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By S. P. Narayan

The hot deformation behavior of Pure Mg and Mg-0.29Ce alloy were studied by isothermal hot compression tests in the temperature range of 250 - 500°C and strain rate range of 10-3 - 102 s-1 in a computer-controlled 50kN servo hydraulic universal testing machine (UTM). The results show that the flow stress of Mg pure and Mg-0.29Ce alloy increases with strain rate and decreases after a peak value, indicating dynamic recovery and recrystallization. Process efficiency was increased by nearly 10 to 12% by addition of Ce in Mg. Mg pure exhibits instability zones between 250-275°C at 10 ? 102 s-1 and 400¬500°C at 101 ? 102 s-1 temperatures and strain rates respectively, rest is the safe deformation zone. Wherein, Mg-0.29 Ce exhibits two low efficiency zones from 250 ? 300°C at 10-2? 10° s-1, 400 ? 500°C at 101 ? 102s-1 and high efficiency zone at 450 ? 500°C at 10-3? 10-1s-1. 4D process maps were generated for the above said alloys which illustrate contours of power dissipation and instability in the 3D space of strain rate, temperature and strain.

Jan 1, 2011

By V. E. Dawson

Brake testing of large mining trucks was initiated in British. Columbia in 1969 following an accident involving the failure of the service brakes of a l00-ton electric-drive truck. Some selected results of the 1976 brake test program are presented and discussed ?in this paper . The tests were conducted on end- dump trucks having load capacities ranging from 85 to 235 tons. All tests were made with the vehicles fully loaded operating on downhill grades varying from 8 to 10 %. Stopping distances were measured from initial speeds varying between 10 and 39 mph. The results are adequate, in most cases, to determine the "ultimate" capabilities of the service brakes of varying models and sizes of haulage trucks operating in British Columbia mines.

Jan 1, 1977

Who is CIBC? ? Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (?CIBC?) is a leading North American financial institution. ? Total Assets: US$315 billion ? Market Capitalization: US$29 billion ? CIBC comprises three strategic business lines: ? CIBC Retail Bank ? CIBC Wealth Management ? CIBC Wholesale Bank ? CIBC Wholesale Bank is a leading North American investment bank with niche capabilities in Asia, Australia & Europe. ? 1,000 + employees around the world ? Product range includes: Mergers & Acquisitions advisory and financing, Equity and Debt issues, Merchant Banking and Strategic Lending ? CIBC is ranked as the #1 investment bank in Canada across most of its key products and industries ? #1 Equity Underwriter in Canada ? #1 Mergers & Acquisitions Advisor in Canada

May 1, 2010

By B. Erdem, N. Çelebi

An important problem associated with tandem dragline systems is that of matching the productive capability of individual draglines in the combination. In this paper, a dependence mechanism among draglines in a tandem system is described, and possible consequential problems in a poorly-matched system are defined. The rate of linear advance and the cost of stripping are determined as two major indications for an efficient operation. The proposed decision criteria and the underlying mechanism to select a synchronous couple are introduced and used in simulating tandem dragline systems. The developed model is tested on a hypothetical strip mine where pullback stripping is applied with a tandem dragline system.

