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By W. H. Triplett

DISCUSSION John G. Barry (Mexico)—"The Nerinea limestone," writes W. H. Triplett, p. 584, "is ... medium-bedded (0.5 to 1.0 m)...." This is the Zuloaga formation. It has always been described as thick-bedded (1.0 to 3.0 m). "Whether the marls and shales were less amenable to replacement," he goes on to say, ". . . is a matter of opinion." In general, it is probable that the thinner-bedded formations were less competent than the nearby thicker-bedded, so that the latter produced pre-mineral breccias when all were subjected to flexing stresses. With reference to Mr. Triplett's analysis, p. 584, under Lower Cretaceous, in the Taraises and Cupido formations some few horizons should be considered as possibly containing hidden orebodies. In the Potrero camp, shown on the general map in the northwestern part of Fig. 4, p. 587, several mineralized beds are known; they are found throughout the whole thickness of the Cuesta del Cura formation. With regard to intrusive rocks, p. 585, the general map, Fig. 4, shows that the Potrero and Noche Buena camps are near a third, monzonitic intrusive. It seems doubtful that the Aranzazu was any hotter than the Providencia camp. However, the former does contain large deposits of exogenetic silicates, which in large part occur within the Zuloaga limestone, as shown by Bergeats in a stereogram. At the Aranzazti camp the La Caja formation was only slightly changed, whereas it was altered highly at the Providencia, possibly en-dogenetically. That the temperatures at the Providencia camp were relatively high at one time is also shown by the tourmaline veinlets and lenses in the monzonite and by the garnets on Temeroso peak; high temperature mineralization has possibly been eroded. Maps and sections show that the Concepcion del Oro —Temeroso stock occupies the original locus of some 40 kms of sedimentary rocks. The remains of large roof pendants at Carmen and Animas indicate that stoping was active. Whether all the sedimentaries were stoped and assimilated presents a lively problem, a correlative of which would be an estimate of the original constitution of the invading instrusive rock. As to extrusive rocks, see p. 585, there is also a large thick area of the extrusives left near Noche Buena in the "La Caja" intramontane valley of the La Caja range. This place gave its name to the range. The volcanics are also said to occur in considerable amount in the Mazapil valley.'' Turning now to the remarks under Regional Structure, p. 586, as partly indicated on the general map, Fig. 4, the Mazapil Mountains of the Mazapil region are a continuous, U-shaped range including a northern leg of some 24 km, a southern leg of similar length, and a uniting base which lies to the East and which measures some 10 km in a S 20 E direction. Thus the U-shaped mountains are continuous through a length of 58 km and also contain one continuous anticline, the adjacent valleys being synclinal. The northern leg of the U is called the La Caja range, the base is called the Concepcion del Oro range, and the southern leg the Santa Rosa range. The ranges in northeastern Zacatecas and southern Coahuila contain anticlines and the valleys contain synclines, which where thin are necessarily highly compressed isoclines with very steep dips. Many of the anticlines also have isoclinal components which are overturned, original mushroom tops being indicated. The anticline in the base of the U of the Mazapil Region, Concepcion del Oro range, is a recumbent anticline, over to the ENE, with a necessarily subjacent recumbent syncline.

Jan 1, 1953

By L. D. Frink

Those actively interested in mining are fully aware of the ever-increasing difficulty of making conditions such that efficient work can be done in underground openings, especially as higher rock temperatures are encountered in depth. This is also true where an effort is being made to cut down the burden of overhead expense by working headings 24 hr. in a day if blasting is done as often as is possible in that time. That the conditions resulting from both these causes have driven the native-born Americans from the mines and that their places have been taken by less efficient foreigners is a fact that we must all admit. The great war now being fought in Europe and the educational qualification clause written into our immigration law by the last Congress will probably limit very materially the supply of labor, such as we are now using in our mines, and will force upon mine operators the necessity of making this work appeal again to Americans. Metal tubing, with blower or exhaust fans, has long been used in supplying air to dead ends where natural ventilation is impossible, or in driving the smoke from such places, or in doing both, as the need might be. Here in Butte we have now come to use canvas tubing very extensively and find that it has many advantages not possessed by the metal. The use of flexible tubing is not new, but it has not been generally used in mining operations. Recent improvements, however, in the canvas itself and in the jointing of sections and manner of suspension have so increased its usefulness that it promises to add much to the efficiency of mining. There is now on the market a product that is impervious to air, is fireproof, and has a system of jointing which permits it to be put up or taken down in a few seconds. In this article an effort will be made to explain the manner in which canvas tubing is being used in the North Butte company's operations at Butte, Mont. The accompanying photographs will, I hope, help make clear what may be done with this material.

