made to determine those factors influencing the rate of pulp flow through the low-discharge mill, it became evident that the ball screen used on the high-discharge mill must have been restricting the flow through the mill, although this was not recognized at the time. Accord-ingly, it was decided to repeat the high-discharge run. Additional length was added to the 21-in. ring grizzly originally used, and the length of the reverse spiral was increased. The end of the grizzly was left open so that, if necessary, excess pulp might flow out. A coarse mesh 3 ft. by 3 ft. flat screen was provided to catch stray balls.

Jan 1, 1937

By Derek Apela, Coralee Heske, Bunyamin Kahraman, Muhammad Adi

Effective blast fragmentation is essential in underground mining, as it directly influences downstream processing efficiency and operational expenses. This study investigates the application of Non-Newtonian Fluids (NNF) as stemming materials, presenting a novel method to enhance energy confinement, minimize environmental impact, and optimize blast performance. NNFs exhibit shear-thickening behaviour, enabling them to transition between fluid-like and solid-like states under stress, which renders them suitable for regulating explosive gas ejection during blasting. Field trials were performed by Vale Base Metals in Thompson, Manitoba, in their underground nickel mine to evaluate conventional slag stemming against NNF-based stemming in production-scale blasts. Emulsion explosives were employed, and blast performance was assessed through velocity of detonation (VOD) measurements, vibration monitoring, and AI-assisted fragmentation analysis using WipFrag. Preliminary results indicate that NNF stemming improves fragmentation, resulting in a reduction of D50 by as much as 38%, enhances energy confinement, and may decrease the incidence of hole plugging and re-drilling in subsequent blasts. This study presents an alternative to conventional stemming methods, highlighting potential advantages for enhanced safety, efficiency, and sustainability in blasting operations. Additional research and field trials are necessary to improve implementation protocols and facilitate the widespread adoption of this unique method in the mining sector.

May 4, 2025

By Yongjie Bu, Wei Sun, Zhiyong Gao, Yuehua Hu, Hongbiao Tao, Runqing Liu, Central South University

"The flotation behavior of O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thionocarbamate (IPETC) and pH for chalcopyrite and galena was studied through pure mineral test, adsorption quantity determination, solution chemistry calculation and Materials Studio simulation. The results show that the recovery differential value of chalcopyrite and galena is about 20% when pH of the pulp 9.5 and IPETC is 7×10-4 mol/L, the flotability differences of the two minerals is significant. There is competitive adsorption between OH? and IPETC on mineral surfaces, it lead to galena flotability is lower than chalcopyrite flotability. IPETC can remove the hydration layer on mineral surface and adsorb on active sites for collector adsorption, minerals have a better hydrophobicity.INTRODUCTIONCopper and lead are two of the most widely used metals in industrial and living, their applications include building construction, various metal alloys, heat and electricity, machine manufacturing (Zhang et al., 2014). Chalcopyrite and galena are the major source of copper and lead, normally they associated with each other. With the growing use of these resources, high grade and dissemination large particle sizes minerals are less and less, the use of low grade and complex dissemination minerals have to be paid more attention (Chen, Ye, & Li, 2010; Liu, Sun, Hu, & Wang, 2009). As the special properties and complex composition of copper-lead sulfide ore, flotation separation of chalcopyrite from galena effective is a research emphasis and difficulty point in mineral processing (Bruckard, Sparrow, & Woodcock, 2011).In the separation process of chalcopyrite and galena, it is rather important to choose effective collector (Huang, Wang, & Liu, 2014). Enlarging and using the two mineral flotability will be a good basis and start in flotation (Reyes-Bozo et al., 2014). Qin et al. (2013) made a great deal of research on flotation separation of copper/lead concentrate, collector O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thionocarbamate (IPETC), butyl xanthate (BX) and ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate (ADTP) were investigated, BX and ADTP floated both chalcopyrite and galena well, specific adsorption appeared in the surface of mineral, the problem was the collectors were not selective enough, however IPETC showed better selective."

