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By Jaime Meléndez Martínez

Recent interest in unconventional reservoirs motivates our work in laboratory measurements of seismic anisotropy. Seismic anisotropy is the variation in speed of a wave as a function of its direction of propagation. Analyzing anisotropy in unconventional reservoirs is important since anisotropy leads, for example, to differential stresses upon loading and could affect hydraulic stimulation (Reinicke et al., 2010, Zimmermann and Reinicke, 2009); in this sense, laboratory measurements are an important tool to study seismic anisotropy at small scales which can aid in the characterization of larger formations. The purpose of this work is to describe the laboratory methodology used to simultaneously measure ultrasonic P and S-waves in three different directions from a single core sample. Elastic anisotropy of a Proterozoic sedimentary rock from south-west Alberta is investigated. In metamorphic rocks seismic anisotropy is caused by preferred mineralogical alignment or foliation. Assuming a transversally isotropic medium, arrays of compressional and shear piezoelectric ceramic transducers were mounted on a sample trimmed from a core to measure travel times of ultrasonic P-waves and S-waves as a function of confining pressure at directions perpendicular, parallel, and oblique to the plane of foliation (bedding). Results show strong anisotropy agreeing with the assumption of a transversely isotropic medium. Dependence of travel times and hysteresis effects can be observed when pressurizing and depressurizing.

Jun 1, 2012

By Michael Magerstädt

Material loss by abrasion of contact surfaces of pipes, chutes, pumps, and other equipment in contact with ore is one of the main reasons for downtime of mining operations. Abrasion protection materials in use range from expensive tungsten carbide overlay to hardened steels, ceramics, as well as polymers, particularly polyurethanes (PUR). This paper describes abrasion protection products made from High Performance Polyurethane Elastomers. An interior pipe coating was developed that exhibited outstanding abrasion resistance and an extremely high adhesion to steel. Years of field testing in oil sands tailings as well as applications in slurry lines (e.g., phosphate slurries) have proven the performance of this material. A proprietary field joining process was developed and successfully applied in the field. This joining process requires only one field weld per joint very similar to the joining of uncoated pipe. No internal re-coating is necessary adding savings during pipe laying to the significant savings of reduced down time. Using the building-kit chemistry of polyurethane synthesis, similar high performance elastomers were used to extend the life time of ball mills. An intelligent system was developed in which wear parts contain sensors reporting the actual wear thereby optimizing maintenance interval leading to significant cost savings for the operator. Test data as well as field experience with High Performance PUR Elastomers for abrasion protection in mining are presented.

Aug 1, 2013

A direct comparison has been undertaken between laboratory wind tunnel experimentation and computational fluid dynamics simulation of a 3D manufactured analogue for a body of fractured broken rock, created with CAD/CAM techniques. Detailed descriptions of the ?design? of the analogue (using a discrete element analysis multi-body simulator), its manufacture (using computer aided design and 3D printing technology) and the laboratory experimentation (inserting the physical analogue into a laboratory scale wind tunnel) are presented. The agreement of the results of direct experimental observations on the manufactured analogue with the values from CFD simulations of those experiments justifies the utilization of a CFD environment for the practical investigation of geometric factors controlling air flow and heat exchange in complex assemblages of broken rock blocks. The ultimate goal is described, that of developing functional relations between bulk properties of such assemblages (such as their porosity and bulk density) and the low-level geometric factors that dictate the air flow behaviour, such as the equivalent perimeter length of the cross-sectional area available for flow, or average flow path tortuosity. A practical application area of the work in the mining context is also described; equivalent continuum air flow and heat transfer constitutive models developed on the CFD tool from such functional relations are useful in characterization of seasonal heat storage in large scale bodies (approximately 1 km3) of broken rock.

Aug 1, 2013

By T. A. Wedge

This paper suggests a crude correction for the impact of raw material quality on factor productivity in the Canadian mining industry. Such a correction would give a figure more dependent on the changing efficiency of the use of labour and capital, and less dependent on the effects of unquantified changes in inputs.

