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The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M. on all week days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The, time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining reports, maps privately issued,-,and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 5, 1914

By W. E. Hess

At the Vesta mines of Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. on the Monongahela River, 35 miles south of Pittsburgh, JCM Joy continuous miners and 6-SC shuttle cars are used for pillar extraction in the Pittsburgh seam. The entire output of the mine goes into coke production for blast furnace operation. Because this coal, which has high metallurgical qualities, is close to the place where it is ultimately used and because supplies with these properties are being rapidly depleted, complete recovery is essential wherever possible. With the introduction of the continuous miner into the Vesta mines, therefore, it was necessary to plan a project which would facilitate development and provide for future total recovery. Use of continuous miners under varying conditions has necessitated changes with regard to roof action, method of development, method of pillar attack, and innovations in mining. In the following pages these changes will be discussed.

Jan 2, 1955

By P. Somasundaran, D. R. Nagaraj

Based on our finding that commercial copper chelating solvent extractants such as LIX65NR and LIX63R are excellent collectors for copper minerals, a detailed study was made using several water-soluble chelating agents belonging to the class of aromatic hydroxyoximes and having a gradual structural variation. A basic study of the system salicylaldoximetenorite was also carried out. Microflotation tests as a function of concentration of oxime, pH, addition of copper, etc., using oxidic copper minerals such as chrysocolla and tenorite, and batch laboratory flotation tests using synthetic mixtures of quartz and oxidic copper minerals were carried out. The results have demonstrated that the hydroxyoximes studied have comparable collector property, and in all cases the oxime was found to be partitioned between the mineral surface and the copper in the bulk aqueous phase in the form of a bulk copper chelate. The occurrence of the latter could be accounted for by formation in the bulk phase of a chelate between oxime and copper released from the mineral and/or by the detachment of the surface chelate. The role of surface and bulk chelates in flotation is discussed based on the results of partitioning of chelating agent into bulk and surface chelates in the salicylaldoxime-tenorite system. The effect of structural aspects such as isomerism and substitution in the molecule on the collector property of the oximes is also discussed. Substitution on oximic carbon by alkyl groups is found to promote collector activity. Only the anti-isomer has the ability to collect.

Jan 1, 1982

By William Braden

This paper is presented in the hope that it will be instructive in view of the future large expansion of the mining industry in the west-coast countries of South America. There is a more or less general impression that the Spanish-American workman is inferior to the American, but after some years of experience and observation I doubt the correctne~s of this view. Taking into consideration all the elements which make for efficiency of labor, it has been found, particularly in Chile, that under proper organization native labor yields as much, man for man, and more, dollar for dollar, than in the Western United States. If a manager is willing to accept unreservedly the costum-bres del pais, without combating intelligently and patiently the ones tending to inefficiency, he should expect no better results than he deserves. He must conscientiously insist that a " square deal" be given and exacted; that liquor be excluded from camp as far as possible; that comfortable quarters and other uplifting elements of life be provided; and that past and existing methods and customs shall not be over-ridden rough-

Jan 1, 1910

By T. P. Meloy

Recently, Gilvarry1 has criticized the Gaudin-Meloy2 derivation of the size distribution equation for impact grinding. The criticism states that as the derivation stands it is good for only a long, thin wire being fractured. This paper contains a second derivation in reply to the criticism. Consider a homogeneous solid particle. This particle is broken into fragments by impact. It is assumed that the material resembles galena and that the particles were broken into chunky parallelepipedes which may be treated as cubes. The fragments are now reassembled — as seen in Fig. 1 — and a line is passed through the fractured solid perpendicular to one of its faces. For simplicity, the length of the line segment in the cube is considered to be 1. Fig. 2 represents the line segment in the cube showing the locations of the crack surfaces cutting the line and one point, P, chosen at random on it. The question arises as to what is the probability of the point, P,

Jan 1, 1963

By V. Rajaram

The oil shales located in the Appalachian Basin cover an eight-state area of the eastern US and are referred to as Devonian (black) shales. These shales have been exploited for their gas potential for several years. The Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) has conducted research since 1972 on the production of shale oil from the Devonian shales. This resulted in the development of the HYTORT process. This process demonstrated that the yield from the Eastern oil shales can be greater than the value indicated by the Fischer assay method. IGT estimates that 67 Gm3 (423 billion bbl) of oil could be recovered by HYTORT processing of surface minable eastern US shales. Recently, American Syncrude Corp. and Southern Pacific Petroleum NL have proposed oil shale projects in Kentucky. This paper will describe the surface mining and retorting techniques that have been studied for exploitation of the Devonian shales, and enumerate the problems that have to be overcome before commercial production can be realized.