Jan 1, 1999

By P. Kobylin, K. Haavanlammi, K. Valkama

"Base metals and precious metals can be recovered from a nickel matte or nickel concentrate using the Outotec nickel chloride leaching process. The raw material is leached with hydrochloric acid and the metals are recovered by solvent extraction, where ammonia is used to control the pH. Ammonium chloride is regenerated to ammonia and the side product of this step is calcium chloride solution. The regeneration utilizes either calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. The calcium chloride solution is used to convert sulfuric acid into a hydrochloric acid solution while producing pure gypsum as a side product. The regeneration and reuse of ammonia and hydrochloric acid in this process will have a positive impact, from the point of view of both operating costs and environmental sustainability. This paper concentrates on the test work and technical concept development performed by Outotec to implement and develop chemical regeneration and recycling into a vital part of the nickel chloride leaching process.INTRODUCTION According to a nickel market analysis, the nickel market is expected to grow in the future. Main driver for this growth is the increase in stainless steel consumption as the living standards are equalizing globally. The expected increase in the amount of electrical cars and the need for nickel in the batteries of electrical cars also gives potential for the increased need for nickel in near future. At the moment the use of nickel in nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) and nickel-cobalt-aluminium (NCA) Li-ion batteries is in the range of 14 ktpa. It is estimated to increase to the level of 90 ktpa by 2025. In every era of the nickel industry, Outotec has been constantly developing new processes to create environmentally sustainable and economically viable processing routes. The Outotec® Nickel Matte Chloride Leaching process is a great example of a process that is flexible regarding raw material and could also treat nickel raw materials that are difficult for smelters. Outotec’s main options for pyrometallurgical nickel treatment include the Outotec® Direct Nickel Flash Smelting process (DON) and the Outotec® Ausmelt TSL process. The DON process is operated in Boliden Harjavalta Nickel Smelter in Finland. Ausmelt process is in use for example in Daye nonferrous plant in China. In the Outotec® Direct Nickel Flash Smelting Process, a sulphide nickel concentrate is processed in an Outotec Flash Smelting Furnace (FSF). Producing concentrates and processing them by Outotec Direct Nickel Flash Smelting to matte followed by hydrometallurgical refining offers a reliable route from concentrate to product. In the DON process, high-grade matte with low Fe content is produced in the FSF and the valuable metals in the slag are recovered in an electric furnace (EF). The Outotec® Ausmelt TSL process can use a large variety of raw materials (concentrates, secondary material and scrap metal) as feed. Fuel and oxygen are injected into the furnace through TSL (Top Submerged Lance) and this enables efficient smelting. Both Flash Smelting and TSL plants produce nickel mattes, which can be refined with Outotec hydrometallurgical processes."

Jan 1, 2017

By G. B. Harris

In recent years, increasing attention has been focused on the hydrometallurgical treatment of base metals feeds, especially nickel laterites and polymetallic sulphides. One approach that has received some attention is the use of high?concentration chloride solutions (brines), which are now showing some promise after initial setbacks. Iron is usually the major component in the base metal feed to such processes, and if physical means cannot be used to remove it, then the iron concentration in the pregnant leach solution is always significant. This paper presents some of the background theory on the hydrolysis of iron in high-strength (>3M) chloride brines, and discusses the roles of temperature, solution concentration and free acidity. It is shown that the system is complex, but that crystalline and readily-filterable hematite can be generated, and that the system has a low energy requirement.

Jan 1, 2006

By J. G. Bennett

Coal consumption has increased globally by 57% over the last ten years. Underground mining typically provides coal of the highest calorific value and accounts for the greatest proportion of production. Despite a negative environmental image and indeed impact, this industry appears likely to thrive on the global scale for many years to come. Such mining consumes large amounts of electricity with implications for carbon dioxide emission at power plants and emits substantial quantities of the powerful greenhouse gas methane. In response to this significant carbon footprint, the European Union has funded research to examine the potential for a range of improvement technologies in a project entitled Low Carbon Mine Site Energy Initiatives (LOWCARB). Coal properties related to seams and mines, together with longwall characteristics, provide the basis for research into modelling optimally efficient methane drainage with a view to assisting mining as well as maximising electricity generation at surface and hence oxidation of the methane. Possible systems for the oxidation of very low concentration methane in ventilation air, which contributes the greatest greenhouse gas impact due to the volumes emitted, have been studied and modelled. Simulation and investigation of intelligent optimisation of electricity demand patterns provide the basis for reducing the demand peaks at mines and hence the cost and ultimately the carbon footprint of a mine, while specific investigations have been undertaken into ventilation efficiency at an unusually challenging mine and simulation of mine water pumping in order to develop an innovative method to monitor pumping systems efficiency. For post-mining use, the potential of disused shafts for compressed air energy storage to improve the operation of future electricity grids with high renewable energy penetration by reducing peak generation capacity requirements has been studied. While underground coal mining will always by definition be related to a significant carbon footprint, this paper provides an overview of a set of initiatives that can make a positive environmental impact while controlling costs across a huge global industry.