Jan 1, 1973

By Arthur M. Whiteside

Discussion of the laws bearing upon the economics of mining in this province at once resolves itself under three headings: (a) The rights and obligations of holders of mineral bearing lands; (b) Taxation of mines; (c) Regulation of methods adopted in financing mining operations. Titles: The law relating to titles is contained in the Mineral Act, Placer Mining Act and Coal Mines Prospecting Act. Origin: Mining laws in force in this province and elsewhere on the continent had their origin in the rule-of-thumb regulations adopted by prospectors themselves, when, far from the centres of civilization and the seats of the courts of justice, they found it necessary, for mutual protection, to fix the conditions of possession by right of location, and to prescribe the duties to be performed in order to enable the individual to maintain his ground against all comers. These regulations have been codified and added to by legislatures, until we find adequate protection and safeguard to property in the laws of this province.

Jan 1, 1924

By F. Chiesa

Experimental results on thin and thick castings poured in aluminum A356 and magnesium AZ91E by the low pressure permanent mold process have been compared to the result of filling simulations for thin and thick castings. If the results of modeling is reliable when the liquid remains above the liquidus temperature, this is no longer the case when partial solidification occurs. The visco-elastic behavior of a partially solidified liquid is difficult to put into equation as it depends on the amount of shear it has been been subjected to. Attempts to predict misruns with a commercial software has been proven to be very difficult if not impossible; divergence of the numerical solution has been observed unless prohibitively long computing times are used. In order to overcome these difficulties from a practical standpoint, a simple method is proposed which consists in tracking the temperature of the advancing liquid metal front so as to make sure it will always be above so-called `Misrun Critical Temperature' (MCT) determined experimentally for thin and thick aluminum A356 and magnesium AZ91E castings. If the liquid metal front falls below this temperature, a cold-shut or misrun is likely to happen at this location. The values of MCT for thin and thick in aluminum A356 and magnesium AZ91E were determined experimentally on misrun castings of extreme geometries (a thin 2.5 mm wall cover and a 6mm to 25 mm thick bell housing). MCT was found to be lower for magnesium AZ91E and for the thicker castings.

Jan 1, 2011

By J. E. Armstrong

THE Pinchi Lake mercury belt is in central British Columbia, about fifty miles north of the Prince Rupert branch of the Canadian National railway (Figure 1). Until 1936 little was known about the geology of this area. Jn 19~6 and 1937, J. G. Gray and the writer mapped the Fort Fraser area (G.S.C. maps 630A and 631A) for the Geological Survey of Canada. During the field season of 1937, cinnabar was discovered by J. G. Gray in the Permian limestones on the north shore of Pinchi lake on what have since proved to be the main showings of the Pinchi Lake mercury mine. Claims were staked in the spring of 1938 and later that year were optioned to the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company. Development work revealed cinnabar deposits of commercial size and grade, and a small reduction plant was erected, production of mercury commencing in June, 1940. Since 1940, this plant has been enlarged by additional units. The ore treated is reported to contain between 0.5 and 0.75 per cent mercury. The production of mercury from this deposit is now far in excess of Canadian requirements and this country is able to supply the United Kingdom with part of its needs. In 1940 and 1941, several other occurrences of cinnabar were found northwest of Pinchi lake. During 1941, the writer made a geological investigation of the known cinnabar occurrences and of the belt of country in which they are located. The present paper summarizes the results of this work. The writer is indebted to officials of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company, and to Mr. E. Bronlund of the Pinchi Lake mine in particular, for their generous co-operation in the work.

Jan 1, 1942

By M. A. Clayton, D. Kinakin

The Mitchell Creek Landslide is a large, structurally controlled, complex bedrock instability located in northwestern British Columbia. Characterization of the landslide using aerial photograph, exploration geology, and geotechnical investigation data has been completed allowing the development of a three dimensional conceptual model of the landslide domains and slope behaviour. Three domains have been identified in the landslide, from top to bottom: the Sliding domain, a relatively intact slab slowly sliding into the valley; the Transition domain, located in the mid slope of the landslide and showing evidence of significant extension and continuing to subside and displace into the valley; and a Toppling domain, at the toe of the landslide in an area of overturned foliation. Movement is greatest in the Toppling domain, with long term estimated rates of movement up to 4 times that of the Sliding domain; the Transition domain exhibits the greatest range of displacement rates, with average long term values approximately double the slower Sliding domain. This paper documents the results of numerical modelling of the Mitchell Creek Landslide with variation in geomechanical properties, basal rupture surface configuration, structural fabric, and pore water pressure conditions. The locations of internal shear surfaces within the landslide have been estimated from surface scarps, structural fabric orientation, and borehole monitoring data. The performance of each numerical model was evaluated against observed behaviour of the landslide. The configuration and properties of the basal rupture surface were identified as critical to model behaviour, as was spacing and location of internal structures.