Jan 1, 1986

POSITIONS VACANT Position as superintendent of all-sliming cyanide plant in Montana will he open in spring. Thoroughly experienced man wanted. No. 6. Position as engineer for iron-mining company in Virginia is open. Single man with experience in underground surveying preferred. No. 7. ENGINEERS AVAILABLE (Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute. by members or other persons.) Member, 34 years old, married, nine years responsible position in South America, excellent knowledge of Spanish, Latin-American people and customs, with present employer seven years, six years as manager and legal representative of a mining company, desires to make a change April, 1914. Prefers position requiring energy, executive ability, business tact and practical knowledge dealing with political and legal authorities, rather than strictly technical position. No. 35. Technical graduate, married, with four years' experience in assaying, surveying, sampling,. and mine supervision in Utah and Mexico, open for engagement. No. 37. Member, aged 28, desires opening on engineering or sales force of machinery house, or manufacturing concern. Twelve years' experience, in smelters, cyanide plants, concentrators and gold dredges, steam, gas and electric machinery and mechanical drafting. At present foreman for a silver-lead company. No. 40.

Jan 1, 1914

By Strathmore R. B. Cooke, Iwao Iwasaki, Hyung Sup Choi

The effect of temperature as a parameter in ore flotation has not been systematically studied, although for some ores it has been known for many years that selectivity and grade of concentrates can be improved by conditioning or flotation at moderately or substantially elevated temperatures. In 1934 Coghill and Clemmer' stated that "elevated temperature seems to make hard water more tolerable" in soap flotation, and a cursory examination of the literature indicates that some earlier investigators were aware of beneficial results obtained by floating above room or mill-water temperatures. Tartaron,' Mitchell et al.,3 and particularly Hamilton et al." have shown that high pulp temperatures give high recovery and selectivity in soap flotation of fluorite from a variety of gangue minerals. As a result of the work of these and of other investigators, high-temperature flotation has been successfully applied to industrial flotation of fluorite. Falconer" stated: "The use of high temperature conditioning (above 35°C and preferably above 60°C) in connection with the soap flotation of nonsulphide ores, as covered in B. Kalinowski's French Patent No. 847,- 215, Dec. 7, 1938, is claimed to provide more intense activation, better separation of values from gangue, and reduction in quantity of reagents." The various investigations quoted above clearly demonstrate the improvements to be realized by increasing the temperature at which fluorite is floated, and it is surprising that little or no information has been published on systematic investigation of the same method as applied to other ores.

Jan 5, 1960

By John A. Church

IN May, 1878, I had the honor of presenting to the Institute, at the Chattanooga meeting, some observations upon the heat of the Comstock Lode, and since then the subject has attracted some attention and criticism, in the course of which, I have observed errors of apprehension which I beg leave to correct now. Mr. John Arthur Phillips discussed it before the Geological Society, his paper being printed in the Quarterly Journal for August, 1879.* His criticism is based upon that part of my paper in which I quote a number of analyses of the mine waters, to illustrate the fact that the heat does not come from the oxidation of pyrite. I pointed out that these waters contain only an insignificant proportion of sulphuric acid, and not enough to account for even one per cent. Of * A Contribution to the History of Mineral Veins. By J. Arthur Phillips, Esq., F.G.S. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for August, 1879.