Jan 1, 1918

By W. L. Falke, A. A. Cochran

Vast deposits of low-grade manganese ore exist in the United States, yet domestic production is insignificant compared to the more than 2 million tons of ore imported yearly into this country.1 A basic problem in connection with manganese is to find economical ways to utilize domestic resources.2 As a part of its program to conserve domestic mineral resources and to reduce dependence on foreign sources, the U.S. Bureau of Mines has conducted extensive research to broaden manganese technology and to find economical processes for recovering manganese from these low-grade resources. Although a great many processes have been proposed for treating domestic manganese resources, a failing of many of them is that too many steps are involved for economical operation.2 Some of the major processes that have been proposed were reviewed by Norman and Kirby.3,4

Jan 3, 1967

EXPLORATION U.S. 4,065,972 - Exploration for subsurface ore bodies of uranium. mercury or other inorganic or organic minerals having specific gases associated thereto Small gas sample containers are planted in a plurality of shallow holes in the surface of the earth in a predetermined pattern and left in place for a period of time sufficient to collect migrating gases. Each container includes a gas collection chamber and means for admitting gases at a predetermined flow rate. Strips of detector material which is sensitive to specific gases are mounted in the collection chamber. Recovered containers are subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. F. W Holub and H. W. Alter, assigned to Terradex Corp Jan. 3, 1978. 9 pp (73-421 5R) Filed 5-24-76 (689,710) Same. British 1,498,737, dated Jan. 25, 1978

Jan 1, 1979

By C. W. Pollock

THAT a distressing explosion of some magnitude did not take place in the Berry No. 3 mine of the Ford Collieries Co. recently was solely because no source of ignition was present when the stage was set for such an occurrence. The mines of this company, which are in West Deer Township, Allegheny' County, Pa., have been operating in the double or thick Freeport seam since 1.909. During this entire period they have been classed as gaseous by the Pennsylvania Department of Mines, and some gas has been encountered from time to time almost entirely however in development work in the vicinity of clay veins or wants-and never to my knowledge on gobs or in rib work.

Jan 1, 1935

By R. G. Hudson, H. W. Paxton

The activities of iron and chromium in their binary system have been measured by the Knudsen orifice technique. The system is close to ideal at 1200- 1250 C with slight positive deviations. The effect of this on the liquidus and solidus is discussed and these are calculated for two limiting assumptions. The vapor pressure of pure iron, pure chromium, and one alloy is compared with that obtained by the Langmuir free-evaporation technique. The results agree, indicating a vaporization coefficient close to 1. HERE are no reported data on the thermody-A namic activity of iron and chromium in the solid portions of the phase diagram. It is generally assumed'.' that the liquid solutions of iron and chromium obey Raoult's law. Chen and Chipman" have inferred that the liquid solution obeys Raoult's law. The minimum' in the solidus-liquidus curves for the iron-chromium system shows that there are deviations from ideality in either the solid or liquid or both. Because of the importance of developing reliable techniques for obtaining activity data in alloy systems at high temperatures and of the data so obtained, an investigation of the activity of iron and chromium in the binary at 1200-1250 C was undertaken using the Knudsen cell. Experimental The apparatus and experimental procedures used in this investigation were described in a previous paper." The various materials used for the construction of the Knudsen cell are listed in Table I. The metal used for the determination of the vapor pressure of chromium was 99.9 pet pure, obtained from A. D. Mackay, Inc. The iron was obtained as electrolytic grade from Fisher Scientific Company. The Fe-Cr alloys used are shown in Table 11. The largest error and controlling factor in the accuracy in the experiments reported here are introduced because of temperature uncertainty, which is estimated to be ±3 deg C. This introduces an uncertainty of 26 pet in the measured pressure. Experimental Results and Calculations The vapor pressures of pure iron and pure chromium were calculated from the measurements by the Knudsen equation3 on the assumption that only Cr or Fe atoms were present in the gas phase. For metal vapors, at the high temperatures and low pressures involved in these measurements this should be a reasonable assumption. Whitman" corrections for the cells were made. The data and results of pressure calculations are presented in Table I, and are plotted in Fig. 1. In addition the heat of vaporization at the absolute zero, ?E°°, has been calculated for chromium. These calculations are summarized in Table 111. The data used in these calculations are as follows kelley13 (F° - E°°/T ) Speiser, et al H (F° - E°°/T ) 010 where F" — standard free energy at temperature T It was necessary to calculate the total pressure above the alloys from the total weight loss W of the cell during a run, because of the fact that all attempts to collect and analyze the chromium and iron vapor effusing from the cell in the apparatus available failed. The failure resulted from the re-