Jan 1, 2015

By D. R. Reeves

This paper describes the geophysical Jogging of coal that is being carried out for the National Coal Board in the United Kingdom. An explanation of the technique is given and results are presented showing estimations of seam thickness to within ±0.5 in. and ash content to accuracies of ±2.5 per cent. The basic method of interpretation is outlined and some conclusions regarding the conditions of roof and floor material which may be deduced from the logs are explained. An indication of future developments in this field, including the identification of coal type and moisture content, is given.

Jan 1, 1971

By M A. Notte

Sand casting of steel is a process that offers the greatest design flexibility and highest metallurgical versatility. However, competition from other methods of fabrication is quite keen, constantly forcing the steel casting industry to the production of better quality castings at lower costs. New methods and materials have been put to use in the last ten years by foundries everywhere. This paper, in the form of a progress report, deals with new methods, processes and materials used by Canadian steel foundries for regular production, as well as with developments still in the initial but promising stages. T HE casting of steel to shape is the most direct method of producing steel parts in their final form. It is a basically economical process both as to cost and production time; it is also a process that offers design engineers the greatest flexibility and highest metallurgical versatility. In North America, the steel casting market has a normal yearly sales volume of 1,500,000 tons. In decreasing order, the largest customers are the railroads, construction machinery and earth-moving

Jan 1, 1965

By A. H. Duffield

"Forming part of the Prairie Evaporites, the sylvinite layer mined at Alwinsal underlies the Blairmore quicksands and the water-bearing Devonian formations. Production is achieved by a method of trackless, continuous mining of rooms, leaving pillars for natural support. The paper describes the development of the mine, and the equipment and organization employed in the operation and maintenance of the underground facilities."

Jan 1, 1972

By H. Kolcz, G. S. Dobby, R. Stratton-Crawley, S. W. Wilson

"The Matte Separation plant at Inco's Copper Cliff Smelter Complex is described. The continuing implementation of flotation column technology in the flowsheet in various applications is reviewed. Comparative studies on 0.038, 0.10, 1.1 and 1.8 m diameter columns have been carried out. It was demonstrated that consistent metallurgical performance was obtained with both pilot- and plant-scale units. Grade-recovery relationships for plant columns can be predicted with confidence from data obtained from test equipment. The work indicates further areas of the flowsheet in which columns present an attractive alternative to conventional cells. INCO’s MATTE SEPARATION PROCESSNickel concentrate from Inco’s Sudbury area mills has been processed in the Copper Cliff smelter for sixty years. Prior to that, Sudbury ores had been smelted directly. Historically, copper-nickel separation from smelter converter matte was achieved by the classical Orford process. In the mid-1940s Inco developed an improved separation scheme based on mineral processing methods, the Matte Separation Process. A generalized Copper Cliff Smelter Complex flowsheet is shown in Figure 1.Iron sulfide and gangue contained in the nickel concentrate are rejected in the smelting-converting process. The molten product, typically containing 50% Ni, 25% CU and 22% s, is cast at about 1000 ºC, into floor moulds and allowed to slowly cool for four days. During this period nickel sulfide (heazlewoodite, Ni,S,), copper sulfide (chalcocite, cu,S) and a copper-nickel metallic alloy precipitate and form a coarse grain structure that is amenable to separation by physical means. The phase chemistry of this system has been described previously by Sproule et al (1). This matte then becomes the feed to the Matte Separation Process.A simplified block flowsheet of the Matte Separation Process is shown in Figure 2. Matte ingots, typically weighing 20 tonnes each, are broken and crushed in a three stage crushing plant to approximately minus 0.01 m and conveyed to the Matte Separation building. Grinding is carried out in two parallel circuits each consisting of a rod and ball mill in series producing a flotation feed which is 65% minus 44 microns. Typical throughput of each grinding circuit is 650 tonnes/day. The metallic fraction of the feed is recovered by magnetic separation. This product, containing about 66% Ni and 15% CU, is a major component of the feed to the Copper Cliff Nickel Refinery."

