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By AIME AIME

READERS of a technical paper, or the audience if the paper is presented orally, judge the paper on several counts. The September 1940 issue of MINING AND METALLURGY contained an excellent short article by S. Marion Tucker en- titled "Are You Going to Present a Paper," which considered the general subject of presentation. In it Dr. Tucker referred to the large number of poorly prepared and badly delivered papers that are presented annually before the large number of technical and other societies that meet regularly, and he stressed the point that good delivery, length of paper, content, and composition are of great importance. All of Dr. Tucker's points were well taken; however, good illustrations are equally important in explaining certain phases of some papers.

Jan 1, 1941

By AIME AIME

THE best meeting ever held, was the opinion expressed by a number of those who attended the annual meeting of the Institute in New York, Feb. 18 to 21, and there was an atmosphere of friendliness and good fellowship about it that fully justified the feeling. In numbers it was not quite so large as last year and unless the Engineering Societies should build for themselves a new building it is probable that no meeting can be larger, in respect to numbers, than that held in 1928, which was only made possible by the circumstance that the eighth floor of the building happened to be, temporarily vacant at the time. The number of rooms available for -sessions that were provided when the building was built long ago proved inadequate, and it is only by the expedient of obtaining the temporary use of the board and committee rooms of other societies that it is possible to arrange for the over 40 sessions that must be spread over the four days of the meeting. The-fifth floor, where. a buffet lunch is served each-day, has reached its full capacity and it seems quite evident that any future development of Institute meetings must be along the lines of quality, not size.

Jan 1, 1929

By Archer E., Wheeler

Producing copper companies were active during 1941 owing to the national defense program the United States and the requirements of the friendly belligerent nation. This activity extended to the American owned properties in South America, the major part of whose product was taken by the Metals Reserve Co., a U.S. Government agency. Anaconda Copper Mining Co. is building a new converter plant at Anaconda, with four units of the Peirce-Smith type. The addition is being built adjacent to the reverberatory plant so as to avoid the necessity of hauling matte and slag. It is expected to be completed this year.

Jan 1, 1942

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

1. Normal Class (25) Barite Type 2. Hemimorphic Class (26) Calamine Type 3. Sphenoidal Class (27) Epsomite Type Mathematical Relations of the Orthorhombic System Crystallographic Axes. - The orthmhombic system includes all the forms which are referred to three axes at right angles to each other, all of different lengths. 296 Any one of the three axes may be taken as the vertical axis, c. Of the two horizontal axes the longer is always taken as the b or macro-axis * and when orientated is parallel to the observer. The a or brachy-axis is the shorter of the two horizontal axes and is perpendicular to the observer. The length of the b axis is taken as unity and the lengths of the other axes are expressed in terms of it. The axial ratio for barite, for instance, is a : b : c = 0'815 : 10 : 131. Fig. 296 shows the crystallographic axes for barite.

Jan 1, 1922

By H. R. Peiffer

Recently artin has indicated that the recovery of resistivity at 145°C following elongation of molybdenum at room temperature was the result of the annihilation of vacancies. The activation energy for this process was, according to Martin, 1.26 ev. This energy seems to be a reasonable one for the activation energy for the diffusion of vacancies in molybdenum. However, impurity atoms such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen4 have an activation energy for diffusion in molybdenum of the same order of magnitude (i.e., 1.45, 1.15, and 2.09 ev, respectively). Cottrell and Churchman have already correlated the return of impurity atoms to dislocations in cold-worked iron with the return of the upper and lower yield point. According to cottrel16 the diffusion of carbon atoms to dislocations results in the return of the yield point. As the carbon atoms become trapped by dislocations, Bhatia has shown that a decrease in the electrical resistivity is to be expected. Cottrell and Churchman were able to correlate experimentally the decrease in electrical resistivity with the return of the yield point. Since one would expect strain aging to occur in molybdenum, an experiment was performed to determine whether the resistivity recovery at 150°C for molybdenum cold-worked at room temperature can be correlated with the return of an upper and lower yield point. For this experiment 3/16-in. tensile bars of Climax molybdenum, 99.961 pct pure, were used. The specimens were annealed at 1000° C for 1 hr in an argon atmosphere and then were elongated up to 10 pct on a Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton FGT

