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NORTH AMERICA ALASKA Anchorage.-Culver, H. W. Geehan, R. W. Strandberg, H. Chicagof.-Russell, J. C. Tracy, Q. S. College.-Dorsh, J. B. Fox, E. F. Joesting, H. R. Smith, M. C. Wilcox, H. G. Douglas.-Cahill. W. E. Fairbanks.-Adams, J. M. Barber, R. J. Beistline, E. H. Crawford, J. D. Doheny, L. C. Earling. R. B. Greves, J. H. Harris. Q. P., Jr. Henton. H. M. Herbert, C. F. Nester, W. B. Hopkins, J. E. CANADA ALBERTA Calgary.-Allen, R. E. deHart, J. B. Dunn, W. Gray, J. G. Johnson. R. V. Link, T. A. Slipper. S. E. Soul, N. Thorne, B. L. Thorne, H. L. Edmonton.-Ball, M. W. Lilge, E. O. Pitcher, N. C. Nordegg.-Shanks, J. Turner Valley.¬MacKenzie, W. D. C.

Jan 1, 1941

Oct. 8 to 13, inclusive, 1917 COMMITTEES Committee on Arrangements H. A. BUEHLER, Chairman W. E. MCCOURT, Secretary C. J. ADAM L. L. HUTCHISON VICTOR RAKOWSKY J. A. CASELTON EUGENE MCAULIFFE J. D. ROBERTSON .F. W. DEWOLF P. N. MOORE ARTHUR THACHER E. F. GOLTRA MRS. P. N. MOORE H. A. WHEELER Committee on Ladies', Entertainment MRS. PHILIP N. MOORE, Chairman MRS.. W. E. MCCOURT, Vice-Chairman MRS. D. M. ARMISTEAD MRS. R. G. HALL MRS. A. A. BONSACK . MRS. J. W. HEGELER MRS. B. F. BUSH MRS. J. N. HOUSER MRS. G. 0. CARPENTER MRS. EUGENE MCAULIFFE MRS. F. V. DESLOGE MRS. RUDOLPH PORTER MRS. F. W. DEWOLF MRS. N. P. ROOD MRS. A. W. DICKINSON MRS. ARTHUR THACHER

Jan 12, 1917

Jan 1, 1923

By Pol Duwez, Ellis P. Frink, Paul Pietrokowsky

Ti-Au alloys in the composition interval 0 to 66 213 atomic pct Au have been studied over a temperature range from 400° to 1500°C. A partial phase diagram has been established from micrographic and macroscopic observations. All intermediate phases, Ti3Au, TiAu, and TiAu., exhibit open melting maxima. It has been observed that small additions of gold lower the allotropic transformation temperature of titanium. The P solid solution decomposes eutectoidally to a solid solution plus Ti3Au. The solubility of gold in a solid solution decreases with temperature. THERE have been several papers in the literature pertaining to the alloy system Ti-Au. However, a comprehensive study of this interesting constitu- tion diagram has not been conducted. Previous investigations have been concerned with the crystal structure of intermediate phases or partial phase diagrams. This paper represents a partial constitution diagram, Ti-TiAu,, the first portion of an investigation of the entire binary system. Laves and Wallbaum' reported the intermediate phase Ti,Au to be isomorphous with CuAu, L12 type. In a more recent paper, Duwez and Jordan' have concluded that TiAu has an atomic arrangement which is related to Cr,Si. The intermediate phase

Jan 1, 1957

By Horace Winchell

AN EXAMINATION of the Pachuca and El Oro. districts in July, 1920, although cursory and incomplete, disclosed facts of more than passing interest to the student of ore deposits; and inasmuch as the literature on these districts is limited and some of their features are little understood, a brief account may prove valuable as reconnaissance observations to be amplified by more thorough and competent observers in the future. Where no complete monograph of important mining camps has been published a partial presentation of the data is often useful, as it sometimes leads to fuller and more accurate descriptions, by stimulating discussion. The following notes are presented with the consent of Mr. A. F. Main, managing director of the El Oro Mining and Railway Co., whose fund of information and wide acquaintance with both districts alone made it possible to cover so much ground in a short time. I have also to acknowledge gratefully the aid of Messrs. C. A. Lantz and D: S. Calland of the Santa Gertrudis and Real del Monte companies, respectively, in connection with permission to inspect geological features of interest in their mines.