Jan 1, 2016

By R. M. Young

In. East Kootenay, two Companies are operating, the Crow's Nest Pass Coal Company of Fernie, with mines at Coal Creek and Michel, and the Corbin Coal and Coke Company, of Corbin and Spokane. Wash., with mines at Corbin. The Crow's Nest Pass Coal Company has also coke-ovens of the bee-hive type at Fernie and Michel. The mines have a productive capacity, with present development and plant, of approximately 1,500,000 tons of coal, and of 300,000 tons of coke annually. The total production in 1923 was 828, 990 tons of coal and 65.990 tons of coke. In the early years of operation, the mines furnished a very large percentage of their output to the railways and smelters. These were, in fact, the primary markets for which the mines were opened and the ovens constructed. The Great Northern Railway had built into Femie, and later extending its line to Michel, became a heavy consumer of both of these mines. The Spokane International, connecting the Crow's Nest branch of the C.P .R. with Spokane, furnished tonnage to Corbin. The Canadian Pacific Railway bought for Crow's Nest consumption. The smelters at Grand Forks and Trail in the Boundary country were large and steady consumers of coke, while in-termittently Northport, Butte, Helena, and Great Falls shared in the product of the ovens.

Jan 1, 1924

By w. w. Milde

"Since its startup in 1975, the Rabbit Lake mill has been modified (0 process both increased tonnage and higher grade ore. Ore initially came from the Rabbit Lake pit . In 1985, a major mill expansion was commissioned to allow treatment of B-zone pit ore, which is mineralogically and metallurgically different fromRabbit Lake pit ore.Mill modifications, and the changing ore characteristics and processing targets which made them necessary, are described. Mill LocationThe mill complex, shown in Figure I, comprised of milling facilities, acid plant, power generation , warehouse and administration offices, is located approximately 1.5 Ian south of the Rabbit Lake pit, and about 8 Ian southwest of the B-zone open pit mine.Original Milling CircuitOre feed to the mill commenced June 10, 1975. The mill was designed to process 1500 tonnes per day , 483 000 tonnes per year with an average grade of O.44OJo Ups and an annual production of 2000 tonnes UPs' Run-of-mine ore was dumped directly onto a 60 em square opening grizzly. Oversize was broken with an Ingersoll-Rand hydrauli c rock breaker. Minus 60 cm ore was fed to a 6 m diameter by 1.8 m long Hardinge semi-autogenous (SAG) grate discharge mill. Mill discharge was screened over a Tyler double-deck vibrating screen, with screen oversize returned to the SAG mill feed chute via conveyor belt. Screen undersize (minus 2.4 mm) was pumped to 51 cm diameter Krebs cyclones in closed circuit with the SAG mill. Cyclone overflow (about 50% minus 74 micron) was thickened to 55% solids in a 30 m diameter neutral thickener .Thickened pulp was stored in two mechanically-agitated wood stave tanks (5.5 m diameter by 6 m high), to which sulphuric acid was added to obtain a pH range of 1.5 to 2.0. The fmalleaching was carried out in five more identical tanks. Sulphuric acid and sodium chlorate were used to maintain a pH of 1.5 and a terminal emf of -450 to -500 mV. Steam sparge was utilized to obtain a temperature of 45°C."