Jan 1, 1959

By H. I. Aaronson, H. A. Domian, G. M. Pound

Zener's two-parameter theory of the y a reaction in Fe-X alloys is extended to encornpass austenite-stabilizing as well as fewite-stabilizing elements, and is then cottzbitzed with statistical thermodynamic theories of Fe-C alloys to permit development of a ther-modynamic description of the proeutectoid fewite reaction in Fe-C-X alloys. Equilibrium tielines are calculated for tile a + y rep'on from experimental data and frort extrapolations of the y/y +a equilibrium surface. Sectzovs of the y/y + 0 surface are calculaled for the tzetastable sstuation LYL u-kich alloyrtg eleitzents do not partition betzseen azrstenite andfer-rite. The finding that the metastable y/a + y curves Lie close to their equilibriuwz counterparts when X = Si, .Vo, Co, Al, and Cu but well below them when X = A/ln or Ari pr-elides a thermodunamic explanation for the expcri1?7e?ztally obserted absence of partition during the proeutec toid ferrite reartlon in the fortner alloys and for the occurrence of partition at hzgher ternperatures in the latter alloys. Cotarison ofno- patitzoa free-energy changes and y/y i a curr,es in Fe-C-X alloys with the equilibrium 11al1es of these quantities in Fe-C alloys furnishes additional qualitative insight into the irqluence of allojling elements upon the kinetics of the proeutectoicl ferrite reaction. THE introduction of a substitutional alloying element, X, appreciably complicates calculation of the thermodynamics of the formation of proeutectoid ferrite from austenite. As noted in the preceding paper,' the positional entropy of the interstitial species is the principal component of the free energy of an interstitial solid solution with which theory has so far been able to deal. One would expect, however, that other components of the free energy of this type of solid solution may be significantly altered by the addition of a substitutional alloying element. Even if the assumptions are made, by analogy to the case of Fe-C alloys,' that changes in the positional entropy of carbon represent a significant part of the thermodynamic effects of an alloying element, and that the remaining effects can be taken into account by fitting the equations developed on this basis to experimental data on Fe-C-X phase diagrams or on the activities of carbon in alloyed austenite and ferrite, the experimental information available on either of these quantities is not yet sufficiently accurate or extensive, respectively, to make such an approach useful. An attempt made by Zener on the former basis to explain the effects of alloying elements on the thermodynamics of Fe-C alloys in terms of a temperature-independent "free-energy change" (actually enthalpy hane') required to transfer 1 mole of an alloying element from austenite to ferrite, in which the "free-energy change" was determined by fitting the theoretical relationships developed to Fe-C-X phase diagrams, thus proved inadequate in part because of deficiencies in the available ternary-phase-diagram data.= Other difficulties of a more fundamental nature, however, also indicated the desirability of a different approach to the problem.3y4y6 zener6 subsequently proposed that the free-energy change associated with y — a transformation in pure iron can be decomposed into magnetic and nonmagnetic components. Alloying elements were assumed to affect those components separately. One parameter was used to describe the quantitative effect exerted on each component. These parameters were evaluated from Ms (martensite-start) temperature data and from other experimental information usually either readily available or measurable with acceptable accuracy. Zener applied this treatment only to the calculation of Fe-X phase diagrams in which X is a ferrite-stabilizing element. In the present study, this treatment is extended to include austenite-stabilizing elements, and then combined with treatments previously considered for Fe-C alloys1 to permit calculation of the thermodynamic quantities of interest in the austenite - proeutectoid ferrite transformation in Fe-C-X alloys, where a number of representative, and commonly used alloying elements are chosen for X, including Si, Mn, Co, Mo, Al, Cr, and Cu. The results are used to explain important features of the partition of alloying elements between austenite and proeutectoid ferrite, as reported in a companion paper7 on the basis of electron-probe analysis, and to provide some additional understanding of the influence of alloying elements upon the kinetics of nucleation and growth of proeutectoid ferrite. Portions of this treatment6 have been clarified in the course of a review by Kaufman and Cohen.3 The consolidated summary of these developments with which this section is begun provides a basis for further clarification of the treatment, from which extension to include austenite- as well as ferrite-stabilizing elements is a natural consequence. The division of the free-energy change associated with the 7 - a transformation in pure iron, into two independent components is formally stated as:

Jan 1, 1967

By C. O. Tarr, G. V. Smith, R. F. Miller

METALLURGISTS have long recognized that the Fe3C type of carbide is not a stable phase in steel and that, given sufficient time, it will decompose with formation of graphite, at least at temperatures below about 2050°F.1 This slow graphitization has never been of much concern to users of hypoeutectoid steels, for in such steels it occurs only during prolonged exposure at elevated temperature. In 1935, Kinzel and Moore2 reported complete graphitization of the carbide of a 0.1 5 per cent carbon steel that had been in senrice for about 26,000 hr. at a temperature of about 1100° to 1200°F. In discussing this paper, both Mathews and Sauveur reported graphitization of slightly hypereutectoid steels. In an extensive investigation of graphitization of high-purity iron-carbon alloys, Wells1 produced graphite at 7o0°C. (1290°F.) in an alloy containing as little as 0.13 per cent carbon, and showed that graphite may precipitate either directly from austenite or from decomposition of Fe3C, also that the rate of graphitization tends to increase with increase of temperature, at least up to a certain point, and with the presence of graphite nuclei. Jenkins, Mellor and Jenkinson,3 studying the structural changes in carbon steels ranging from 0.17 to 1.14 per cent carbon during stress-rupture tests at elevated temperature, obsenred graphite in an aluminum-killed 0.40 per cent carbon steel after fracture in 4340 hr. under a stress of 17,900 lb. per sq. in. at 840°F. and in many of the steels after stress-rupture test at 1200°F. Unstressed samples of 0.60, 0.86 and 1.14 per cent carbon steels graphitized almost completely in 360 hr. at 1200°F., while samples of 0.90 and 1.10 per cent carbon steels were somewhat graphitized, and steels containing 0.24, 0.40 and 0.57 per cent carbon showed no sign of graphite. Their results indicate that graphite precipitates the more readily the higher the carbon content, though this tendency is influenced to some extent by deoxidation practice, and that graphitization is accelerated by plastic deformation. In a recent study of the graphitization of 0.4 and 0.6 per cent carbon steel strip, made by M. A. Hughes,4 it was found that at 1200°F. graphite appeared after 72 hr. in aluminum-killed but not in silicon-killed steel, and that the rate of graphitization was increased by slow cooling from 1600°F. and by cold-working prior to annealing. In creep tests of normalized o. I 5 per cent carbon steel killed with 2.5 lb. of aluminum per ton, at the U. S. Steel Corporation laboratory at Kearny, spheroidization and some graphitization were found after 3000 hr. at 1000°F. under a stress as low as 15m lb. per sq. inch.

Jan 1, 1944

By McHenry Mosier

SUMMARY MERCURY is one of the strategic metals of which the supply has been raised from critical uncertainty to more than enough for essential demands. Work by the Bureau of Mines has contributed substantially to increased production of mercury in the United States and to consequent accumulation of Government stocks. Other contributing factors have been higher prices for mercury and Government loans to operators. The Bureau has undertaken 13 exploration projects, 10 of which have been completed. This work has comprised 28,376 ft. of several types of drilling and 23,798 lin. ft. of surface trenching, and has indicated commercial ore containing 34,800 flasks of mercury and marginal ore containing 26,200 flasks, a total of 61,000 flasks; equivalent, respectively, to domestic production for 8 months, 6 months, and 14 months. As Government stocks are now adequate, domestic production (currently at the rate of 50,000 flasks per year) is gradually being curtailed through Government control of labor and operating supplies.

Jan 1, 1944

By AIME AIME

THE petroleum engineers have the conference habit. They drop in, thresh things over, and drop out. No time is wasted. So it was at the Fort Worth meeting of the Petroleum Division, Thursday and Friday, Oct. 8 and 9; headquarters, Blackstone Hotel. Associate Chairman Albertson arrived the morning of the 7th, to tie in any loose ends of the technical program. S. M. Greenidge, chairman of the local committee, checked the arrangements with his committeemen at a luncheon that noon. By mid-afternoon the next day's attendance was anybody's guess-there were no noses to count. But when the gavel sounded Thursday morning 175 members and guests were present, also the official A.I.M.E. party consisting of President Lovejoy, Secretary Parsons, and George Otis Smith. Shortly after adjournment Friday afternoon all but a handful had vamoosed, lit out, disap¬peared. But, in the meantime, it was a grand conference, attendance maximum every session, and the discussion fast and furious. The discussion came from all over the floor, sometimes as good-natured sniping, sometimes in long volleys that were almost fatal to the reporter. Everyone knew his subject and few there were who had nothing to say.