Aug 1, 2013

By M. Muinonen, R. Pandher

Royal Nickel Corporation is developing the Dumont Nickel Project, a large nickel sulphide deposit located near the town of Amos, Québec. The nickel occurs as pentlandite, heazlewoodite, and awaruite. The relatively low grade ore can be processed to a very high grade nickel concentrate, containing 29% Ni. The absence of copper and precious metals in the ore renders this concentrate amenable to processing by dead roasting in a fluid-bed roaster and smelting in an electric furnace to produce ferronickel for sale to stainless steel producers. Laboratory test work and conceptual engineering design was completed to demonstrate the amenability of Dumont concentrate to produce ferro-nickel.

Jan 1, 2015

By Paul Bedard, Réal Daigneault, Guy Perrault

"La mine Lamaque est située a Val d'Or, Québec; les roches hônes appartiennent au groupe de Malartic, partie supérieure, et sont des andésites et des pyroclastites. On y retrouve deux formes d'intrusifs; des petites cheminées (ca. 150 m D) et des dykes (ca. 10 m d'epaisseur). Les petit es cheminées contiennent:1 - des diorites et des tonalites (cheminées principale, est et ouest) d'affinité calco-alcaline: Zr 140 ppm, Sr 761 ppm, P2O5 0.31% et (La/Sm)n 3.0;2 - des diorites (cheminée 4) d'affinités tholéiitique: Zr 32 ppm, Sr 181 ppm, P2O5 0.27% et (La/SM)n 1.5.La diorite de la cheminée no 5 contient deux fractions, une de chacune de ces deux affinités. Les dykes tant de porphyre feldspathique quartzifére que ceux de prophyre feldspathique sont d'affinité calco-alcaline: Zr 83 ppm, Sr 500 ppm et P2O5j 0.10%.Le gisement de 10 mine 2 est filonien: veines subhorizontales (""flats "") surtout et veines sub-verticales dans des zones de cisaillement. Le dernier réajustement structural de direction de compression nord-sud a broyé le quartz des veines existant es et rendu possible leur minéralisation. Les veines minéralisées contiennent du quartz, de la tourmaline, de la calcite avec des traces de scheelite, de pyrite et d'or; elles sont bordées par de minces (2 à 20 cm) bordures d'altération où l'on retrouve un enrichissement en carbonate, paragonite, apatite, rutile, saphène et zircon et où les phases ferromagnésiennes sont disparues. On a documenté le migrations géochimiques suivantes:I - de la bordure d'altération vers l'éponte, K2O, Rb et MgO;2 - de l'éponte vers la bordure d'altération, Na2O;3 - de l'éponte vers la veine, SiO2.P2O5, TiO2, Zr, Y, Nb et CaO sont enrichis dans la bordure d'altération."

Jan 1, 1983

By R. U. Seneviratne, B. K. Ahlgren

In this paper we follow various technological discoveries and developments in the purification of minerals and metals in the mining industry by ion exchange. For approximately 100 years, ion exchange has been a known and variously applied purification and separation technology used by scientists and producers. It would seem obvious that the producer’s objectives have always been to achieve the highest quality products and the lowest operation costs, but also with the least amount of technological complexity. As a strategy to reach these goals, much effort has been expended in the quest to improve continuous ion exchange (CIX) systems by reducing utility needs and resin degradation or loss while at the same time improving productivity and reliability. Recent developments from a number of companies have pushed equipment boundaries, resulting in a variety of unique commercial equipment designs each with a varying degree of success. The challenge set forth for all new designs has been a truly continuous process with no sacrifice in the afore mentioned benefits. One very recent equipment design based on system symmetry appears to meet many of these objectives with greater flexibility and less complexity resulting in better economics for the producer.

Jan 1, 2014

By V. A. Ettel

Current practices in electrolytic winning and refining of copper , nickel and zinc are reviewed from the point of view of their respective energy requirements. The electrical energy requirements of these processes are broken down in to the individual components, which belong to two basic categories: (a) thermodynamic energy requirements (G of the desired reaction) : (b) energy losses (anode and cathode polarizations, ohmic drops in the electrolyte and in the cell hardware, energy losses due to unwanted side reactions and electrical shorts). The individual energy components are separately examined for each electrolytic process and the potential for energy saving in these processes is discussed. It is shown that many potential energy-saving measures are uneconomical at the present time, as they increase over-all operating costs. The discussion is focused on those approaches which hold most promise for the future.