Jan 1, 1959

By AIME AIME

AT the meeting of the Iron and Steel Division at Cleveland, Sept. 10-12, the morning of Thursday, Sept. 12, has been set aside for an excursion to visit the ore docks, blast furnaces, and steel plants. A special train, made available through the courtesy of Appleton Cleveland, general superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, will leave the siding near the Auditorium at 8.35 a. m. The trip will be free, but tickets must be' obtained in advance at the booths for registration for excursions at the Auditorium. An hour will be spent at the docks, an hour at the Central blast furnaces, and two hours at the Cuyahoga works of the American Steel and Wire Co. A buffet luncheon will be served, with the compliments of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co., on board the train en route. At the Tuesday morning session, Sept. 10, a motion picture showing the operations in making wrought iron by the Aston process will be shown for the first time.

Jan 1, 1929

By E. T. Turkdogan, B. B. Rice

Desulfurization of limestone during and subsequent to calcination has been investigated using U.S. Steel's Rogers City quarry-Michigan limestone cut to 25-30-mm diam spheroidal shapes. The experimental observations indicated that the sulfur present as iron pyrite in commercial limestone is oxidized partly to SO, during calcination and partly converted to sulfides (FeS, CaS) and CaSO4. If calcination is carried out under oxidizing conditions, most of the sulfur is converted to CaSO4, which can be removed from burnt lime readily in CO,-CO mixtures, the higher the CO content the faster is the rate of reaction. In the 30-mm-diam spheroids gas diffusion in the pores of limestone and burnt lime is fast relative to rates of the desulfurizing reactions. Over the temperature range investigated, e.g., 850° to 1200°C, there is internal desulfurization.

Jan 1, 1974

By James P. Savely, Victor L. Kastner

Inspiration Consolidated Copper Company is currently mining in four pit areas; Live Oak, Red Hill, Thornton and Joe Bush Extension, near Globe, Arizona. Small satellite orebodies lying outside the main pits have been mined out in a series of small open pits. Major slope instability has affected production in every pit. Some consequences of the instability have been; (1) Serious interruption of mining plans, which resulted in deferred ore production, lost ore, reduced mining rates and increased stripping requirements. (2) Forced replacement of crushing facilities. (3) Serious effects on other production facilities. The introduction of a slope stability monitoring and control function as an integral part of mine planning has been successful in reducing the impact of these failures and will eventually result in economic pit design based on probabilistic slope analysis. This case history presents a brief review of the problems associated with slope instability at Inspiration's mines followed by a more detailed report on one specific failure area in the Thornton pit where the use of horizontal drain holes for slope stabilization appears to be successful. Relationships between slope movement rate, rainfall, and mining activity are shown.