Jan 6, 1921

By K. B. Nowels

The attainment of efficient flooding to a large extent depends upon a knowledge of fluid movement through porous media and the pressures used in controlling this movement. Little has been understood con-cerning the fundamental principles involved in the forced drive of water-flooding and an attempt will be made to present some data which may be of interest. Considerable data and technical information pertaining to natural and artificial water-flooding have been presented in the past by Torrey, Umpleby, Fettke, Panyity and others. Their papers have thoroughly covered the description of past and present-day methods of oil recovery by flooding in the Bradford field, especially an article by Torreyl in the Petroleum Engineering Handbook. A bibliography of papers devoted to watcr-flooding, published in Mr. Torrey's article, is appended to this paper. No attempt has been made, therefore, to describe the installations and procedure necessary in flooding, thus permitting the writer to deal exclusively with the mechanics of water movement in flooding operations and its relationship to well spacing. Artificial water-flooding will probably always be the most successful in oil fields described by Herold as being under "capillary control"" and will probably be useless in fields naturally under hydraulic or volumetric control. The natural water drive in an oil field under either of these two controls may give efficient recoveries, as a result of the regulated encroachment of edge water. Such a "natural flood" resulting from the influence of edge water must not be confused with the term as used in this paper, however. Any reference to "natural flood" will here refer to the old method of flooding formerly used in the Bradford field. This was discovered largely by accident and utilized the hydrostatic pressure created by a column of water standing in a watered-out oil well in forcing the oil to an adjacent producing well. The same principles are involved in either natural or artificial flooding, and the latter method simply

Jan 1, 1933

By F. H. Allen, R. P. Roe

The performance history of a volumetric gas condensate reservoir is presented. Curves depict the pressure-production relation and illustrate the phace behavior of the reservoir fluid. This performance is compared to calculated performance. This Bacon Lime Reservoir was discovered in 1941 and has been produced to field separators and gas sales. Reservoir performance has been observed by periodic bottom hole pressure sur. veys and companion sample analysis of well effluents, in addition to gas and condensate production data. , The pressure-production history demonstrates that the reservoir has produced under volumetric control. The "retrograde" behavior of the reservoir fluid is illustrated by decreasing butanes-plus content of the well effluent, followed by revaporization as the reservoir pressure approaches abandonment. Calculated performance predictions are compared to actual performance and some discussion offered on apparent discrepancies. INTRODUCTION Since the late 1930's, many gas condensate reservoirs have been developed, the retrograde theory of phase behavior has been generally accepted, and a number of cycling programs have been initiated. Numerous technical papers have since appeared in the literature dealing with the theory and application of cycling the gas condensate reservoirs. Some cycling operations have now advanced to a stage where it is possible to determine performance characteristics to a fair degree of accuracy. Field performance data for gas condensate reservoirs operated by pressure depletion have not been so extensively reported in the literature, although their probable behavior has been discussed in explanation of the retrograde theory. It is the purpose of this paper to compare calculated theoretical reservoir performance with field observations and well stream analyze; which have been obtained throughout the practical producing life of a small volumetric gas condensate reservoir. The reservoir under study is the Bacon Lime Zone of a field located in East Texas. The Bacon Lime occurs in the Lower Glen Rose Formation of Cretaceous Age. This Bacon Lime Reservoir is encountered at an average depth of 7600 ft (7203 ft subsea elevation) and comprises approximately 3100 acres located on a structural high with 80 ft of productive closure. The producing formation consists of approximately 50 ft of dense crystalline fossiliferous dolomite of generally low permeability with typical wide variation in both permeability and porosity, the more permeable stringers measuring 30 to 40 millidarcys. The average porosity is extimated to be 10 per cent with a connate water saturation of approximately 30 per cent of the pore space. The reservoir temperature was found to be 220°F and the original pressure was 3691 psia at -7200 ft elevation. The re ervoir was discovered in November, 1.941, and is now essentially depleted, Throughout most of its productive life, from the standpoint of cumulative withdrawals, the reservoir has been produced by five wells. During its latter stages of depletion, 16 wells were completed in the Bacon Lime.