Jan 1, 1989

By F. J. Hrach, K. P. Flynn, P. J. Miranda

"ST Equipment & Technology, LLC (STET) has developed a processing system based on tribo-electrostatic belt separation that provides the mineral processing industry a means to beneficiate fine materials with an entirely dry technology. In contrast to other electrostatic separation processes that are typically limited to particles greater than 75 µm in size, the triboelectric belt separator is ideally suited for separation of very fine (<1 µm) to moderately coarse (300 µm) particles with very high throughput. The high efficiency multi-stage separation through internal charging/recharging and recycle results in far superior separations that can be achieved with a conventional single-stage free-fall tribo-electrostatic separator. The triboelectric belt separator technology has been used to separate a wide range of materials including mixtures of glassy aluminosilicates/carbon, calcite/quartz, talc/magnesite, and barite/quartz. Separation results are presented for selected industrial mineral sources. An economic comparison of using the tribo-electrostatic belt separation versus conventional flotation for barite / quartz separation illustrates the advantages of dry processing for minerals.INTRODUCTIONThe lack of access to fresh water is becoming a major factor affecting the feasibility of mining projects around the world. According to Hubert Fleming, former global director for Hatch Water, “Of all the mining projects in the world that have either been stopped or slowed down over the past year, it has been, in almost 100% of the cases, a result of water, either directly or indirectly” (Blin et al., 2013). Dry mineral processing methods offer a solution to this looming problem."

Jan 1, 2016

By R. Phillips, A. G. Doll, D. J. Barratt

"The Bond low energy impact (crushing) work index test is specified to be performed on rock specimens between 50 mm and 75 mm in effective diameter. NQ-diameter drill core, frequently used in mineral exploration programs does not meet that specification, it being 45 mm diameter or less.This paper reports the effect of performing the impact test on contiguous sections of HQ diameter and NQ diameter core, exploring the hypothesis that the contiguous intervals give equivalent results in spite of the core diameter difference."

Jan 1, 2012

By Douglas W. Reeve, Hoc Nghia Tran, David Barham

"In kraft pulp mills, the spent pulping liquor is concentrated and used as fuel in the recovery boiler. Extensive deposits are formed in the upper section of the boiler due to the very high ash content of the fuel and the volatite nature of the ash. Deposits are composed of Na2S04, Na2C03 NaCI, some potassium salts and reduced sulphur compounds. Chloride and potassium salts are enriched in the deposits compared to the smelt due to their greater volatility.Severe corrosion of the superheater tubes in a recovery boiler has been traced to three factors: a non-uniform temperature profile in the flue gas, relatively high operating steam temperatures and high chIoride and potassium concentrations in the fireside deposits.The role of chIoride and potassium in superheater corrosion has been explained by increased Iiquid phase in deposits. Together with corrosion studies, this information has shown that kraft recovery boiler superheater corrosion due to the chloride and potassium enriched deposits can be avoided by proper boiler operation and by judicious superheater and furnace design.IntroductionThis investigation of recovery boiler superheater corrosion was initiated by the discovery of severe corrosion of the final stage superheater in a Canadian closed cycle kraft pulp mill(1,2). Metal wastage leading to tube failure was believed to be due to three major causes : the relatively high operating steam temperatures, the uneven distribution of flue gas temperature across the boiler which created a "" hot spot"" and the high chloride and potassium concentrations in the superheater fire side deposit. The mill responded to the problem by i) lowering the superheater steam temperature from 475°C to 380°C, ii) minimizing the chloride content in the spent pulping liquor, by controlling the NaCI input with recovered bleach plant effluent, and iii) changing metallurgy of a portion of the bottom section of the final stage superheater platens from ferritic steel T-22 (2.25% Cr, 1% Mo) to austenitic steel Incoloy 800H (21% Cr, 32% Ni, 46% Fe, 1.5% Mn, 1% Si, 0.6% Al) (Fig. 1). Details of the superheater corrosion experienced in the closed cycle mil! have been reported in previous papers(l ·2,) ."