Jan 1, 1977

By Gil Espejo, Denise Duncan

"In Alberta, several initiatives are under way to form partnerships between educators and industry to work together in preparing a skilled and technically competent workforce for the future. One successful initiative is the Teachers in Business program which provides high school teachers one month paid internships in Alberta businesses. Initiated by the Science Alberta Foundation in 1992, this program has offered participating teachers a variety of work experiences and job shadowing tours in industry.A Growing Need of Education and Industry PartnershipsIn our ever evolving world, industry is in a tight race to keep up to date with new technology and to remain competitive. Industry is relying on the education system to provide them with the core base for their future workforce. To accomplish this, the education system needs the support of industry to develop the right focus to prepare its students for the race. What skills will our future workforce need? How can we best prepare our students for these needs?Teaching the latest in technology, especially at the high school level, is a major challenge. It is difficult for educators to keep abreast of the rapid changes in technology. High school graduates need exposure to the latest advancements. And so do their teachers. Students must be prepared to adapt to the challenges of the future, Le. global competition, rapid technological change and an expanding knowledge base."

Jan 1, 1995

By J. W. Meier

Introduction The great importance of air warfare during World War II and the introduction of large-scale air transportation and airborne operations created an immediate demand for large quantities of high quality light alloy products. Before this war, the use of magnesium, the lightest structural metal, was barely in the development stage, and considerable research work was needed to overcome difficulties in improving its properties and to attain uniform quality in mass production of magnesium alloy products. The Canadian Bureau of Mines was frequently called upon, by various agencies of the Armed Forces and of the newly established war industries, to examine magnesium alloys that had failed in fabrication or in actual service, and to advise on proper alloys and fabrication methods to be used. Failures in magnesium alloy castings were connected mainly with lack of knowledge of proper founding and surface-protecting techniques. Most of the defects were due to microporosity and faulty heat treatment. To aid the foundry industry, small-scale investigations were started on the effect of various factors in the casting technique in order to improve the quality of the products. These investigations were made in co-operation with representatives of the Armed Forces and the Canadian magnesium industry. This work was later co-ordinated into a broad research programme on magnesium alloys, comprising problems on melting, refining, various casting methods, heat treatment, and testing of properties of standard and special alloys. This research programme? is still in force, and the present paper contains some results of the first series of investigations on magnesium casting alloys carried out at the Experimental Foundry of the Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1948

By W. F. Baker

Location and History God's lake is in the northeastern part of Manitoba, about 400 miles northeast of Winnipeg, or about 250 miles due north of Red lake, Ontario. The lake is quite large, having an overall length of 54 miles and a maximum width of 18 miles. There are numerous islands in the lake, the largest of these, known as Elk island, being about 15 miles long and 3 miles wide in the widest part. The accompanying map (Figure 1) shows the location of God's lake and of the mine. The God's Lake area has long been regarded as promising country for the prospector, but, due to its inaccessibility, practically no prospecting was done prior to 1927. In the years 1927-1931, inclusive, a few prospectors visited the area, but no discoveries were made. In 1932, Bob Jowsey and Archie McDonald entered the area from Island lake. They first prospected in the vicinity of Knife lake, which is immediately south of the main part of God's lake, and then moved on to the latter lake, heading for the north shore of Elk island. The first afternoon on God's Lake, when looking for a place to camp on the north shore of what is now known as Jowsey island, Jowsey discovered a quartz porphyry dyke which was cut by a number of gold-bearing bluish quartz stringers. On the strength of this discovery, he and McDonald began at once to stake the Reno group of claims. Rumours of the discovery brought in other prospectors, and other groups of claims were staked to the east, along the north shore of Elk island. A second discovery was soon made by Dan McCrea on his Gold Standard claims, three and a half miles to the east of the original discovery. Staking still continued to the east, along the north shore of Elk island, and Bob Brown and Harvey McKenzie staked the Akers group on a discovery approximately two miles east of McCrea's discovery. Through the efforts of Jowsey, the Reno, Rand, Elk, and Cona groups, belonging to the original syndicate for which Jowsey and McDonald staked, were combined with the Gold Standard, Greenstone, and Akers groups, and the Company known as God's Lake Gold Mines, Limited, was formed. Several additional groups of claims were later taken over by the Company and a considerable area of adjoining ground was staked to round-out the property.