Jan 1, 1880

By Robert Bosworth

THE liability for damages to the surface caused by subsidence is an ever present threat in all underground mining. In ordinary lode mining, this threat rarely materializes into an action, due to the method of mining metaliferous ores, the dip of the veins, and the nature of the ground itself. In the mining of coal, however, this threat is very real. The coal frequently lies close to the surface, in beds underlying large areas of land the surface of which is suitable for agricultural or urban development. Furthermore, the coal is generally mined by the "room and pillar " method and when the pillars of coal are removed, the subjacent support is destroyed. This question of the duty of surface support has now become a very live one in Colorado. What was waste prairie land a few years .ago, has become valuable agricultural land dotted here and there with growing towns. Frequent references will be made here to Colorado conditions and adjudicated cases, but those conditions and cases and the conclusions to be drawn therefrom are equally applicable to all coal-mining states. Briefly stated, the question is "Does the owner of the substrata or underlying mineral, owe any duty of surface support to the owner of the superjacent strata or surface?" There is no absolute duty of support owed by the mineral owner and this assertion is made with full knowledge of numerous expressions to the contrary by courts of Pennsylvania, Illinois, Colorado and other coal-mining states. Whether or not any duty exists depends upon the circumstances surrounding each case, and since in the nature of things those circumstances are rarely identical, there can be no absolute rule.

Jan 1, 1927

By William Reynolds

THIS paper deals with the results of a study of the application and development of mining machines for cutting out and removing dirt bands in bituminous coal beds. FACE PREPARATION When one or more dirt bands1 occur in a seam of coal, the problem of elimination of impurities becomes manifest. The degree of complete-ness to which these impurities are removed at the face has an important bearing upon labor costs, haulage costs and outside cleaning costs, and often the ash content of the product is markedly affected. Yet, because the present-day miner is paid for the number of tons he loads he often lacks interest in the quality of the coal. To insure a clean product, a system of penalties for dirty coal is enforced, but control of extraneous impurity content in the loaded coal is often inadequate and ineffectual when coal and banded impurity are shot as one. It seems only logical that to reduce the amount of impurities by proper face preparation before the men are permitted to load the coal is the most efficient method of preparation.

Jan 1, 1936

Preamble At the present time many bodies are engaged in -the formulation of standards. There is no uniformity in the rules for such procedure in the different organizations; in some cases the committees engaged in the work are not fully representative, and in. a considerable proportion of cases they do not consult all of the allied interests. The present custom results in a considerable duplication of work, and in some fields several "standards" are proposed for the same thing, differing from one another only slightly and often in unimportant details. It is very much more difficult to obtain agreement between the proposers of overlapping standards after they have been published than it would be to get the proposers to agree before they had committed themselves publicly. The American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the American Society for Testing Materials have appointed a committee to consider the advisability of cooperating in engineering standardization. This committee recommends that these societies form a permanent organization by appointing a committee as proposed in the following constitution and rules of procedure to carry on this very important work.

Jan 3, 1918

By E. T. Cox

WHILe engaged, in the year 1856, in determining the oil-bearing properties of some bituminous coals from Western Kentucky, by subjecting them to dry distillation in an iron retort, which held about a pint;, and to the neck of which were attached several bottles, for collecting the carbon oils, and washing and measuring the gas, I observed that there was a very great gain in the weight of coke thus made, over that obtained from the same coal when charred in a platinum crucible, as is usual in the laboratory for making the proximate analysis of coal. It was thought at the time that the increase of coke, by the former mode of treating the coal, was due to the pressure which the retarded gas exerted upon the solid carbon, and the possible fixing of a portion of the carbon from the volatile hydrocarbons. For the purpose of obtaining a more definite idea of the effects of pressure on the coking of coals, a series of experiments were made this spring under my direction, by my assistant, Dr. G. M. Levete. The results are highly instructive and full of interest, since they point out some peculiarities in the nature of bituminous coals which