Jan 1, 1983

By Jan Wolski

Today's rapidly shrinking world requires a common language of measurements, a consistent system which could be used by everyone. The S.I. system of units is generally accepted as such and is already in use by a great majority of nations in the world. The change to S.I. units is also slowly taking place in U.S. engineering practice. The transition period is difficult and long because it takes time to get familiar with the new system, to start "feeling" values in new units. Instruments, formulas, computer programs, survey grids, etc. have to be converted or exchanged. The transition period should be used not only for substitution of units, but also for rationalization of presently used calculation methods. This paper examines the major parameters of mine ventilation from the above point of view and discusses a system which is much simpler and more consistent than the American Unit System still in use in the United States. In October 1979, the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME decided to introduce the S.I. unit system in all its publications including the periodical "Mining Engineering", and since February 1980 the system has been used consistently, not only in SME publications but in all conferences and meetings organized by this Society. The authors have no intention of explaining the details of the S.I. system in general. Any reader can find this information in many available publications and conversion tables, and in particular in the ASTM Standard for Metric Practice, E380-79. A comparison is made between various units used in mine ventilation from the past and those presently in use. This will allow an easy translation from one system to another, important when reading publications from abroad. S.I. and customary U.S. formulae are shown side by side for easier visualization of similarities and differences. Recommendations for the necessary steps in order to switch from American to S.I. units conclude the paper.

Jan 1, 1982

By R. B. Moore

IN 1914 the writer and K. L. Kithil announced, through Bulletin 70 of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, that the United States possessed the largest deposits of radium-bearing ore in the world. At that time a small amount of this ore was being, mined and shipped to Europe, and one company was preparing to start the extraction and recovery of radium in this country. The importance of our carnotite deposits in Colorado and Utah up to the publication of Bulletin 70 was not, however, appreciated by anyone.. At that time the total supply of radium in the world was about 10 g., calculated as element, and when I estimated that at least 100 g. of radium element, and probably 200 g., would be produced from our carnotite deposits, there was a considerable amount of skepticism. Up to the present time almost 200 g. have come from this ore, and some writers put this figure a little higher. Uranium ore was found in the copper mines of the Union Minière du Haut-Katanga at Luiswishi in 1913. Later discoveries were made at other places in the Belgian Congo, and the Katanga ores now represent the largest supply of radium-bearing ore in the world. In fact, since 1923 very little radium has been produced from American carnotite, the Katanga ore representing practically the world's supply of. radium since that date.

Jan 1, 1930

By Tell Ertl

An annual invitational address by an outstanding man in mining, geology, or geophysics who has contributed significantly to the progress of technology in these fields. IN 1954, the first year the award was conferred, Fred Searles, Jr., remarked, "The earlier years are the easiest." In this, the second year, it was easy to choose the outstanding mining engineer. Our conferee this year has been destined to mine. He comes from pioneer stock, and though a son of the American Revolution he is most proud that all four of his grandparents came to the Jordan River Valley of Utah the "first summer," which all Utahns will recognize as 1847. At the time of discovery of high-grade ore in Bingham, his grandfather, Archibald Gardner, had a crew of men getting out saw timber in the area. The first claim staked in Bingham Canyon was named the Jordan, and Bishop Gardner was the colocator of the claim as well as the man to record it. E. D. Gardner was born in West Jordan, Utah, in view of Little Cottonwood Canyon, the site of the Emma Mine. Park City in the Wasatch Mountains a few dozen miles to the east, and Tintic, not much further to the south, were developing their vast ore-bodies throughout his youth. As a boy he was near the present Midvale metallurgical area and could see the Lark and Bingham Canyon mine dumps and imagine the mining activities at Tooele, Ophir, and Mercur just over the nearby Oquirrh Range. He was 11 years old when the first car of copper ore was shipped from Bingham Canyon. It was not surprising that he attended the University of Utah and graduated with an engineer of mines degree. Five years with the Utah Apex in Bingham Canyon as chief engineer and assistant superintendent completed his training for the 44 years of unselfish and lightly rewarded service he was to give the mining industry as a Government engineer. All of us in mining are familiar with the great work he carried on and directed during the genera- tion he supervised the Southwest Experimental Station at Tucson. He has written scores of papers and books. His observations and experiments on drilling and blasting have led to the important improvements in this field during the past quarter century. Whereas those of us who consider ourselves widely informed about underground metal mining methods make hasty trips through a half dozen or dozen mines a year, our conferee has visited them all—not only the metal mines, but also coal and hundreds of nonmetallic mines, in the United States, Canada, Latin America, and overseas. His keen observations and analytical mind have resulted in an encyclopedic knowledge of mining and mines. His improvements in mining technology have been steady and predictable. His elucidation of mining problems to the many young engineers that have come under his guidance have made them grow strong and useful to his industry. When he chooses to stop, his influence will continue to expand and prosper because of the inspiration and dedication he instilled in so many of us. The profits from his ideas have been distributed throughout the mining industry. He has remained a technical man who felt that he could serve the mining industry best as a Government engineer. But he is the staunchest advocate of the belief that the public should gain from his work through private industry. This is not the first recognition E. D. Gardner has received. The Department of the Interior awarded him the coveted Medal for Distinguished Service in October 1949, and he received the Engineering & Mining Journal's Salute in March 1951. His friends who are presenting him the Daniel C. Jackling Award today know this great mining engineer simply as "Ed" Gardner.