Jan 1, 1935

By Hevina S. Dashwood

This paper proposes to build on my previous research (Dashwood 2012), which analyzed how and why the norm of sustainable development became institutionalized in the global collaborative corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives of major mining companies. Since the late 1990s, the majority of major global mining companies have employed the norm of sustainable development to frame their individual CSR policies and to inform industry collaboration at the global level through the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). This paper proposal seeks to address lingering questions from that research, by developing an explanation for how the normative frame of sustainable development has translated into specific CSR standards adopted by the mining industry. Preliminary findings suggest that, although the global mining industry has reached broad consensus on the meaning of sustainable development in the context of mining, there remains considerable variation between mining companies in terms of which specific global standards they adopt. As members of the ICMM, major mining companies are required to report according to the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) indicators relevant to mining, and there has been wide-spread up-take of the ISO 14,001 environmental management system standard. However, other global standards, such as the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards and the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative, have not been uniformly adopted by the mining industry. What explains this variation? The paper employs a three-level institutional framework (rational choice institutionalism, historical institutionalism and the ?new? institutionalism in organization theory) to explain the influences on the adoption of CSR standards in the global mining sector. Existing research confirms that institutional context is an important factor in explaining CSR adoption in the mining sector (Dashwood 2012). Are similar forces at work in explaining the variation in adoption of specific CSR standards? A three-level institutional analysis lends itself to uncovering influences both external to mining companies (such as pressures from stakeholders), as well as internal company dynamics (such as managerial discretion). Furthermore, the framework can incorporate dynamics operating at the global level (such as isomorphism), the national level (such as the regulatory regime) and the local level (such as community needs and environmental challenges). The theoretical significance of this framework is that the influences on CSR adoption are more complex than can be explained in a single approach (such as narrow rational choice/cost benefit explanations). On a practical level, insights into how global standards get interpreted and acted upon by individual companies could lead to the development of more appropriate and effective global standards.

Aug 1, 2013

By Jin Liu, Torstein A. Utigard

At its Copper Cliff Smelter, Vale Inco Limited processes a bulk copper-nickel concentrate in two Inco oxygen flash furnaces. Coke supplies a minor proportion of the process heat requirements, limiting the flash furnace matte grade to the target 45% CuNiCo. Coke addition to the furnace offers a potential means of establishing a reducing barrier on the surface of the molten bath. Such a practice would be conducive to producing sulfur deficient (partially metallized) matte. At the same iron content, the iron activity of sulfur deficient matte is higher than that of regular matte. A supernatant coke barrier could, therefore, be expected to lead to higher nickel and cobalt recoveries, reduction or even elimination of magnetite furnace bottom build-up and increased sulfur elimination as SO2 in the flash furnace. Extensive experiments were conducted in a miniplant flash furnace to investigate the effect on process metallurgy of the suggested modified scheme. The introduction and description of the experimental set up were given in Part 1 of this paper and an early paper published in Yazawa symposium1 together with the results and some in depth discussion on metallurgy. This paper intends to discuss the kinetics of the miniplant flash furnace testwork.