FRIENDS of the late Charles F. Rand presented in 1930 a sum of money from which the income is available to support various phases of the work of the Institute in which Mr. Rand was so deeply interested. At present the fund amounts to $10,400. The specific terms of the deed of gift are as follows: "The fund collected to establish a memorial to the late Charles F. Rand shall be placed in the custody of the Board of Directors of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, to be set up as a trust to be known as the `Charles F. Rand Foundation,' the income of which shall each year be applied to a distinct purpose to be decided upon in that year by vote of the Board of Directors. This purpose shall be such as to promote the general welfare of the Institute and to constitute a permanent memorial of the usefulness of Mr. Rand, who for many years gave unstintingly of his time and talents in its service. "It shall be within the discretion of the Board of Directors to establish a medal to be known as the Charles F. Rand Memorial Medal to be awarded at such a time and under such rules as may be determined by the Board of Directors, for Distinguished Achievement in Mining Administration." The establishment of this medal was announced at the annual meeting in February, 1932, the term "mining" being defined in its broad sense to include metallurgy and petroleum. Robert Linton is chairman of the Charles F. Rand Foundation Award Committee.

Jan 1, 1944

By Robert Steinitz

SOFT iron parts for magnetic applications, particularly pole shoes, constitute a major portion of the ferrous products of powder metallurgy. The residual pores in pressed and sintered parts reduce values such as the magnetic permeability but service experience extended over a number [ ] of years has proven beyond doubt that in many instances the lower density of powder parts is not prohibitive to their use m replacement of machined magnetic parts The. magnetic requirements for pole shoes particularly the permeability, vary within wide limits, especially with the relative size of the air gap in the finished assembly. The overall permeability of an assembly, µ, is given by the formula [ ] where µm is the permeability of the core material, l the total length of the magnetic path, and a the length of the air gap. Fig 1 shows the variation of the overall permeability with the permeability of the core material, calculated according to Eq I for an air gap of 1 pct of the total length of the magnetic circuit. It is readily recognized that to use core materials hav-

Jan 1, 1948

By Fred D. DeVaney

W. O. Philbrook (Carnegie Institute of Technology, Phila.)—Mr. DeVaney's paper is a valuable addition to the growing technology of the magnetic roasting of lean iron ores. His furnace is ingeniously designed to permit close control of the process and to achieve high thermal efficiency by counter-current heat exchange and the withdrawal of both solid and gaseous products at relatively low temperatures. The principle of using a lean reducing gas to avoid over-reduction of the ore even at high operating temperatures (for rapid re-action rate) is thoroughly sound. The gas analyses and flow rates reported, however, are internally incon- sistent and render suspect any details of a heat balance based upon them. While it is entirely proper to consider the entrant gas as a reagent and to account only for the heat evolved by consuming a portion of the gas, many operators are accustomed to a heat balance using the total calorific value of the reagent supplied; and comparison of heat balances made with different bases of calculation can be quite misleading. Since Mr. DeVaney's paper is likely to be cited frequently in future discussions of magnetic roasting processes, it seems worth while to point out the internal discrepancies and to give alternate values of heat requirements for different bases of calculation.

Jan 1, 1954

By R. L. Loofbourow

We are concerned with the destabilizing effects of water inflow and remedies which can be used to reduce that cause. The number of these remedies which have already been demonstrated in mining may be a surprise. Several possible remedies, well known in other work seem worth trial. In saw mines the destabilizing effect of inflow is negligible; in others it can be disaster. Inflow can reduce stability in mining for very nearly, if not all minerals, whether by open pit or under- ground methods. It might cause trouble in saw under water work. As examples of these effects consider hydrostatic pressure on the walls of fractures and ' lubrication' of clay seams. Skin protection by paint or gunite is not likely to help. It is generally necessary to go deeper, for example to drain the ground more effectively or to reduce inflow. The improvement of stability is but one of a score of possible advantages attainable with water control. Most of these advantages would help costs as wet mines go deeper for leaner ore while coping with more restraints and higher costs of per, labor and supplies. Investigation is promising!