Jan 1, 1936

The accompanying sketch shows the interesting position of Salt Lake City with reference to Western mining areas and justifies its title "The Center of Western Mining." In the last twenty years, the area embraced within a circle of 600 miles radius with Salt Lake City as its center has produced 79.87% of the gold, 91.9% of the Silver, 77.47% of the copper, 53.61% of the lead and 26.55% of the zinc produced in the United States, including Alaska. This area also contains the greatest coal deposits of the continent, some of the greatest oil deposits, great iron deposits and many other important mineral resources. The 600-mile circle contained 69% of the active operators of other than coal mines and 40% of the men employed in mines other than coal mines of the United States, including Alaska, for the four-year period ended with 1923.

Jan 1, 1925

By M. A. Mayers, J. A. Thompson

In recent years, the problem of damage to coke-oven walls by expanding coal charges undergoing carbonization has engaged great attention on the part of research workers in this field, and has led to the development of many devices for estimating these pressures.l-14 Only in Russell's method" and in the Koppers ovens7 are conditions quite similar to those in commercial ovens. Tests even in these ovens are empirical because no information has been published to permit an evaluation of "scale effects." Owing to the relatively large wall area in these test ovens, the average wall pressure determined may be lower than that existing in localized areas. This factor may be compensated for in part by the testing of coal charged into the test oven at a bulk density that is as high as the highest that is believed to exist in commercial ovens. Both of these lacks might be filled by the development of an adequate gauge for the direct measurement of wall pressure exerted by the charge in commercial coke ovens in normal operation. Previous attempts to elaborate such instruments7,15 have resulted in units which, because they had to be water-cooled, probably produced changes in the conditions of carbonization, and which had to be removed from the oven before carbonization was complete, to avoid their destruction. Late in 1941 the Coal Research Laboratory undertook to develop such a gauge, in which gas pressure was balanced against the charge pressure and which thus would not require water cooling, on a suggestion made in 1937 by one of the present authors and William B. Warren, a former member of the Laboratory staff. The gauge heads themselves were to be simple and cheap enough so that they might be discarded after each run if seriously damaged. This would permit them to be left in place throughout the carbonizing period, when they could be pushed out with the coke. The basis of the design, of which the latest exemplification is shown in Fig. I, was that as the internal gas pressure within a flexible metal envelope was increased, the flexible wall would move away from a stop when the gas pressure just overbalanced the charge pressure. If the stop were an insulated electrical contact, the point of balance could be indicated by the breaking of an electric circuit. It was anticipated that, while the instrument must operate at high temperature, the presence of a strongly reducing atmosphere throughout the carbonizing period would so reduce the danger of scaling that mild steel could be used for the gauge. This expectation has been justified. Danger of attack on silica oven walls by the steel gauge body can be eliminated by cementing asbestos paper or an alundum or silica plate to the back of the gauge body. The gauge head itself has a relatively heavy mild-steel body, A, into which standard ¼-in. pipe B is screwed to conduct gas and electrical leads. The body is closed by a single bellows C, consisting of two annuli of 0.011-in. (o.a8-mm.) cold-rolled shim-steel spot-welded together at their outside edges. The lower one is

