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By J. R. Linney

Demand for eastern magnetite in 1948 necessitated practically all eastern magnetite industries to operate on a six-day week, with the result that over 11,000,000 long tons of crude ore were mined, and the shipping products amounted to approximately 5,000,. 000 long tons. Reports indicate that operating on a six-day week and doing maintenance work on the seventh day was satisfactory and resulted in excellent continuity of operation. In the Port Henry district, Republic Steel Corp. once again set new all-time records for the production of crude ore and total shipping product; 1,868,000 long tons of crude ore were mined, 945,000 from the Old Bed mine, 408,500 from the Harmony mine, and 514,500 from the Fisher Hill mine. Of the 969,000 long tons of shipping products, 663,800 long tons were sinter, 181,000 lump ore, and 115,200 con¬centrates.

Jan 1, 1949

By S. Wallden, R. Lindstrom

The electrolytic copper refining process is an excellent method for producing high-purity metal for electric conductors and other demanding applications. However, the process involves very high capital expenditure, especially the amounts of metals bound in the process. Efforts have therefore been made for many years to increase the production rate by increasing the current density, without impairing the quality of the copper. One of the approaches has been to diminish the polarization by mechanical means, while another was to "polish" the cathode surface by periodic brief reversals of the current. Reversed current electrolysis was first developed for electro- plating purposes and in 1952 Boliden AB and the Dept. of Electrochemistry at the Royal Inst. of Tech., Stockholm tested the method for copper refining with good results. However, no suitable electrical equipment for current reversal was then available. The thyristor-controlled silicon rectifier became available during the '60s and provided the scope for industrial application of the process and the first large-scale development was made by the Bulgarian copper refinery in Pirdop. Many copper refineries are now studying or adapting the reverse current process. Further lab and pilot investigations have been carried out at Boliden AB during the past 4 years and these were mainly aimed at studying the optimization of factors influencing the quality of copper. A production unit containing two tank sections with a total of 56 cells and equipped with a rectifier for cur- rent reversal has been installed and will be started during 1973.

Jan 1, 1973

By John Hays Hammond

IT was but a few years ago that the mining engineer, and his confreres, the civil, mechanical and electrical engineer, were stigmatized by politicians of the parish? pump variety as advance agents of unprincipled exploiters of backward countries. Today he is recognized as a most important missionary of civilization in opening up new territory to contribute its mineral wealth and incidentally its other resources for the needs of mankind. An engineer, it is now conceded, is not only a benefactor of the world at large, but is a primary factor in the betterment of conditions of the inhabitants of those countries developed by his skill and indomitable courage-for courage is requisite in pioneering and his indefatigable industry. The engineer will, I believe, become a real "Ambassador of Good Will," when the slow-consenting academic mind realizes as it must that beneficent deeds are more enduring and more convincing than mere gestures of professed amity.

Jan 1, 1929

By J. W. Evans

ONE possible method for the separation of hafnium from zirconium is by the vapor phase oxidation of the purified mixed chlorides. An important factor for success depends on the difference in free energies of the following reactions: ZrCl(g) + O2 = ZrO2(s) + 2C12 [1] HfCl4(g) + O2 = HfO2(s) + 2C12. [2] Prakash and Sundaram1 have calculated these values from certain data and carried out experimental work with partial success. However, their free energy values for reaction 2 diverge rather widely from other data which are presented here. The possibility of successful separation is briefly considered in the light of these alternative values. Table I shows the free energy values (?F°) for reactions 1 and 2 derived from the recent compilation of data on oxides and chlorides by Glassner.2 The corresponding values of Prakash and Sundaram for the same temperatures are also shown. The alternative values to those of Prakash and Sundaram for reaction 2 are substantially confirmed by the data of Kubaschewski and Evans" and Cough-lin' on heats of formation, entropies, and heats of vaporization. In spite of the considerable uncertainty in the hafnium data it is reasonable to suppose that the oxide-chloride free energy difference for two such chemically similar elements would not be very far apart. These figures indicate clearly that the oxidation of hafnium chloride is appreciable at all temperatures. Nevertheless, there is a significant difference between the values for reactions 1 and 2