Jan 1, 1984

By J. Edwin Van Buskirk

For a country that is as important a gold producer as Canada, the return to the gold standard of the major commercial countries of the world during the past five years is of particular significance. To the Canadian gold mining industry, the advantages of the gold standard are a matter of more than theoretical importance. According to economic theory, prices are determined by the relation between the demand for, and the supply of, money. The demand consists of the offering of goods for money; the more goods offered, the greater the demand. The supply consists of the total money available for the purchase of goods. The total supply of goods to be exchanged through the instrumentality of money remaining the same, an increase in the supply of money will, according to this theory, raise prices; conversely, a decrease in the supply of money will lower prices. Let us imagine that everyone in the world suddenly had twice as much money, and that the sum total of all goods remained the same. Is it not obvious that we would pay just double the price for these goods? In Canada today, most people have approximately 50 per cent grea.ter income than in 1913, and the average price for all articles sold in Canada is 50 per cent above those in 1913.

Jan 1, 1928

By J. R. Maxwell

In 1970 expansion was completed increasing mill capacity from 2,000 to 3,000 T.P.D. Actual grinding capacity is 3,400 T,P,D. at a grind of 60% -200 mesh,The ore bodies are vein type, containing about 12% sulphides, with mill heads averaging 2.25% Cu, 0.015 oz.Au, and O.4O oz, Ag. per ton.Summary and Conclusions:During the period Jnnuar-1 1971 to December 1973 inclusive the use of large cells at Opeminka have shown that metallurgy is comparable to when using conventional cells, Operating and maintenance costs are lower, An on stream analyzer with reagents controlled by computer, are being assessed further.Opej1atljn Of Cells:!lo cell level adjustments are required when tonnage is adjusted 20 to 25%.Depending on mill heads and grade of concentrate reagents are adjusted to the first rougher for metallurgical control. Reagents to second rougher and scavengers are seldom adjusted as feed to this section has a maximum variation of about 0.2'~ Cu.Power – Maintenance and Space Requirement :Our total power consumption for 3,400 T.P,D. flotation circuit for operation and air supply is 280 H.P. Previous power drawn using conventional cells was 400 H.P. at 2,000 T.P.D.Total maintenance costs for flotation circuit has averaged $1,100.00 per year for the 3 years of operation, this cost should remain constant.Floor space required for cells and walkways is 2,000 sq.ft.

Jan 1, 1974

By J. F. K. Brown

WHEN I first received the kind invitation extended to me by the Mining Society of Nova Scotia, I read over very carefully the suggested title-"The importance of long-distance planning and budgetting in modern methods of mining, and the advisability of working to some definite plan". I came to the conclusion that I might as well confess my inability to handle properly such a vast and intricate subject within the scope of any one paper. More properly, I think a round-table discussion should be indulged in-a sort&apos; of symposium carried on in similar fashion to the World Power and Coal Conferences- you know, a committee for this, a committee for that, and, finally, a committee to see what the committees are doing. Weil, your Secretary&apos;s suggestion is just like that- much too comprehensive for any half-hour&apos;s presentation. As a paper, also, it either becomes too general and therefore uninteresting, or i.t descends into detail and describes means and methods to the end desired, which have little attraction because they were designed to meet quite different conditions than those my audience would mentally be considering. Of the two evils facing me, I have chosen the one that sticks to the generalities. Your Secretary&apos;s query almost automatically divides itself into two distinct phases: First, the importance, and second, the advisability, of planning. Let us dwell for the moment on the second, because, if we can prove advisability, that leads to desirability and, finally, to doing. Proving is the difficult part of the little problem. Here was something I, personally and as a mining engineer, had been battling for all my corporate life without being able to prove it to anybody. Then I saw the way out of that. I perceived I could put that little question of advisability on another basis altogether-:put it in the class of "coming- some day- soon" whether you or l or anybody else liked it or not; call it, if you please, mandatory, certain, necessary, enforceable planning. All of which means that the problem of advisability has rather suddenly become the very practical one of "how to do it". Why?