Jan 1, 1944

By J. A. Thompson, M. A. Mayers

In recent years, the problem of damage to coke-oven walls by expanding coal charges undergoing carbonization has engaged great attention on the part of research workers in this field, and has led to the development of many devices for estimating these pressures.l-14 Only in Russell's method" and in the Koppers ovens7 are conditions quite similar to those in commercial ovens. Tests even in these ovens are empirical because no information has been published to permit an evaluation of "scale effects." Owing to the relatively large wall area in these test ovens, the average wall pressure determined may be lower than that existing in localized areas. This factor may be compensated for in part by the testing of coal charged into the test oven at a bulk density that is as high as the highest that is believed to exist in commercial ovens. Both of these lacks might be filled by the development of an adequate gauge for the direct measurement of wall pressure exerted by the charge in commercial coke ovens in normal operation. Previous attempts to elaborate such instruments7,15 have resulted in units which, because they had to be water-cooled, probably produced changes in the conditions of carbonization, and which had to be removed from the oven before carbonization was complete, to avoid their destruction. Late in 1941 the Coal Research Laboratory undertook to develop such a gauge, in which gas pressure was balanced against the charge pressure and which thus would not require water cooling, on a suggestion made in 1937 by one of the present authors and William B. Warren, a former member of the Laboratory staff. The gauge heads themselves were to be simple and cheap enough so that they might be discarded after each run if seriously damaged. This would permit them to be left in place throughout the carbonizing period, when they could be pushed out with the coke. The basis of the design, of which the latest exemplification is shown in Fig. I, was that as the internal gas pressure within a flexible metal envelope was increased, the flexible wall would move away from a stop when the gas pressure just overbalanced the charge pressure. If the stop were an insulated electrical contact, the point of balance could be indicated by the breaking of an electric circuit. It was anticipated that, while the instrument must operate at high temperature, the presence of a strongly reducing atmosphere throughout the carbonizing period would so reduce the danger of scaling that mild steel could be used for the gauge. This expectation has been justified. Danger of attack on silica oven walls by the steel gauge body can be eliminated by cementing asbestos paper or an alundum or silica plate to the back of the gauge body. The gauge head itself has a relatively heavy mild-steel body, A, into which standard ¼-in. pipe B is screwed to conduct gas and electrical leads. The body is closed by a single bellows C, consisting of two annuli of 0.011-in. (o.a8-mm.) cold-rolled shim-steel spot-welded together at their outside edges. The lower one is

Jan 1, 1944

By Lyden, Joseph P.

THE Picher Mining Field, fig. 1, which lies between Baxter Springs, Kansas, and Commerce, Okla., is the most intensely mineralized and the largest zinc-lead ore producing area in the Tri-State District of Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma. It has a vast lateral extent of underground workings that is unequaled for the observation of the geology of zinc-lead ore bodies in sedimentary horizons; and thousands of churn drill holes in the unmined areas supplement the underground observations with useful data for the interpretation of the geology. This paper is confined to the ore deposits of the Picher mining field. The reader is referred to the bibliography for the general geology of the Tri-State district which has been ably covered by many geologists. The writer was co-author of several publications on the Tri-State district.- This paper is necessarily a repetition of parts of those publications but contains a few changes and additions on the deposition of the minerals. The parts of this paper concerning mineralization maps and pipe slump-structures are not covered in the above publications.

Jan 1, 1950

The Industrial Minerals Division met jointly with the Materials and Equipment Division of the American Ceramic Society at State College, Pa, Sept 24-26 Headquarters were at the Nittany Lion Inn Thurs- day afternoon was devoted to a tour of inspection of the Bell Mine, American Lime and Stone Co , Bellefonte, Pa The party returned to State College for dinner and in the evening the Division's executive committee held a brief session There were four technical sessions Friday morning, Mining, afternoon, Beneficiation, Saturday morning, Industrial Minerals and Beneficiation There was an informal banquet at the Nittany Lion Inn Friday night with 93 present Edward Steidle was toastmaster Brief talks were made by President F C Flint and Secretary Ross Purdy, of the American Ceramic Society, Oliver Bowles, Chairman, Industrial Minerals Division, Adrian Morse, assistant to the president, Pennsylvania State College, and George Otis Smith, past president A I R'I E

Jan 1, 1937

On Sept. 22 to 26, the Institute will hold its 120th meeting in Chicago. The program arranged provides for technical sessions on: Mine Taxation, Non-ferrous Metallography, Coal and Gas, Milling, Oil, Industrial Organization, Geology, Non-ferrous Metallurgy, Mining and Local Resources, Iron and Steel, Symposium on Sulfur Coals, Symposium on Pyrometry. Inspection trips have been arranged to: Gary Steel Plant. La Salle District: Zinc smelters, coal mines, cement works, America's first permanganate plant, many varied industries, scenic trips. North Chicago and Milwaukee: Mining-machinery manufacturing plants, tungsten and molybdenum reduction plants. East Chicago and Whiting: Lead refinery, oil refinery. Franklin and McCoupin: Coal fields. Chicago: Nearly every kind of metallurgical and manufacturing industry. MONDAY, SEPT. 22d Morning Registration, Non-ferrous Metallurgy, Coal and Gas. Afternoon Coal and Gas Milling Industrial Geology, etc. Evening Smoker. TUESDAY Morning Gary. Afternoon Gary. Iron and Steel. Evening Oil, Iron and Steel.