Jan 1, 1950

By P. C. Hodges

While there is very little romance connected with the operation of a stone quarry, yet to those who have participated in the growth and development of a business that has been a pioneer in its field and that has been in continual operation two-thirds of a century there is bound to be a background of experience, which if properly capitalized, brings progress as well as satisfaction in its accomplishment. The simple methods of drilling and blasting limestone and loading on to railroad cars everything that remained on a stone fork and leaving

Jan 1, 1936

By P. C. Hodges

While there is very little romance connected with the operation of a stone quarry, yet to those who have participated in the growth and development of a business that has been a pioneer in its field and that has been in continual operation two-thirds of a century there is bound to be a background of experience, which if properly capitalized, brings progress as well as satisfaction in its accomplishment. The simple methods of drilling and blasting limestone and loading on to railroad cars everything that remained on a stone fork and leaving

Jan 1, 1936

By C. A. Edwards

Jan 1, 1935

By C. A. Edwards

Jan 1, 1935

Jan 1, 1894

By Louis S. Cates

At the annual meeting of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers in February, 1923, the Chairman of the Committee on Ground Movement and Subsidence appointed a sub-committee to work out a form of questionnaire and to collect data on subsidence and ground movement resulting from underground metal and coal-mining operations, and on ground movement and safe slopes in connection with open-cut metal-mining operations. The author was requested to take charge of the collection of data and the preparation of a questionnaire in connection with the Committee's studies of open-cut metal-mining operations. This paper is a summary of the work carried on and information received therefrom up to February, 1924. The first approach to the problem of safe slopes is to gather all information that pertains to finished slopes; in other words, the steepest economic angle from the horizontal that will stand in order to uncover the ores to be mined and be safe while the extraction of the ore at the base of these slopes is in progress. Whether or not this angle is 35" or 45" depends on many factors. The number of benches maintained to take care of falling rock and their height and width are direct functions of this overall slope. The slope is here taken to mean the angle from the top edge of the pit through the edges of the respective lower benches to the bottom of the pit. If we accept this definition of the slope, it might save some confusion as there would be a difference if one took the line from the top edge of excavation to the toe of the bottom slope. This latter slope would not be constant, but would vary with the number of benches. The depth of the various ore faces will vary, of course, depending on the deposit; Table 1 shows this to range from 50 ft. to 1100 ft. The geology is an important factor, as are the climatic conditions under which one is operating. A saturated condition in some rock structure causes rock flows; in the Panama Canal excavation, slides have run on a ratio of as low as one on ten, which is a 10 per cent. grade, or a slope of less than 6' with the horizontal. Slopes as steep as 60' have been noted in the Utah Copper operations, so that a wide divergence will possibly be met. The work of securing data that will be of value to the operator or estimating engineer will be difficult and will mean little unless a detailed

Jan 1, 1927

By Norman Pilling

THE solubilities of a series of experimental alloys covering the range 0 to 100 per cent. Ni, 0 to 30 per cent. Cr have been studied under conditions of complete submersion in several fully aerated acid solutions, and in solutions containing sulfurous acid. In nonoxidizing, hydrogen-discharging acids, if the nickel content is below a certain critical amount, chromium increases the rate of solution and nickel decreases this rate; this critical content of nickel is about 13 per cent. Alloys containing more than this corrode at a constant minimum rate independent of iron, nickel or chromium contents. Austenitic chrome-nickel steels may thus have a resistance to these acids equal to that of nickel-chromium alloys. In nitric acid and in unaerated sulfurous acid rather sharp limits of attack occur which are principally dependent on chromium content. In the former the limit of attack is not related to a particular chromium content but varies continuously with acid concentration. The action of sulfurous acid on these alloys is highly dependent on the presence of small amounts of other substances in solution, and many sulfurous acid mixtures rapidly attack alloys to which the pure acid is wholly inert. The observed effects are. not compatible with Tammann's theory relating corrosion resistance to lattice structure but are believed to be concordant with current views of the electrochemical nature of corrosion.

Jan 1, 1929

Jan 1, 1880

By M. E. Wadsworth

The region about the south shore of Lake Superior is to geologists one of the most interesting districts of the United States, embracing as it does, in a limited area, old crystalline rocks, together with forms that are almost in their original condition of a beach sand and mud. In this region was first established the base of the geological column, the Azoic (" without life") System of Foster and Whitney, or the Archæan (" the beginning ") of Dana. Overlying this system are found the sandstones and limestones of the Paleozoic (" ancient life "), and their associated lava-flows (Algonkian ?). These systems possess a strong economic interest, owing to the stores of iron in the Azoic and of copper in the Paleozoic or Eozoic of this district, which forms one of the most important mining regions in America. The geology of this section is so difficult and complicated that, in its general discussion, perhaps no proposition can be stated concerning any portion of it to which exceptions cannot be taken. Indeed, out of the general discussion of different points comes in time the truth, and various geologists, even now, are working over this region in the endeavor to arrive at some consensus, or at least to determine upon what points they can agree, and upon what points difference of opinion will have to exist between them at present, until further evidence can be obtained. The writer will endeavor to give in a brief form that which appears to him at present to be the most correct statement of the geological structure of the region, admitting that from time to time, as more complete evidence shall be obtained, he expects to change his views in the future, as he has done in the past, if that evidence shall cause him to believe that he has been mistaken.