Jan 1, 1959

One item of general interest in MINING ENGINEERING Trends, May 1952 gives the wrong impression of the scale of the ilmenite operations in North Carolina It also implies there are known deposits of rutile which "guarantee self-sufficiency for many years" So far as we know this is not true At present, rutile is in such short supply in the United States that the Defense Mineral Authority is encouraging prospecting for new deposits So far none have been found of any consequence and our needs have to be met largely from the deposits near Jacksonville, Fla, and rutile imported from Australia JAY P WOOD VICE-PRESIDENT HUMPHREYS GOLD CORPORATION The reference to self-sufficiency was meant to apply to the ilmenite-bearing sands, not rutile, but improper phrasing failed to make this clear However, the press release that the Glidden Co circulated stated that this deposit of ilmenite was one of the largest in North America -Editor

Jan 1, 1952

By J. B. Macelwane

Historically whenever application of scientific results to a new problem required the special experimental background, the economic outlook and the practical knowledge characteristic of the engineer, a curriculum in that type of engineering based on the professional requirement grew up in the engineering colleges. This is precisely what is happening now in geophysical engineering. THE Mineral Industry Education Division of AIME has long been interested in geophysical education. Organized in 1938, a Committee on Geophysical Education presented a number of reports in succeeding years. The AIME is an engineering society; hence it might be expected that the interest of the Mineral Industry Education Division would have centered about the relation of courses in geophysics to engineering education. However, this was not the case. The burden of the discussion held under the auspices of the Committee on Geophysical Education bore on geophysics in general and particularly on its relation to geology. In the decade that has passed since those meetings much water has flowed under the bridge. Not only have the geophysical sciences developed at an extraordinarily rapid rate but the practical importance and the range of their applications have spread in ever widening circles and have even assumed a very prominent place in research programs of the military, the Army, the Navy and, particularly, the Geophysical Research Directorate of the Air Force at Cambridge, Mass. So enormously have the geophysical sciences as such grown in scope and in degree of specialization that no one man in a lifetime of study can hope to master the theoretical and experimental complexities or even to follow intelligently in the published literature all the varied accomplishments of basic research in these fields. As in the other sciences, most of the results of geophysical research have potential economic value and are being applied to a wider and wider range of human needs. Here we see a parallel with the older sciences and their relation to engineering. Whenever the applications of scientific results required the special experimental background, the economic outlook, and the practical knowledge characteristic of the engineer, a curriculum in that type of engineering grew up in the colleges and universities. In the words of the "Report of the Committee on Adequacy and Standards of Engineering Education" in the January 1952 number of the Journal of Engineering Education: "Engineering education in America was not developed after a preconceived plan. It evolved in parallel with the needs of a growing country, a country engaged in the development of a vast industrialization. From the first it filled a practical need, and its design emanated largely from an evaluation of the professional requirement." The advent of the railroad created a need for scientifically trained engineers and the response was the curriculum in civil engineering. The development of steam power created the demand for a curriculum in mechanical engineering. Neither of these types of engineers was trained to cope with the requirements of electrical power, and so there came to be a curriculum in electrical engineering. The advent of radio communication and of electronics during the first World War and in the years that followed resulted in the establishment of electronics engineering, sometimes within the curriculum in electrical engineering and sometimes independent of it. The complexities of industrial management have created an ever increasing demand for industrial engineers and the consequent building up of a curriculum in industrial engineering. The wide industrial application of chemical processes required a type of engineer whose background was training in chemistry but who was able to design processes and plants on an industrial scale; hence we have the curriculum in chemical engineering. The advent of the airplane created an entirely new set of problems which were solved by the training of aeronautical engineers. Many of these have called for more and more science and mathematics. Such was the history of the older engineer-