Jan 9, 1919

By J. E. Steiner, J. M. Hodge, M. A. Orehoski

Ingots of four steels (1045, 1080, Ni-Mo-V, and Ni-Cr-Mo-V) were cast at pressures varying from about 1 to 760 mm of mercury, so as to obtain a range of hydrogen contents in each steel. The susceptibility of these steels to flaking was evaluated by cooling hot-rolled blooms at a range of cooling rates, varying from water quenching to slag cooling, and studying the occurrence of flaking as a function of cooling rate. The steels exhibited differences in susceptibility to flaking, and a tlzreshold value for hydrogen content for each steel was found, below which the susceptibility was very low and above which the susceptibility increased markedly with increasing hydrogen content. Mechanical property evaluations, metallogvaplzic exantinations, and X-my diffraction determinations o,t retained austenite were made on samples from the blooms. A mechanism of flaking which is consistent with the observed behaviors, the effects of hvdrogen content, and the differences in susceptibility among the steels investigated is postulated, based on the results of mechanical property evaluations and metallographic and X-ray diffraction studies. ThE important role of hydrogen as a factor in the occurrence of "flakes" or "hair-line cracks" in steel has now been established by many investigations. These have included investigations by steel producers and forging manufacturers, to whom the prevention of flaking is a very real and serious problem, and many research studies aimed primarily at establishing the mechanism of this behavior Several investigators3 have reported that steels cast at reduced pressures (absolute pressures of about 1 mm) not only are low in hydrogen content but are essentially insensitive to the formation of flakes. These investigations have shown that a general relationship exists between hydrogen content and susceptibility to flaking. The difficulty of obtaining suitable samples of steels of a given composition with the desired range of hydrogen contents, particularly in the relatively large sections in which flaking most commonly occurs, has been the principal obstacle to quantitative evaluations of these relationships. Steels with intermediate hydrogen contents between 1 ppm, and the 4ppm or higher of air-cast steels are generally not available in commercially produced steels. Laboratory procedures, in which the hydrogen is introduced into solid steel samples by heating in a hydrogen atmosphere under pressure, generally involve a limitation in the size of the sample which can be treated, and thus are not representative of the behaviors in large sections. The availability of a facility at the South Chicago Works of U.S. Steel, in which several ingots could be cast from a single heat of steel at total air pressures ranging from 0.25 to 760 mm of Hg, has made it possible to overcome this obstacle and to obtain ingots of a given steel covering the intermediate range of hydrogen contents desired. These ingots, furthermore, are of a size suitable for the production of product with section sizes large enough to be representative of the products in which flaking most commonly occurs in commercial production. In these experiments, this facility was used to study the relationships between hydrogen content and the susceptibility to flaking of four steels, two plain carbon steels at 0.45 and 0.80 pct C and two low-carbon alloy steels representing a medium and a rather high hardenability level. These flaking studies were supplemented by evaluations of mechanical properties and by metallographic studies on samples from the blooms, in order to obtain pertinent information on the factors other than hydrogen content which influence the susceptibilities of these steels to flaking. Based on the results of these tests, a mechanism for the initiation and propagation of the flaking cracks, which is consistent with the observed behaviors, is postulated. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK Steelmaking and Conversion. To provide material for the investigation, five 29- by 35-in., hot-topped, big-end-up ingots were cast from each of four 80-ton, basic electric-furnace heats of four different steels (a 1045 steel, a 1080 steel, a Ni-Mo-V steel, and a Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel). A double-slag practice was used on all steels and the two plain carbon steels were Si-A1 deoxidized with an addition of 2 lb of A1 per ton, while the Ni-Mo-V and Ni-Cr-Mo-V steels were deoxidized only with silicon and