Jan 1, 1898

It is interesting to note that during the period that has elapsed since the Institute's formation, wood charcoal, anthracite and bituminous coal, as well as beehive and by-product coke, have been used as blast-furnace fuels, that the reign of supremacy of each fuel was associated with specific periods, and that each successive era was marked by a production of pig iron greater in quantity than the one it followed (Fig 1). The transition of the manufacture of blast-furnace iron from charcoal to anthracite and then to beehive coke, and ultimately to by-product coke, is a reflection of the economic limitations of each fuel coupled with availability sufficient to meet the increased demands of each succeeding decade. It is a pattern that has been followed almost without exception in the history of pig iron in every country. CHARCOAL Colonial production of iron relied exclusively on wood char- coal as a fuel, and the iron industry of this count recognizes the important role played by this fuel. Charcoal iron has been available to consumers since the beginning of the organized iron industry in America in 1645, by John Winthrop at Saugus, Mass.,1 and although its greatest use antedates the formation of the Institute, it is still used to some extent. Until about 1840 nearly all of the pig iron manufactured in the United States was made with charcoal, and it continued as a principal smelting fuel until 1855.2 After that time, more pig iron was produced with other fuels, despite the fact that

Jan 1, 1948

By O. W. Simmons, L. W. Eastwood, C. M. Craighead

Eighty-four quaternary titanium-base alloys from the following systems were investigated: 1. Titanium-chromium-carbon-nitrogen. 2. Titanium-chromium-carbon with copper, vanadium, molybdenum, manganese, iron, or nickel. 3. Titanium-chromium-nitrogen with vanadium, molybdenum, or nickel. The tensile properties, minimum bend radii, hardnesses, response to heat treatment and aging treatment, and phase relationships of these alloys are reported. HIS paper is the third in a series describing J- titanium-base alloys. The first paper describingdescribed titanium binary alloys, and the second contained data on a large number of titanium ternary alloys. Eighty-four heats, comprising three groups of quaternary titanium-base alloys, are described in this paper as follows: 1. Titanium-chromium-carbon-nitrogen alloys. 2. Titanium-chromium-carbon alloys containing copper, vanadium, molybdenum, manganese, iron, or nickel. 3. Titanium-chromium-nitrogen alloys containing vanadium, molybdenum, or nickel. The methods of preparing, fabricating, and testing the alloys are described in the paper Binary Titanium Alloys. Quaternary Titanium - Chromiurn - Carbon -Nitrogen Alloys The properties of titanium-chromium-nitrogen and titanium-chromium-carbon ternary alloys have been described in the paper Ternary Alloys of Titanium. Because small amounts of nitrogen and carbon both appear to be somewhat beneficial, these additions have been investigated fairly completely in quaternary alloys containing chromium at the following levels of composition: 2.5, 3.5, and 5.0 pct chromium 0.25 and 0.5 pct carbon 0.1 and 0.2 pct nitrogen Mechanical Properties: The mechanical properties of these alloys are listed in table I. Fig. 1 and 2 show graphically a comparison of the tensile properties and hardnesses of quaternary alloys with those of the titanium-chromium binary alloys. Fig. 1 shows the comparison at 0.25 pct carbon, whereas fig. 2 shows the comparison at 0.5 pct carbon. It is concluded from these data that 0.25 pct carbon and 0.1 pct nitrogen are desirable additions to the 5 pct chromium-titanium base. It is further concluded that most of this improvement is produced by the nitrogen and that carbon is either harmless or mildly beneficial, at least up to 0.25 pct. Structure and Transformation Range: The effects of carbon and nitrogen on the transformation range of the titanium-chromium alloys were determined as part of the routine investigation. Additions of 0.25 pct carbon and 0.1 pct nitrogen had no appreciable effect upon the transformation range. However, the addition of 0.25 pct carbon and 0.2 pct nitrogen definitely raised the beta solvus temperature, as shown by fig. 3.