Jan 1, 1990

By A. G. Scobie

THE research laboratory of this Company was recently faced with the problem of determining trace amounts of tungsten in a series of classifier sands. A spectrographie survey revealed the feasibility of using this instrument in the final evaluation, but a check of the common methods in use for the isolation of tungsten (3, 4) showed these methods to give incomplete separation for trace amounts. An investigation into the possibility of modifying these procedures, or developing others, was thus indicated. ASSAY PROCEDURE Weigh 10 grams of 200-mesh ore or concentrate into a 400-ml. beaker, wet the sample well with about 20 ml. of water, and add 100 ml. of hydrochloric acid. Cover, digest at 60° to 70° C. for about 1 hour, and then boil down to approximately 25 ml. Cool, add 25 ml. of hydrochloric acid and 10 ml. of nitric acid, and again boil to former volume. Add 20-ml. portions of nitric acid with successive boiling clown until chemical action is complete. Then add 20-ml. portions of hydrochloric acid until all nitric acid is removed. Take nearly to dryness on a law-temperature hot plate, but do not bake. Take up in 10 ml. of hydrochloric acid and 20 ml. of water and heat on a law-temperature hot plate until all iron goes into solution. Dilute to 200 ml. and heat to just below boiling. Stir in pulp of about half of a No. 41 Whatman filter paper (12.5-cm.) and continue digestion on plate with occasional stirring for 15 to 20 minutes.

Jan 1, 1943

Who is ArcelorMittal Mines Canada ?One of Canada's leading suppliers of iron ore to steel markets around the world ?Past company name = ??Quebec Cartier Mining?? ?Operator of one of North America's largest open-pit mines ?Mont Wright Mines ?Fire Lake Mine ?Largest ArcelorMittal iron ore mining subsidiary ?Annual production of 15 million tonnes of concentrate ?Major expansion program to 24 MT/Y ?Internationally competitive pellet plant ?9.0 million tonnes annually

May 1, 2011

By S. Bozorgi, K. Anders

"The automotive applications of heat treatable AlCu cast alloys are designed for performance at high temperature, which can be improved using specially alloying element as well as different heat treatment. In this research work an effect of alloying element such as Cu, Ni and heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of AlCu alloy were investigated using optical microscope (LIMI), scanning electronic microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray detection (EDS), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mechanical testing. It was found that during solidification most of the elements Cu, Mg and Ni segregated at the grain boundaries in the form of Al2CuMg or Al7Cu4Ni and a very small part of Cu and Ni element dissolved in the FCC-Al matrix. The latter is not completely reclaimable for strengthening mechanisms in FCC-Al matrix in its as-cast state. The results of mechanical test show that yield strength and ultimate tensile strength increases after heat treatment significantly compared with the as-cast state. Furthermore the mechanical properties at elevates temperature (240°C) is higher with higher Cu+Ni+Si containing alloys compared with the less Cu+Ni+Si containing alloy.INTRODUCTION Due to the high strength-to-weight ratio, high strength and ductility at room- and elevated temperature, AlCuSi cast alloys are widely applied in the automotive industries specially for producing cylinder head and engine block, where modified alloys with enhanced metallurgical properties are always needed to satisfy the ever increasing demands for the applications. The AlCu based cast alloys can be strengthened by age hardening. The precipitation processes from which this hardening is derived can be attributed to the presence of selected trace element additions or micro alloying, which can change the process or kinetics of precipitation in age hardenable AlCu cast alloys (Polmear, 1998; Morris, 1991). Furthermore their strength is mainly controlled by the aging process through the precipitation and growth of very fine precipitates of the ?'-phase (a semi-coherent, metastable form of the equilibrium Al2Cu phase) from the Al and Cu Guinier-Preston (GP) zones. Several studies have shown that solute clustering occurs prior to the precipitation of GP zones, and this modifies both the nature and kinetics of the precipitation process. The typical size of GP zones is in the order of tens of nanometers, and the chemical composition of these precipitates is not easily measured, even with a typically analytical electron microscope (Polmear, 1989)."

Jan 1, 2018

By X. Cao, J. J. Jonas, Wanjara. P., J. Gholipour, E. Dalgaard

The linear friction welding (LFW) behaviour of near-ß titanium alloy Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr (Ti- 5553) was investigated. Microhardness measurements were performed in order to evaluate the mechanical properties of the welded material. The linear friction welded (LFWed) Ti-5553 was examined with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the microstructure’s response to the thermomechanical conditions. Characterization of the welds included analysis of the microstructural features of the weld region and thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) in relation to the parent material.