Jan 1, 2015

By A. J. Monhemius

"This paper reviews the history of modern iron-control processes in hydrometallurgy. Attention is paid to processes developed in the electrolytic zinc industry for removal of iron from zinc sulfate leach liquors and the problems faced by the industry in the safe disposal of the iron residues produced by these processes. Past lessons learned are projected onto current efforts to develop hydrometallurgical processes for treatment of copper sulfide concentrates. It is argued that any attempt to create a “hydrometallurgical copper smelter” will fail, unless methods are developed that can recover iron in a form that can be directly used by the steel or pigment industries.RÉSUMÉ Cet article passe en revue l’histoire des procédés modernes de contrôle du fer en hydrométallurgie. Il accordera une attention particulière aux procédés développés dans l’industrie du zinc électrolytique pour l’élimination du fer dans les liqueurs lixiviantes de sulfate de zinc anhydre, ainsi qu’aux problèmes rencontrés par l’industrie en termes d’élimination sans danger des résidus ferreux générés par ces procédés. En projetant les leçons tirées du passé sur les efforts actuels, on pourra développer des procédés hydrométallurgiques pour le traitement de concentrés de sulfure de cuivre. Beaucoup prétendent que toute tentative de créer une « fonderie de cuivre hydrométallurgique » échouera à moins de développer des méthodes permettant de récupérer le fer sous une forme pouvant directement être utilisée par les industries sidérurgique ou des pigmentsINTRODUCTIONThis paper resulted from an invitation to the author from the CIM’s Historical Metallurgy Committee to give a presentation on the early developments of iron control in hydrometallurgy. This was to take the form of a plenary lecture at the 4th Symposium on Iron Control in Hydrometallurgy, which formed part of the 28th International Mineral Processing Congress, held in Quebec City in September 2016.I was naturally flattered that the invitation was to give the lecture at an IMPC, the prestigious conference series that has been held since the 1950s. That this particular IMPC was to include the 4th Symposium on Iron Control in Hydrometallurgy, a conference series held only every 10 years, made the invitation even more appealing and appropriate. This was because I had been co-chairman of the First Symposium on Iron Control, together with my erstwhile colleague, John Dutrizac, which was held 30 years ago in Toronto."

Jan 1, 2017

By J G. Brady

This paper discusses the ceramic products used in the construction industry in Canada, as well as the main raw materials used in their manufacture. The products include the! following: (1) clay prorlucts -such as facing brick (glazed and unglazed), common brick, facing tile (glazed and un-glazed), terra cotta, load-bearing tile, non-load-bearing tile, structural clay floor tile, quarry tile, drain tile, sew-er pipe, conduits .and flue liners -which are made mainly from domes-tic common clays and shales and from domestic or imported stoneware clays and low-grade fire clays; (2) floor and wall tiles of the whiteware type, which are produced from ingredients such as kaolin, ball clay, feldspar, nepheline syenite, talc, pvro-phyllite and wollastonite; (3) glass products -the major ones being sheet glass, plate glass and mineral wool (glass wool, and rock or slag wool) -which are made from such materials as silica sand, soda ash, salt cake, feldsspar, nepheline syenite, dolomitic limestone, high-calcium limestone. borax and (for rock and slag wool) various rocks or slags;

Jan 1, 1963

By Charlie Jefferson

Main Goal: Resource Assessment 1. Incorporate existing data & results, old process. 2. NEW Quantitative Analysis (Chung and Chen) 3. Try mass balance of U and geochemical tracers 4. Use holistic process approach ?with key foci ?Targeted basin / belt assessments ?Is there as much in the Athabascaas they say? ?Athabasca reference for other basins (Thelon, etc) ?Compare sandstone & volcanic with USA, Kazakhstan etc: do their models apply here? ?Which IOCG systems are prospective for uranium? 5.Consider Groundwater, Environment; 6.Communicate

May 1, 2006

By I. H. Warren, Forward F. A

The reduction of aqueous slurries of uranyl carbonate at elevated temperature with compressed hydrogen m the presence of metal catalysts and certain organic promoters has been shown. to yield uranium dioxide. The reduction takes place in a sequence of steps. The purity and sintering properties of the dioxide make it of interest as a starting material for fuel element production. Simple control can be exercised over the surface area and oxygen/uranium ratio of the product during reduction. URANIUM dioxide for fueling atomic power reactors 1s conventionally produced as a powder by simultaneously decomposing and reducing ammonium diuranate with hydrogen in a furnace at high temperature. Fuel elements are then generally made from this powder by compacting and sintering ( 1). In order that elements approaching theoretical density may be obtained,

Jan 1, 1961