Jan 1, 1964

By Alec M. Crowell, C. H. Thigpen

Continuing the increase in production of crude oil and condensate started in 1937, the oil fields of South Arkansas reached a 13-year peak with 26,570,704 bbl. for the year 1942. The stability of the production branch of the industry in the area is demonstrated by Fig. I, which reflects the fact that although the number of producing wells in the state has declined from 3280 in 1931 to 2957 at the end of 1942, total production has continuously increased since the beginning of 1937. This is because all fields discovered since Jan. I, 1937, have observed spacing patterns up to one well to each 160 surface acres, the dual completion of wells where there is more than one producing horizon Eight new pools were brought into production in South Arkansas during 1942 (Fig. 2) They increased the state's crude oil and condensate reserve by 121,000,000 bbl., bringing the total recoverable reserve figure to 450,000,000 bbl. (Table 3) as of Jan. I, 1943. Abandonment of wells in the stripper areas of the state increased by 32 per cent over the preceding year, there having been 142 wells permanently abandoned in 1942. For economic reasons 279 wells were temporarily shut down as of Dec. 31, 1942. A price increase may start these wells to pumping again and also be the incentive toward the commencing of several secondary recovery projects in the fields discovered between 1922 and 1937. There were 149 wells brought into production in 1942 as against 119 for the

Jan 1, 1943

By C. H. Thigpen, Alec M. Crowell

Continuing the increase in production of crude oil and condensate started in 1937, the oil fields of South Arkansas reached a 13-year peak with 26,570,704 bbl. for the year 1942. The stability of the production branch of the industry in the area is demonstrated by Fig. I, which reflects the fact that although the number of producing wells in the state has declined from 3280 in 1931 to 2957 at the end of 1942, total production has continuously increased since the beginning of 1937. This is because all fields discovered since Jan. I, 1937, have observed spacing patterns up to one well to each 160 surface acres, the dual completion of wells where there is more than one producing horizon Eight new pools were brought into production in South Arkansas during 1942 (Fig. 2) They increased the state's crude oil and condensate reserve by 121,000,000 bbl., bringing the total recoverable reserve figure to 450,000,000 bbl. (Table 3) as of Jan. I, 1943. Abandonment of wells in the stripper areas of the state increased by 32 per cent over the preceding year, there having been 142 wells permanently abandoned in 1942. For economic reasons 279 wells were temporarily shut down as of Dec. 31, 1942. A price increase may start these wells to pumping again and also be the incentive toward the commencing of several secondary recovery projects in the fields discovered between 1922 and 1937. There were 149 wells brought into production in 1942 as against 119 for the

Jan 1, 1943

By John Goodell

CIVIL engineers seem to number in their ranks more advocates of licensing than are found among the practitioners of other branches of the pro-fession. Licensing was not originated by civil engineers but it was forced upon them in two ways. In the first place, the civil engineering profession has hangers-on like every other profession. The first legislative result of their imperfect accomplishments with which I am familiar occurred in the far West. It was found that early irrigation works were so badly planned in some cases that not only were water rights made very uncertain but considerable sums were invested in structures and ditches which proved inadequate and occasionally complete failures. Water was too valuable to be wasted in that way and money too hard to obtain. In those sections, therefore, laws were passed many years ago which made it obligatory for the design of irrigation works and other structures utilizing water to be made by engineers who had satisfied a board of examiners that they possessed the technical qualifications to plan such works properly. The basic thought on which such laws rest is the same as that on which laws governing the licensing of boiler operators rest, namely, the safety and welfare of the public. While boiler explosions still occur and irrigation works are built which are not wholly satis-factory, these laws have helped the, public, it is gener-ally agreed.

Jan 4, 1922

By George E. Roberts

THE gains of society from the state of primitive conditions in the past to the standard of living which prevails in the advanced countries today have been accomplished mainly by the increasing productive capacity of the population under the leadership and services of the engineer. Without improvements in the arts and industries the growth of population tends to place succeeding generations always at a disadvantage. In this country we have been exploiting with reckless prodigality a wealth of soil and minerals and timber that has been in preparation for thousands of years. We know that the prices of all national products have been advancing, and were on a rising scale even before the phenomenal increases resulting from the war. Over against this depletion of natural wealth we have the influence of improvements made in the methods of production and distribution-and the accumulation of wealth in the form of productive equipment. The net result of these opposing influences determines whether society moves forward or backward.

Jan 1, 1926