Jan 1, 1956

By P. Somasundaran, G. E. Agar

The role of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride species in determining the zeta potential of apatite in aqueous solutions was investigated in this study. The zeta potential of apatite was determined by streaming potential measurements over a wide range of concentrations of potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and potassium fluoride solutions at various pH values. While the addition of phosphate made the apatite surface more negative at all pH values, calcium caused a significant increase of the zeta potential only when the zeta potential was negative. Fluoride addition had only a minor effect on the zeta potential, but both negative and positive values were increased.

Jan 1, 1973

By Gilbert E. Doan

IN a technical civilization, that is. one whose major difference from past civilizations is its enormous development of technology, in transportation, communication, labor saving, centralized control, and mass production, it is natural that the most critical problems should be those that arise out of technologic advances; it is natural also that a. man who understands these advances should be chosen as the leader to meet these problems. This was done in the selection of Herbert Hoover as President of the United States. Mr. Hoover was a good, and perhaps a great President. But he was not a great politician and that ensured his defeat when a crisis came.

Jan 1, 1939

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1942

By AIME

AS the Petroleum Division rounds off the first quarter century since its evolution from technical committee status, there steps to the long line of notable men who have presided over its activities a young man, currently of Tulsa, one Herbert F. Beardmore by name. For one year, as Chairman for 1946, the Division will be his oyster. hi; baby, his responsibility. "Herb" Beardmore was born at Columbus, Ohio, Feb. 6, 1904, and lived there until he was thirteen. Then his family moved to Oklahoma City, and later sent him to the University of Oklahoma, where he graduated in 1925 with a B.S. in engineering geology. His final year in college was the first year in which a petroleum engineering course was taught at the school. Since his course of study so closely paralleled that of a petroleum engineer, he has frequently been spoken of as the first petroleum engineering graduate from the University of Oklahoma. Out of college he went to work as an oil-field roustabout in the Ranger, Texas, field for Jake L. Hamon. This work consisted of all manual labor phases of cable-tool operation and beam-pumping of oil wells. He moved in 1926 to Bartlesville, to become a gas engineer for the Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Co., where he was employed in gas-well drilling, gas production, and transportation, mostly in Osage County, Oklahoma.

Jan 1, 1946

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1934

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1932

By Donald F. Saunders

Means and relative standard deviations were calculated for eU, eTh, K, and their ratios for aerial gamma-ray spectral data in 29 quadrangles at 1:250,000 scale. Known or suspected uraniferous provinces were characterized by: 1) Higher eU, eTh, and K means (due to generally higher radioelement concentrations); 2) Higher relative standard deviations for eU, eU/eTh, and eU/K (reflecting the presence of local uranium enrichments); and lower mean eU/eTh and eU/K values (showing uranium loss from "average" rocks to form local enrichments). "Uranium favorability indexes," i.e., combinations of the sensitive variables, show an excellent qualitative relationship to known occurences and geologic favorability. Results appear to confirm the existence of long-term crustal uranium provinces formed at the time of emplacement of the oldest known rocks.

Jan 1, 1980

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1932