Jan 1, 1953

By J. B. Macelwane

Historically whenever application of scientific results to a new problem required the special experimental background, the economic outlook and the practical knowledge characteristic of the engineer, a curriculum in that type of engineering based on the professional requirement grew up in the engineering colleges. This is precisely what is happening now in geophysical engineering. THE Mineral Industry Education Division of AIME has long been interested in geophysical education. Organized in 1938, a Committee on Geophysical Education presented a number of reports in succeeding years. The AIME is an engineering society; hence it might be expected that the interest of the Mineral Industry Education Division would have centered about the relation of courses in geophysics to engineering education. However, this was not the case. The burden of the discussion held under the auspices of the Committee on Geophysical Education bore on geophysics in general and particularly on its relation to geology. In the decade that has passed since those meetings much water has flowed under the bridge. Not only have the geophysical sciences developed at an extraordinarily rapid rate but the practical importance and the range of their applications have spread in ever widening circles and have even assumed a very prominent place in research programs of the military, the Army, the Navy and, particularly, the Geophysical Research Directorate of the Air Force at Cambridge, Mass. So enormously have the geophysical sciences as such grown in scope and in degree of specialization that no one man in a lifetime of study can hope to master the theoretical and experimental complexities or even to follow intelligently in the published literature all the varied accomplishments of basic research in these fields. As in the other sciences, most of the results of geophysical research have potential economic value and are being applied to a wider and wider range of human needs. Here we see a parallel with the older sciences and their relation to engineering. Whenever the applications of scientific results required the special experimental background, the economic outlook, and the practical knowledge characteristic of the engineer, a curriculum in that type of engineering grew up in the colleges and universities. In the words of the "Report of the Committee on Adequacy and Standards of Engineering Education" in the January 1952 number of the Journal of Engineering Education: "Engineering education in America was not developed after a preconceived plan. It evolved in parallel with the needs of a growing country, a country engaged in the development of a vast industrialization. From the first it filled a practical need, and its design emanated largely from an evaluation of the professional requirement." The advent of the railroad created a need for scientifically trained engineers and the response was the curriculum in civil engineering. The development of steam power created the demand for a curriculum in mechanical engineering. Neither of these types of engineers was trained to cope with the requirements of electrical power, and so there came to be a curriculum in electrical engineering. The advent of radio communication and of electronics during the first World War and in the years that followed resulted in the establishment of electronics engineering, sometimes within the curriculum in electrical engineering and sometimes independent of it. The complexities of industrial management have created an ever increasing demand for industrial engineers and the consequent building up of a curriculum in industrial engineering. The wide industrial application of chemical processes required a type of engineer whose background was training in chemistry but who was able to design processes and plants on an industrial scale; hence we have the curriculum in chemical engineering. The advent of the airplane created an entirely new set of problems which were solved by the training of aeronautical engineers. Many of these have called for more and more science and mathematics. Such was the history of the older engineer-

Jan 1, 1953

By J. B. Macelwane

Historically whenever application of scientific results to a new problem required the special experimental background, the economic outlook and the practical knowledge characteristic of the engineer, a curriculum in that type of engineering based on the professional requirement grew up in the engineering colleges. This is precisely what is happening now in geophysical engineering. THE Mineral Industry Education Division of AIME has long been interested in geophysical education. Organized in 1938, a Committee on Geophysical Education presented a number of reports in succeeding years. The AIME is an engineering society; hence it might be expected that the interest of the Mineral Industry Education Division would have centered about the relation of courses in geophysics to engineering education. However, this was not the case. The burden of the discussion held under the auspices of the Committee on Geophysical Education bore on geophysics in general and particularly on its relation to geology. In the decade that has passed since those meetings much water has flowed under the bridge. Not only have the geophysical sciences developed at an extraordinarily rapid rate but the practical importance and the range of their applications have spread in ever widening circles and have even assumed a very prominent place in research programs of the military, the Army, the Navy and, particularly, the Geophysical Research Directorate of the Air Force at Cambridge, Mass. So enormously have the geophysical sciences as such grown in scope and in degree of specialization that no one man in a lifetime of study can hope to master the theoretical and experimental complexities or even to follow intelligently in the published literature all the varied accomplishments of basic research in these fields. As in the other sciences, most of the results of geophysical research have potential economic value and are being applied to a wider and wider range of human needs. Here we see a parallel with the older sciences and their relation to engineering. Whenever the applications of scientific results required the special experimental background, the economic outlook, and the practical knowledge characteristic of the engineer, a curriculum in that type of engineering grew up in the colleges and universities. In the words of the "Report of the Committee on Adequacy and Standards of Engineering Education" in the January 1952 number of the Journal of Engineering Education: "Engineering education in America was not developed after a preconceived plan. It evolved in parallel with the needs of a growing country, a country engaged in the development of a vast industrialization. From the first it filled a practical need, and its design emanated largely from an evaluation of the professional requirement." The advent of the railroad created a need for scientifically trained engineers and the response was the curriculum in civil engineering. The development of steam power created the demand for a curriculum in mechanical engineering. Neither of these types of engineers was trained to cope with the requirements of electrical power, and so there came to be a curriculum in electrical engineering. The advent of radio communication and of electronics during the first World War and in the years that followed resulted in the establishment of electronics engineering, sometimes within the curriculum in electrical engineering and sometimes independent of it. The complexities of industrial management have created an ever increasing demand for industrial engineers and the consequent building up of a curriculum in industrial engineering. The wide industrial application of chemical processes required a type of engineer whose background was training in chemistry but who was able to design processes and plants on an industrial scale; hence we have the curriculum in chemical engineering. The advent of the airplane created an entirely new set of problems which were solved by the training of aeronautical engineers. Many of these have called for more and more science and mathematics. Such was the history of the older engineer-