Jan 1, 2010

By Y. Jiang, B. Li, R. Liu

"In this study, laboratory flow tests were conducted on 2-D artificial rock fracture network models containing a single intersection constituted by two inlet and two outlet branches. Three models with different intersecting angles of 60°, 90° and 120° were tested using both dye solution and distilled water. Constant flow rates were imposed on one inlet, and the flow patterns in the fracture intersections were captured by using a CCD camera. The test results were compared with the predictions made by numerical simulations that solved the Navier-Stokes equations. The results revealed that when Reynolds number (Re) is as low as less than 1, the intersecting angle has negligible influence on the flow rate of each branch and the flow patterns within a fracture intersection. As the interesting angle ? and Re (e.g., from 10 to 200) change, the normalized flow rates of different outlet branches change significantly, due to the inertial effect of fluid flow. These changes could be represented by a series of mathematical expressions involving Re and ?, which could be applied to fracture network models to improve their prediction accuracy on hydraulic properties (e.g., permeability and breakthrough curves of particles) of rock masses. INTRODUCTIONCoupled stress, flow, heat and mass transport are the corner stone subjects for many geoscience and geo-engineering disciplines, such as geological disposal of radioactive waste and geothermal energy exploitation. Many outstanding issues need to be investigated to enhance the knowledge on these subjects, and specifically more in-depth research in testing and modeling of the fluid flow in fractured rock masses is needed. In recent years, discrete fracture network (DFN) models have been extensively used to study the fluid flow and mass transport behaviors of fractured rock masses (e.g., Min et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2011). In these models, each fracture is usually represented by a parallel-plate model, in which fluid flow exactly follows the cubic law. Therefore, comparative flow rate in each outlet branch of an intersection in these models only depends on its aperture. In reality, due to the surface roughness of fractures, the magnitude of mechanical aperture is usually larger than that of the hydraulic aperture of each fracture (Li et al., 2008; Xiong et al., 2011), and abundant flow patterns could exist in an intersection, influenced by its geometry, varying with changing Reynolds number (Re) (Kosakoswski & Berkowitz, 1999). Recent studies have also revealed that different mixing patterns might exist at a fracture intersection, bounded between streamline routing model and complete mixing model, that determine the final distribution of solutes in fractured rock masses (Johnson and Brown, 2001; Park et al., 2001). Numerical simulation has been the principal method adopted in previous studies, and the studies conducting flow tests on intersected fractures are less reported (Wilson & Witherspoon, 1976; Johnson and Brown, 2001). In this study, laboratory flow tests and numerical simulations by solving the Navier-Stokes equations were conducted on 2-D models containing a single intersection constituted by two inlet and two outlet branches, intersected at different angles. The main objective is to study the influence of intersecting angle on the flow behavior of the intersected fractures and the variations of flow patterns and fluid redistribution in each model along with the changes of the Re and the intersecting angle ?. The influence of surface roughness was not considered."

Jan 1, 2015

By J. Shahabpour

"Abstract - Breccias with angular and rounded clasts of a late-mineralization, ""barren"" hornblende porphyry dike set within a comminuted matrix consisting of rock fragments and quartz, cemented by quartz and K-feldspar of hydrothermal origin is observed in diamond drill cores from the Sar Cheshmeh porphyry copper deposit. Studies of age relationship between vein types, phyllic-altered clasts and the breccia groundmass suggest that the brecciation is a late event. The breccia clasts record evidence of hydrothermal reaction between the clasts and fluids responsible for the brecciation.Formation of bornite, in the breccia clasts of the originally barren hornblende porphyry dike, and in the breccia matrix, along with the scarcity of bornite in the Sar Cheshmeh deposit itself suggest involvement of fluids which are later and of different composition from the fluids responsible for the known mineralization at Sar Cheshmeh. These later fluids may be related to a later plutonic event and suggest the possibility of a later, and concealed deposit."

