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By A. Simkovich, C. W. McCoy

THE relationship among chromium, carbon, and temperature during the oxidation period of stainless steel melting was developed by Hilty et a1 1-3 whose studies were confined to plain chromium stainless steels. The simplified version of their relation is given by the equation:

Jan 1, 1962

By Ross W. Smith, M. E. Wadsworth, T. James Smolik, A. S. Peck

Ross W. Smith (Acting Instructor, Department of Mineral Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.) and T. James Smolik (Kennecott Copper Corp., Salt Lake City, Utah) - Professors Peck and Wads-worth have made an interesting contribution to the study of fluoride activation of beryl. We have a few comments to make regarding the paper and a question to ask of the authors. We note that glass containers were used in the study. Hydrofluoric acid should react with glass to produce SiFg2 in quantity which could adsorb onto the beryl surface (onto either beryllium or aluminum sites). The authors propose that individual F- ions actually go into the mineral surface lattice rather than onto the surface by adsorption of siFi2 ions. Based on infrared reverse bands with an untreated

Jan 1, 1969

By Joseph Pogue

THE prices of crude petroleum and its derivatives have shown an upward trend from 1915 to 1920, and a downward trend from 1920 to 1923, see Table 1. Over the former period, oil prices were dominated by the rapidly increasing demands and inflation incident to the war and its aftermath, while over the latter period oil prices were influenced at the outset by deflation and then by the conditions of overproduction that have characterized the past three years. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the broader features of the more recent price movements in the petroleum industry and to relate these features to basic economic conditions in the industry.

Jan 3, 1924

By James R. Walpole

This paper will discuss the federal laws and regulations that are related to water quality. Both surface and underground water quality issues will be covered as well as point and nonpoint source requirements. Some of the subjects to be covered include the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (e.g., effluent guidelines, nonpoint source requirements, etc.), the Safe Drinking Water Act (e.g., underground injection control requirements; pits, ponds, and lagoons study, etc.), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (e.g., mining wastes study, etc.). The importance of related court decisions will also be discussed

Jan 1, 1982

By M. F. Comerford

M. F. Comerford (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatovy)- The authors' concern about the effects of preferred orientation is justified and emphasizes a phenomenon that can be a source of serious error, but the cogency of their concluding statement bears close examination. They contend that comparison of intensities from parallel planes of the two phases, as proposed by Averbach, Comerford, and Bever,13 leads to incorrect results. The state- ment is based on the fact that, in Fig. 3, intensity measurements at extreme angles of tilt, (2, lead to different values than those given by the average of all the data. The proposed explanation is that unsuspected superpositions of (110), reflections spuriously enhance the martensite intensity. However, it can be shown on appropriate stereographic projections that no superpositions occur which can affect the reflections in question. Hence, the ex-

Jan 1, 1965

By Persifor Frazer

These properties, owned by Mr. William A. Butcher, of Philadelphia, are in the Panuco Mountain, which lies about thirty miles southwest of the town of Candela. It is a granite which penetrates the surrounding limestones and contains the famous copper-mine to which it gives its name. This mine, which is the property of a company in Philadelphia, has long been known to produce gold as well as copper from almost all its parts; and in corroboration of this be it said, that the undersigned has washed gold from a number of places where the works of the mine or natural sections had exposed the decomposed granite to view in the state of kaolin. It is well known that these junction- or contact-planes between two different formations are often the lodging-places of much freemilling gold, which through fissures are sometimes carried long distances perpendicular to the strata and into the interior of the formation. The structure of the Panuco Mountain, with its outlying spurs and adjacent foot-hills, forms a most instructive and unusual study. At a rough guess the area covered by this mountain will equal, perhaps, twenty-five to thirty square miles ; but its singular feature is the intimate welding together of two formations into one topographical unit. The lines of division between the granite and the calcareous sandstone are of such complicated character that they could not be mapped on a small scale. Unlike the majority of such contacts, the divisions between formations are not always marked in the Panuco Mountain by gulches, valleys, and streams (or the dry beds of the latter), but in the portion of the mountain which lies south of the Panuco copper mine, the lines of junction of these formations cross the gulches and promontories, and, in some instances, cannot be traced by any such topographical features. The house of the Panuco copper mine is 3742 feet above oceanlevel (by rough barometric observation), and the gold-mine about to be described is 235 feet above this, and about two miles distant,