Jan 1, 1953

By J. B. Macelwane

Historically whenever application of scientific results to a new problem required the special experimental background, the economic outlook and the practical knowledge characteristic of the engineer, a curriculum in that type of engineering based on the professional requirement grew up in the engineering colleges. This is precisely what is happening now in geophysical engineering. THE Mineral Industry Education Division of AIME has long been interested in geophysical education. Organized in 1938, a Committee on Geophysical Education presented a number of reports in succeeding years. The AIME is an engineering society; hence it might be expected that the interest of the Mineral Industry Education Division would have centered about the relation of courses in geophysics to engineering education. However, this was not the case. The burden of the discussion held under the auspices of the Committee on Geophysical Education bore on geophysics in general and particularly on its relation to geology. In the decade that has passed since those meetings much water has flowed under the bridge. Not only have the geophysical sciences developed at an extraordinarily rapid rate but the practical importance and the range of their applications have spread in ever widening circles and have even assumed a very prominent place in research programs of the military, the Army, the Navy and, particularly, the Geophysical Research Directorate of the Air Force at Cambridge, Mass. So enormously have the geophysical sciences as such grown in scope and in degree of specialization that no one man in a lifetime of study can hope to master the theoretical and experimental complexities or even to follow intelligently in the published literature all the varied accomplishments of basic research in these fields. As in the other sciences, most of the results of geophysical research have potential economic value and are being applied to a wider and wider range of human needs. Here we see a parallel with the older sciences and their relation to engineering. Whenever the applications of scientific results required the special experimental background, the economic outlook, and the practical knowledge characteristic of the engineer, a curriculum in that type of engineering grew up in the colleges and universities. In the words of the "Report of the Committee on Adequacy and Standards of Engineering Education" in the January 1952 number of the Journal of Engineering Education: "Engineering education in America was not developed after a preconceived plan. It evolved in parallel with the needs of a growing country, a country engaged in the development of a vast industrialization. From the first it filled a practical need, and its design emanated largely from an evaluation of the professional requirement." The advent of the railroad created a need for scientifically trained engineers and the response was the curriculum in civil engineering. The development of steam power created the demand for a curriculum in mechanical engineering. Neither of these types of engineers was trained to cope with the requirements of electrical power, and so there came to be a curriculum in electrical engineering. The advent of radio communication and of electronics during the first World War and in the years that followed resulted in the establishment of electronics engineering, sometimes within the curriculum in electrical engineering and sometimes independent of it. The complexities of industrial management have created an ever increasing demand for industrial engineers and the consequent building up of a curriculum in industrial engineering. The wide industrial application of chemical processes required a type of engineer whose background was training in chemistry but who was able to design processes and plants on an industrial scale; hence we have the curriculum in chemical engineering. The advent of the airplane created an entirely new set of problems which were solved by the training of aeronautical engineers. Many of these have called for more and more science and mathematics. Such was the history of the older engineer-

Jan 1, 1953

President MRS. HARRISON SOUDER Smith Paramus Road Ridgewood, N. J. First Vice-president MRS. ROBERT HURSH 10 Kilburn Road Belmont, Mass. Second Vice-president MRS. ERLING L. JORGENSEN 95 Knollwood Rd. Short Hills, N. .1. Third Vice-president MRS. PERCY E. BARBOUR 1R(; Riverside Drive New York, N. Y. Fourth Vice-president MRS. C. B. MURRAY 2040 Stearns Rd. Cleveland, Ohio