Jan 1, 1983

Mother Earth has had a long life extending over two billion years, during which time she has changed from a mass of incandescent gases to her present form, exhibiting a density stratification from the extremely tenuous gases of the stratosphere to the heavy central nickeliron core. Man is now mining all the principal divisions of Mother Earth except the centrosphere. Nitrogen, oxygen, neon, and other rarer gases are being recovered from the air; magnesium, bromium, potash, borates, and other salts from lakes and seas; brines, medicinal mineral waters, and great quantities of water for domestic and industrial uses from surface and subsurface reservoirs; and, from the rocky crust, many minerals and fuels for our present industrial civilization as well as plants and animals for food and shelter. Productivity of soil is influenced both positively and negatively by man. There is some cause to bewail what may be considered a wasteful influence of men on soil. The general situation is bad in spots but not hopeless. The passing of large areas of fertile land in some areas is merely to be noted and not to be mourned. These lands could not have been used without decrease in their fertility. The productivity factor is affected by human activities. Many soils in the eastern and southern states are far richer and more productive now than they were at any previous time. Arctic soils are not productive

Jan 1, 1950

By E. L. Estabrook, H. H. Hill

This report summarizes the information that was obtained by the Committee on Unit Operation in Eastern United States and in the foreign countries. Letters and questionnaires were sent to all of the Eastern members of the Petroleum Division of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers and to those who are living outside of the United States, asking them to advise the Committee of any unit operations that are in effect in the various countries of the world and to furnish the names of men to whom inquiries should be directed for detailed information on the different projects. The response to the Committee's request is worthy of note. Practically all of the members who had knowledge of foreign operations replied to the questionnaire and not only furnished information that was of value to the Committee, but they evidenced a real interest in the subject of unit operations and assured the Committee of their willingness to assist in every way possible in order to make the study a success. The Committee wishes, at this time, to express its appreciation of the excellent cooperation that was received from the members of the A. I. M. E. to whom questionnaires were sent. Unfortunately, the limited time that has been given to this survey did not permit the collection of detailed data on the different unit operations that are now in effect. It required several weeks to get back replies from the members located in some of the foreign countries and as a result the men who were asked to furnish information on the various projects have not had sufficient time to submit the detailed data that were requested. The Committee has been assured, however, that information relating to a number of unit operations will be furnished in the near future. Part of the delay has been due to the fact that the purpose of the study was not understood and because the terms "unit" and "near-unit" operations were not clearly defined. In the foreign countries, practically all of the operations in noncompetitive fields are on concessions or leases that have been granted to a single company and for that reason

Jan 1, 1930

STEPHEN TABER, Columbia, S. C. (communication to the Secretary?). -The fibrous salt crystals described by Dr. Branner are interesting, and I am glad that he has put this additional evidence on record. It confirms the results that I obtained in growing fibrous crystals in the laboratory. Much similar evidence of value to science in interpreting the laws of nature has doubtless been lost through failure to appreciate little things. Mr. Dresser points out that the boundary between chrysotile veins and massive serpentine is finely irregular 'when examined under the microscope. This fact I have observed in studying chrysotile veins and also, mode recently, in studying veins of fibrous calcite and fibrous gypsum. For the latter veins the statement holds true when the walls are of shale as well as when they are of the same material as the veins, but in no instance have I observed any evidence of replacement. The description of the vein walls given in my paper (pp. 1984 to 1985) was megascopic, not microscopic. The fact that chrysotile veins have sharply defined boundaries and are easily separated from the wall rock is evidenced by the small amount of waste adhering to the "crude asbestos" which has been shipped in such large quantities from some of the Canadian mines. Mr. Dresser has good ground for his statement that there seems to be no obvious reason why the term "mass fiber" should be restricted to anthophyllite. I have never examined the serpentine at the East Broughton mines; but in studying other serpentines under the microscope I have noted that much of the so-called "massive serpentine" is really finely fibrous (see pp. 1974 to 1975). The texture of such rock is, however, altogether different from that of mass-fiber anthophyllite, and I believe that the fibers have developed in a different way (see pp. 1981 and .1998). Mr. Graham raises certain objections on the ground that the laboratory production of fibrous crystals was limited to substances which go into solution with decrease in volume. Since my paper was written, however, I have succeeded in obtaining fibrous crystals of ammonium nitrate, a salt that dissolves with expansion in volume.

Jan 5, 1917