Jan 1, 1886

By A. C. England, William F. Haney, Paul B. Crawford, Bobby L. Landrum

The creation of unsymmetrical vertical or horizontal fractures in a producing well will result in a unique distortion of the normal shut-in pressures existing at the four surrounding wells. An electrical model study has been made to show how the shut-in pressures at the wells surrounding the fractured producing well may he used to estimate the size and orientation of vertical or horizontal fractures. The pressure differences at the four surrounding wells are recorded during production from the fractured well. The resulting pressure dato are matched from a table of several hundred possible fracture combinations. The table refers to the figure showing the effective size and orientation of the commercially created fracture. INTRODUCTION The creation of commercial fractures about oil and gas wells has led to considerable speculation as to the size and shape of the fractures. It is important that the size and shape be known in certain instances, especially when pressure maintenance programs are to be initiated. It was shown that if knowledge of a vertical fracture could be found that such information may be utilized in planning a waterflooding or gas cycling program and that in some cases the fractures might be utilized very effectively.' Other work showed that it may be desirable to create "pancake" fractures in certain reservoirs but that they should exist in a desirable range.' If the fractures are too large, they should be plugged prior to initiating a pressure maintenance program. If an irregular shaped "pancake" fracture is created, it is desirable to know the orientation of this fracture because similar but unreported studies have shown that "pancake" fractures may or may not substantially affect the sweep efficiencies and performance of the flooding or cycling program. Consequently, it may be desirable in some instances to estimate the effective size and orientation of the fracture. ANALOG An electrical model was used in making this study. The electrical model consisted of a circular reservoir approximately 8 in. in diameter, 1 in. thick and was filled with a dilute salt solution. A copper band formed the periphery of the reservoir. A vertical fracture was simulated by a copper strip soldered to the wire well located in the center of the reservoir. Vertical copper strips of various lengths and orientation were soldered to the wire well to represent vertical fractures in the reservoir. In studies reported here on vertical fractures it was arbitrarily assumed that two fractures originated at the well and extended out into the reservoir. An electrical potential was imposed between the wire well and the periphery of the tank. Plots of the iso-potentials are shown in Figs. 1 through 9. This model provides the steady-state isopotentials existing in a uniform, homogeneous circular reservoir having a vertically fractured well at its center. The permeability of the fracture is much greater than the permeability of the matrix proper. The effects of gravity are neglected. In preparing Tables 1 and 2, four symmetrically located unfractured wells were assumed to exist around

Jan 1, 1956

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Jan 1, 1956

By W. L. Hill, W. H. Armiger, S. D. Gooch

The physical properties, chemical behavior under thermal treatment, and fertilizer value of fluorine-containing pseudowavellite (hydrous calcium aluminum phosphate) that occurs as phosphate clay admixed with quartz sand in an extensive deposit near Bartow, Fla., were determined by experiments in laboratory, pilot-plant, and greenhouse. When the mineral was heated at 500°C, 80 pct of the phosphorus became citrate soluble. The heated product, however, deteriorates markedly under moist conditions such as obtain in the soil.

Jan 6, 1950

By A. A. Berk

LAGGING technology and the slow spread of in- formation have been the chief obstacles to wide- spread participation in minimizing the industrial pollution load. These obstacles can be conquered by fact finding and applied research. There are three aspects to the problem of waterborne mineral waste: to minimize the amount being thrown away, to select a predisposal treatment, and to use the products or dispose of them.

Jan 7, 1957

By R. B. Fuller

DURING the summer of 1949, the United Nations Scientific Conference on the Conservation and Utilization of Resources met at Lake Success. As summed up by one writer, the purpose was: "That everyone will try to learn how to feed more people from an acre of land." That objective is a stimulus to the phosphate rock industry as well as other industries.

Jan 8, 1951

PASSING over the derivation of the word as well as the description of the alum that has been written of as a liquid and that was once called natta, I tell you that the alum that is commonly called rock alum today is a congealed earthy substance, clear and transparent, of a hot and dry nature, and of a bitter taste with a certain unctuous saltiness. It has an astringent and corrosive property and is drawn from mineral stones by means of art. All that I have seen is of the same nature but of two colors,

Jan 1, 1942

By C. M. Wayman, S. R. Rauze

It was recently reported' that the initial transformation in (100) iron whiskers grown in the bcc condition can be nucleated on heating in regions of the whisker which are not necessarily the hottest. Although this behavior was observed1 several times, its sporadic nature precluded any documentation other than occasional visual observations during hot-stage optical-microscope heating experiments. The purpose of this communication is to report how, in one instance, the a-y transformation in such a (100) iron whisker was initiated in a region which was clearly at a lower temperature than an adjacent region which did not transform at all.

Jan 1, 1967

By G. H. Lovell, W. J. Parton, J. J. Crane

IN 1949 Lehigh Navigation Coal began a study to improve its mining methods. At this time the company mines were using conventional breast and pillar and slant chute methods to mine the. steeply pitching coal (40º to 90º). Mining costs were high, the miners' productivity low. There were many hazards typical of the methods employed. Coal seams in the Panther Creek Valley area of the southern anthracite field form a syncline dipping 40" to the south and 75º to 80º to the north, the lowest point 1500 ft from surface. Several contiguous veins 7 to 50 ft thick are mined. Characteristic folding is shown in Fig. 1.

Jan 3, 1957