Jan 1, 1938

PAUL D. FOOTE AND T. R. HARRISON, Washington, D. C. (written discussion *).-There are several methods for measuring the internal resistance of a battery, the line resistance in a circuit containing an e.m.f., or the true value of this e.m.f. The writers, however, were the first to em-ploy a simple principle whereby the total resistance of the circuit is ad-justed to a preassigned value for which the scale of the millivoltmeter is graduated, the only e.m.f. employed being that of the source measured. One of the simplest forms of these instruments is described on page 2842, September Bulletin. In papers now in the press we have described some twenty modifications of this simple design but all operating upon the same fundamentally new principle. The instrument devised by Mr. . Porter is of this general type but, unlike the designs we have recom-mended, is open to serious objections.

Jan 12, 1919

By T. A. Rickard

A severely technical article, however well written, can not be an agreeable form of literature. It suffers from the defects of its qualities. One defect is a congestion of language, due to a multiplicity of adjectival nouns. The sentences are packed with words of unpleasing sound, charged with complex ideas, crowding one another so closely that the phraseology moves like an ice-pack in Bering Sea or a log-drive in a river; the undercurrent of meaning may continue to move, but the surface is obstructed. This verbal congestion is made evident by ugly compoundings, many of which are adopted by the technical writer in the mistaken belief that they give directness to his statements. For example: A unanimously approved scheme "A scheme unanimously approved" The continuous temperature record "The continuous record of temperature" To stimulate interest in synthetic plant construction "To stimulate interest in the construction of synthetic plants " In smelters reverberatory-furnace firing with powdered coal has been practised for a decade. "In smelting, the firing of reverberatory furnaces with powdered coal has been practised for a decade. " A tar consumption of one pound per ton "A consumption of tar at the rate of one pound per ton'

Jan 1, 1931

AN indication that Mesabi Range iron use companies may develop their own flotation processes for low grade iron ores is the report that Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co. is adopting a variation of one of the oldest known methods at its new Michigan treatment plant. Basically, the method involves using fatty acids and fuel oil reagents. The idea was developed many years ago and should be free of patent control. With other laboratories working on the same tack, it seems to be a pretty good bet that they will come up with their own processes. Any outside process will have to offer considerable advantage or low royalty rate to get consideration. Much of the appeal of the fatty acid process is the cheapness of the reagent. One source is pulp paper liquor in semi-refined form. With stream pollution legislation acting as a strong pressure, paper companies have been seeking ways to dispose of the material. Wisconsin has even attempted to use it for road binder.

Jan 5, 1953

The annual meeting of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America was held on Tuesday, Jan. 8, 1918, at the Engineers' Club, New York, to elect officers and councillors for the ensuing year, to receive the reports of its retiring officers, and for the transaction of any business which might properly be considered. As usual, the meeting was divided into two sessions; the first, more properly the business session, was called to order at 2:30 p.m., with an attendance of 17 members; the second session took place at 8:30 p. m., immediately following an informal dinner, at which 40 guests and members participated. The latter was particularly interesting because it gave the meeting an opportunity to absorb first-hand information regarding the present crisis in Russia. Messrs. F. W. Draper and J. P. Hutchins, the latter a member and long resident in Russia, were the speakers of the evening.

Jan 3, 1918

By John Dasher

Extrapolation is a useful technique, but it can be overdone. Seldom is it justified to study over a range of 1 to 6 and extrapolate the results to 150,000. It is especially dangerous if the extrapolation is based on a false assumption. The authors assume settlers scale-up by residence time rather than by area, admit their result (a settler depth of 7 m) is "unreasonable" and suggest longer, wider, shallower settlers might be better. Various authors have noted for a copper-LIX system a total flow basis of 2 gpm per sq ft for sizing settlers. The results of this are compared with those in the paper in [Table 7]. The authors note that flooding of their settlers was never approached. Thus the smallest unit calculated is understandably twice too big. The largest however, is 5% of the required size. I note that the figures in [Table 6] for 1/min/cm2 are based on plan area rather than cross section as titled and are wrong by l0 4. A flow of 2050 1/min/cm2 is about Mach I. It is also 10 5/3 or 46.5 times that of the little one, although the abstract says the design was based on constant flow rate per unit cross section.