Jan 1, 1994

By Takayuki Takasugi, Naoya Masahashi, Yasuyuki Kaneno, Satoshi Semboshi, Yusuke Kadoi

Cu–Ti alloy wires doped with and without a small amount of Ni were fabricated by over-aging and using intense drawing procedures. For both the Cu–Ti alloys with and without Ni doping, the over- aged microstructure was occupied fully with a coarse lamella of Cu solid solution and β-Cu4Ti plates precipitated discontinuously by grain boundary reactions. The full-lamellar microstructure was developed much more rapidly by aging in multi steps at 873 K to 723 K rather than by isothermal aging at 723 K. Ni doping in Cu-Ti alloy was also effective to accelerate the formation of the lamellar microstructure. When drawing the over-aged alloy with inferior hardness but superior electrical conductivity, the strength increased steadily and eventually exceeded that for the wires drawn from the peak-aged alloy. In addition, the electrical conductivity of the wires drawn from the over-aged alloy was always much greater than that from the peak-aged alloy. Eventually, the procedure of over-aging, followed by intense drawing, could enhance both the strength and electrical conductivity of Cu-Ti alloys, whichever they contain a small amount of Ni or not, rather than the conventional peak-aging and drawing process. INTRODUCTION Cu-based alloy wires, which have an excellent combination of strength and electrical conductivity, have attracted extensive attention for highly mechanically stressed electrical devices, such as conductive lead wires and wires in suspension springs. Cu-Be alloys are widely used for such electrical components owing to their combination of strength and electrical conductivity among industrial Cu-based alloys. However, since beryllium is potentially toxic and also a rare element, substitute materials for Cu-Be alloys have been searched for several decades. Age-hardenable Cu–Ti based alloys have been proposed as candidates because their mechanical and physical properties are comparable to those of Cu-Be alloys; however, their electrical conductivity is inferior (Datta & Soffa, 1976; Soffa & Laughlin, 2004). In order to satisfy the requirement of downsizing and streamlining electrical devices, further improvement of the mechanical and electrical properties of Cu–Ti alloy wires is needed. Age-hardenable Cu–Ti alloys, which contain approximately 3 to 6 at.% Ti, are typically prepared using a solid solution treatment above 1100 K and then aging at a moderate temperature of 700 K to 800 K. It has been revealed that the microstructural events during aging progress as follows (Soffa & Laughlin, 2004): (1) compositional modulation of the parent supersaturated Cu solid solution in an initial aging stage (Laughlin & Cahn, 1975), (2) continuous nucleation and growth of fine needle-shaped precipitates of metastable β’-Cu4Ti with a tetragonal structure in a peak-aged stage, and (3) discontinuous precipitation of cellular components laminating the plates of a terminal Cu solid solution and stable β-Cu4Ti with an orthorhombic structure at the grain boundaries in an over-aging stage. It has been also accepted that the highest number density of dispersed fine β’-Cu4Ti needles should contribute to maximal strengthening. On the other hand, decease of the strength in the over-aging stage occurs due to the replacement of the fine β’- Cu4Ti needles with cellular components containing coarse β-Cu4Ti plates, while the electrical conductivity is significantly enhanced due to the depletion of solute Ti in the Cu matrix. This suggests that a combination of strength and electrical conductivity for age-hardenable Cu-Ti alloys is in a trade-off relationship, and that innovative improvement of both properties might be limited to tuning the aging conditions.

Jan 1, 2019

By J. F. Wright

INTRODUCTION Eighteen years ago about half a dozen experienced prospectors moved from northern Ontario to northwest Manitoba to prospect 'greenstone' areas shown on geological maps of .parts of northern Manitoba prepared by J. B. Tyrrell, D. B. Dowling, and Wm. Mclnnes. Gold-bearing quartz was soon discovered by these men in this new field, and in succeeding years many more prospectors entered the district. A number of the pioneers are still prospecting, and since 1913 mineral deposits have been discovered each year in widely separated areas of the large district extending 150 miles eastward from the 102nd meridian and 60 miles north of latitude 54°30'. The majority of the discoveries, however, have been made near Schist, Elbow, Wekusko, and Kississing lakes. One hundred or more mineral occurrences of some merit are known, the main types being sulphide replacement bodies containing nickel-copper or copper-zinc and gold-bearing quartz veins. Some underground exploration or diamond drilling has been completed on 25 or more of the prospects. Up to the present, three ore-bodies, namely, Flin Flon, Sherritt-Gordon, and Mandy, have been proved. Of these, Flin Flon, the largest, is estimated to contain from 16,000,000 o 19,000,000 tons of copper-zinc ore carrying some gold, silver, and lead. Next in importance in regard to tonnage is Sherritt-Gordon, with a calculated reserve of nearly 5,250,000 tons of copper-zinc ore carrying less than $1.00 combined gold and silver.

Jan 1, 1931