Jan 1, 1937

By Mario A. Morin

Mine design, planning and scheduling is a very complex, iterative process comprising several interrelated and interdependent activities. Understanding how this process works, identifying the critical pieces of information and the decisions to be made is key to initiating business process improvements (BPI) or business process reengineering (BPR) activities. Fundamental to most BPI and BPR work is some form of systems analysis. Structured Analysis is a powerful systems analysis technique that is well suited for modeling and analyzing complex process activities. Through a series of diagrams, this paper presents a vertical slice through the analysis work performed for formally describing the underground hardrock mine design and planning process. These diagrams illustrate how simple graphic constructs can be used to decompose the most complex situations into easily understandable diagrams that facilitate understanding, communication, improvement and reengineering.

May 1, 2002

By Peter Rubie

For many years, optimising the relining of hard rock grinding mills has been complicated by: ?? the large number of variables; ?? the low frequency of relines (slow feedback loop); ?? the potential economic risk associated with some changes. A technology that has its roots in the automotive manufacturing industry is being utilised to construct a statistically accurate, configurable, and dynamic simulation of the mill relining process. The effects of various mechanisation and process changes can be rapidly modelled and compared. This technology will provide mill maintenance managers and contract relining companies with the opportunity to benchmark current performance against world?s best practice. It will also provide an opportunity for concentrator plant designers and mill manufacturers to plan for maximum plant efficiency, by designing an infrastructure and equipment combination that maximises annual plant availability. This simulation tool and its associated data set, has been developed using recent grinding mill performance data from mills of varying dimensions, liner configurations, mill relining equipment, operator and tool variables. The simulation will provide an output that the various stakeholders can utilise to make optimal decisions within the given financial, physical and technological constraints of the individual concentrator plant.

Jan 1, 2012

By C. M. Campbell

THE dire effects of rapidly vanishing natural resources, widespread unemployment, and increased debt and taxation in recent years have challenged Canadians to produce a practical solution to these national economic problems. In more recent months, wars and rumours of war have indicated, among other things, the need for better control of our mineral wealth. The erection of a smelter on the lower mainland coast of British Columbia, treating all Western ores, and such ores as it will be found advisable to import, will make an important contribution toward a solution of these problems. It is believed that the ores tributary justify a smelter of major proportions. A stock-taking to confirm this can be made with reason-able accuracy in a short time, and this should be undertaken without delay. Enough general information is, however, available .in this paper to justify the technicians of the Department of Mines at Ottawa and of interested smelting companies making a preliminary study of the matter. THE DEFENCE ARGUMENT As a factor in rearmament, metals play a vital part. That rearmament is to continue on an increasing scale is indicated in Premier Chamberlain&apos;s address of October 3rd last, when he said: ?&apos;For a long period now we have been engaged in this country in a great programme of rearmament which is daily increasing in pace and volume. let no one think because we have signed &apos;this agreement between the four powers at Munich we can afford to relax our efforts or call a halt in our armaments at this moment&apos;. As matters stand, the facilities in British Columbia are entirely out of line with the strategic importance of this Province as the Western Front of Canada and the Empire. All our copper ores, and an appreciable part of our lead and zinc ores, are sent for treatment to Japan, United States, and Europe, while we import our iron and alloys. A treatment plant on this Coast would not only give us control of war metals and chemicals but it would provide an increased industrial and research population, badly needed in this area and of the greatest value in the case of war. This is where the mining industry can do its bit.

Jan 1, 1939

By S. Shairp

At the Hudbay zinc pressure leach plant, filtration and washing of the second stage leach slurry takes place on a vacuum belt filter prior to disposal to tailings. Due to periods of poor filterability, laboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of temperature of the filter feed slurry, and to compare filterability to the resulting cake particle size distribution.

Jan 1, 2014

Red Chris Project Project Status ? Tahltan, Iskut First Nations MOU ? Bankable Feasibility Study ? BC Environmental Assessment Certificate ? CEAA (Federal Environmental) ? EPCM contracts LOI?s ? US$110 million Project Debt Financing(credit approval pending) ? 1st5 years concentrate production sold ? 99,150 m of drilling in 371 holes First Nations Participation Agreement ?Advanced stage negotiations

May 1, 2006