Jan 1, 1977

By J. R. Thoenek S. L. Windes

The amplitudes and frequencies of vibratiolls of a four-story stucco building were measured by specially developed electrocapacitive seismometers. Records were made on three floor levels with as many as 10 seismometers recording simultancously. Sources of vibration were: (1) an electric motor with unbalanced pulley, maximum speed 1800 r.p.m., maximum centrifugal force 90 lb., (2) truck traffic (both solid and pneumatic tires) moving over inequalities in the street in front of the house, (3) falling weights dropped on the street pavement from different heights, (4) miscellaneous sources, including a man jumping on the floor of the house and slamming doors. Tests were made to determine the natural frequencies of floor and wall panels by varying the speed of the unbalanced motor and by exciting the panels with a single impulse. The vibrations recorded were compared to records of vibrations from quarry blasts and it was observed that the vibrations from truck traffic were comparable to those recorded from quarry blasts and in no instance was there any damage to the building. As the tests were all of a negative character as far as damage was concerned, no index of destruction is formulated. Instead, the records are presented simply as vibration measurements obtained in an ordinary house under typical conditions.

Jan 1, 1940

By J. R. Thoenek S. L. Windes

The amplitudes and frequencies of vibratiolls of a four-story stucco building were measured by specially developed electrocapacitive seismometers. Records were made on three floor levels with as many as 10 seismometers recording simultancously. Sources of vibration were: (1) an electric motor with unbalanced pulley, maximum speed 1800 r.p.m., maximum centrifugal force 90 lb., (2) truck traffic (both solid and pneumatic tires) moving over inequalities in the street in front of the house, (3) falling weights dropped on the street pavement from different heights, (4) miscellaneous sources, including a man jumping on the floor of the house and slamming doors. Tests were made to determine the natural frequencies of floor and wall panels by varying the speed of the unbalanced motor and by exciting the panels with a single impulse. The vibrations recorded were compared to records of vibrations from quarry blasts and it was observed that the vibrations from truck traffic were comparable to those recorded from quarry blasts and in no instance was there any damage to the building. As the tests were all of a negative character as far as damage was concerned, no index of destruction is formulated. Instead, the records are presented simply as vibration measurements obtained in an ordinary house under typical conditions.

Jan 1, 1940

The American Institute of Mining Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers have established the . Engineering Societies Employment Bureau under the management of their Secretaries. One of the purposes of the Bureau is to keep in touch with all engineering firms with a view to supplying them with desirable men. Plans are under way to assist in placing men who are retiring from the government service. The Bureau is not intended to be exclusively for the benefit of unemployed members, of the Founder Societies; non-members who are introduced properly will be registered. Information, registration forms, etc., may be obtained from the office of the Bureau, Engineering Societies Building, 29 West 39 Street, New York, Room 903.

Jan 1, 1919

By J. A. Bowknocker

NATURAL GAS was secured in the Trenton limestone near Findlay, Hancock County, in 1884, and oil in the following year. Drilling was rapid so that the production increased by leaps and bounds; in 1896, it exceeded 25,250,000 bbl., the maximum for the field. Since that time, the yield has decreased steadily and in 1921 was only 1,447,243 bbl. The territory extends as an arc of a circle from near the western end of Lake Erie southwest into Indiana, which it enters in Adams and Jay Counties. Sixteen counties are listed in Ohio but five of them combined had a new production of only 264 bbl. and they might well be omitted. Progress in the Trenton limestone field of northwest Ohio in 1923 is shown in Table 1.

Jan 3, 1924

The Engineering Council met on October 11 in the rooms of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Engineering Societies Building, New York. The Rules Committee submitted a draft of rules for the admission of other societies to the Council and progress was made in their consideration. The Committee on Public Affairs reported on a number of requests that the Council support pending or proposed legislation. Remedial laws intended to promote hydro-electric development were favored and Council voted to offer its cooperation to the United States Chamber of Commerce which is interesting itself in this matter. A movement to coordinate, unify and strengthen the work of various engineering committees cooperating with the federal authorities at Washington was favorably considered. Messrs. H. W. Buck and Charles. Whiting Baker were appointed Council conferees. CALVERT TOWNLEY, Secretary.

Jan 12, 1917