Jan 1, 1951

By D. H. Woodard, G. W. Geil, W. D. Jenkins

In a series of papers, the authors and their associates have shown the influence of four important factors on the technical cohesion limit.3-l6 By "technical cohesion limitv is meant the technically determin-able resistance to fracture. The four importarlt factors are the stress system, plastic deformation, temperature, and the strain rate, The influence of any one of these factors may be represented by a curve of cohesion limits, although only one point on the curve may represent actual fracture. As the term "fracture stress" has come into general use with the same significance as technical cohesion limit, the authors are here using the shorter term with the understanding that it does not always refer to actual fracture. The previously mentioned series of papers contains ample evidence that plastic extension increases the fracture stress of any polycrystalline metal, In a recent paper of the series,l5 moreover, it has been shown that the effect of plastic deformation on the fracture stress cannot be attributed to reorientation of internal flaws but is a work-strengthening effect, similar to the effect on the flow stress, $ Plastic deformation of steels, however, may not only cause work hardening, but may result in additional hardness because of strain aging. Some evidence that strain aging affects not only the flow stress but also the fracture stress, has been presented in a recent paper.14 In that paper, a study is made of the influence Of Plastic deformstion at room temperature on the fracture stress of ferritic steels at -188°C. The study is based on the results Of two-stage tests. In the first stage each specimen was extended a predetermined amount at room temperature; in the second stage the specimen was tested to fracture in liquid air. In most Of these tests the specimen remained in the testing machine during the interval of about one hour between the first and second stages, it was kept under a tensile load of about 500 lb and maintained at liquid air temperature. The effects of various amounts of .plastic deformation on the fracture stress were thus determined and curves were obtained to represent the influence of plastic deformation at room temperature on the stress at brittle fracture in liquid air.14 Two specimens Of ingot iron, however, were removed from the testing machine at the end of the first stage and several days elapsed before the specimens were tested to fracture in liquid air, As shown in Fig 8 of that paper," the points representing fracture of these specimens are far above the curve representing the results of two-stage tests without a rest interval between the stages. The evidence thus indicated that the fracture stresses of these two specimens were increased not

Jan 1, 1949

By G. W. Geil, D. H. Woodard, W. D. Jenkins

In a series of papers, the authors and their associates have shown the influence of four important factors on the technical cohesion limit.3-l6 By "technical cohesion limitv is meant the technically determin-able resistance to fracture. The four importarlt factors are the stress system, plastic deformation, temperature, and the strain rate, The influence of any one of these factors may be represented by a curve of cohesion limits, although only one point on the curve may represent actual fracture. As the term "fracture stress" has come into general use with the same significance as technical cohesion limit, the authors are here using the shorter term with the understanding that it does not always refer to actual fracture. The previously mentioned series of papers contains ample evidence that plastic extension increases the fracture stress of any polycrystalline metal, In a recent paper of the series,l5 moreover, it has been shown that the effect of plastic deformation on the fracture stress cannot be attributed to reorientation of internal flaws but is a work-strengthening effect, similar to the effect on the flow stress, $ Plastic deformation of steels, however, may not only cause work hardening, but may result in additional hardness because of strain aging. Some evidence that strain aging affects not only the flow stress but also the fracture stress, has been presented in a recent paper.14 In that paper, a study is made of the influence Of Plastic deformstion at room temperature on the fracture stress of ferritic steels at -188°C. The study is based on the results Of two-stage tests. In the first stage each specimen was extended a predetermined amount at room temperature; in the second stage the specimen was tested to fracture in liquid air. In most Of these tests the specimen remained in the testing machine during the interval of about one hour between the first and second stages, it was kept under a tensile load of about 500 lb and maintained at liquid air temperature. The effects of various amounts of .plastic deformation on the fracture stress were thus determined and curves were obtained to represent the influence of plastic deformation at room temperature on the stress at brittle fracture in liquid air.14 Two specimens Of ingot iron, however, were removed from the testing machine at the end of the first stage and several days elapsed before the specimens were tested to fracture in liquid air, As shown in Fig 8 of that paper," the points representing fracture of these specimens are far above the curve representing the results of two-stage tests without a rest interval between the stages. The evidence thus indicated that the fracture stresses of these two specimens were increased not

Jan 1, 1949