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By V. Panayotov, M. Panayotova

"The combined use of semiconductor properties and specific flotation characteristics of minerals under different conditions with external influences ensures a possibility for process control and management. This work presents the relations between the volumetric and surface characteristics of minerals and the minerals' flotation ability (flotability), as well as the possibility for the flotability purposeful change. Results from proprietary laboratory and industrial research are presented showing how controlled impacts on minerals and flotation pulp improve flotation technology. Such an approach reveals prospects for the creation of new technologies for the minerals' beneficiation.INTRODUCTIONThe decrease of the useful components content in the ores, the increasingly complex nature of the raw materials, the increasing energy consumption per the unit of production, and the need to solve the problems related to the environment pollution require solutions different than the existing classical ones. One of the ways to find such solutions is the detailed consideration of the fundamental properties of minerals and, in particular, of minerals having semiconductor properties. The studies of Plaksin et al. (1968), Chanturia and Shafeev (1977), Chanturia and Vigdergauz (2008), Carta et al. (1973), Hoberg and Shneider (1975), Rao et al. (1992) have given an idea of the energy state of the minerals, their flotation ability, and the ways in which this ability can be changed in one or the other direction. The main line in these works is the study and use of the relationship between bulk and flotation properties of minerals. To improve the efficiency of the process, it is also necessary to consider the relationship between the surface properties of the minerals, especially minerals-semiconductors, and their flotation ability.THEORETICAL BACKGROUND IN BRIEFA quantitative estimation of energy changes in a solid phase in the process of flotation may be made by taking in account the changes in the Fermi level. Its position in the forbidden band is an indicator about the direction and the intensity of electron exchange between solid and liquid phases. The Fermi level energy EF enables the estimation of flotability, intensity of needed external impact before flotation, as well as efficiency of the process going on. Quantitative estimation of these processes can be made by means of the flotability coefficient Kf."

Jan 1, 2018

By João Carlos Jânio Gigolotti

Foram estudadas experimentalmente as relações de fases do sistema Nb-Ti-Si na seção isotérmica a 1200 °C. Ligas fundidas em forno a arco em atmosfera de argônio a partir de Nb, Ti e Si de alta pureza (? 99,9 %), foram tratadas termicamente a 1200 °C durante 264 h em forno tubular, em atmosfera de argônio, encapsuladas em tubos de quartzo. As ligas tiveram sua microestrutura caracterizada por difração de raios-X, microscopia eletrônica no modo elétrons retroespalhados e por microsonda. Ficaram determinados os campos ternários Nb5Si3 + (Nb, Ti)3Si + (Nb, Ti, Si), Nb5Si3 + (Nb, Ti)3Si + Ti5Si3, Ti5Si3 + (Nb, Ti)3Si + (Nb, Ti, Si), Nb5Si3 + Ti5Si4 + Ti5Si3, Nb5Si3 + Ti5Si4 + NbSi2, NbSi2 + Ti5Si4 + TiSi, NbSi2 + TiSi2 + TiSi e NbSi2 + TiSi2 + SiSS. Existe boa concordância dos resultados com as propostas calculadas e experimentais existentes na literatura para essa seção isotérmica do sistema Nb-Ti-Si. Pequenas alterações composicionais são sugeridas para a locação dos campos ternários observados.

Aug 16, 2017

By Walter Miller

PETROLEUM refining, like other industries in the United States in 1940, focused much attention on its duties and opportunities in the field of national defense. In counter-distinction to the situation during the World War; the industry is well constituted as LO existing equipment, processes, and capacity together with planned additions to handle any demands that may be made upon it by the defense program needs. Evident throughout was the growing sense of ability to manipulate oil molecules for the production of materials not hitherto considered as being available commercially from petroleum The development and application of catalytically-induced reactions on a broad front is one of the distinguishing characteristics of refining progress during the year.

Jan 1, 1941

By F. McCarthy, R. McDonald, G. Woodbridge, G. Brock, D. Robinson

"The Direct Nickel process is a hydrometallurgical technology being developed to treat nickel laterite ores by leaching at atmospheric pressure. The leaching process uses nitric acid in a relatively large excess, is thus non-selective, and much of the soluble iron goes into solution. The first stage of solution purification is iron hydrolysis and the Direct Nickel process utilises the colligative properties of the pregnant leach solution (PLS) to enable the removal nitric acid of varying concentrations via distillation. Once sufficient acid has been removed, the boiling point of the solution is increased allowing high temperatures (up to ~170°C) to be achieved under atmospheric pressure. The higher temperatures initiate the precipitation of the iron primarily as hematite and allow the removal of the acid generated by the hydrolysis reaction. The rejection of the iron is near complete with solution tenors typically falling from 65 g/L Fe, or more, to less than 50 mg/L Fe. The separation of clean nitric acid from the PLS at this stage allows for relatively simple acid recycling. A hematite product with iron content above 60% could also provide an extra revenue stream.INTRODUCTION The Direct Nickel (DNi) Process is a novel hydrometallurgical processing route designed to treat all types of nickel laterite ores in a single flow sheet using nitric acid under atmospheric conditions. A simplified flow sheet is shown in Figure 1.Between 2007 and 2012 the process was developed and refined at Direct Nickel’s laboratory within the CSIRO Minerals’ facilities in Perth, Australia, and in 2013 a series of pilot plant trials were run under continuous operating conditions. The process is designed to treat both limonite and saprolite in the same flow sheet, and after comminution, the blended ore is mixed with nitric acid and leached just below boiling point in agitated atmospheric leach tanks. The acid is added in excess, so typically for a blend of limonite and saprolite the acid addition can be in the order of 1.8-2.0 t acid/t dry ore. After a residence time of between 4-6 hours the majority of the soluble metals have leached into solution and the insoluble leach residue is separated from the pregnant leach solution (PLS) via counter-current decantation."

Jan 1, 2016

By Ram V. Ramachandran

As an industry with major potential impacts (both good and bad) on water resources and due to the rising costs of process water, the mining and metallurgical processing industry has a key responsibility to contribute to the overall goal of preserving both the quantity and quality of water available within the watersheds they operate in. As we plan for new and existing mining and metallurgical projects, we need to consider a hierarchy of options to minimize our impact within the watersheds we operate; keeping clean water clean by diverting around our operations; reduction in the amount of water we use; reuse of water wherever possible, and improvements to water quality for recycling and/or release to environment. Technology is needed to treat water to improve its quality for reuse or release to the original watershed. While lime precipitation followed by sulfide polishing is effective for removal of most of the metals, it does little or nothing to remove ammonium ions and anions such as chloride, nitrate, molybdate, arsenate and selenite/selenite. Regulations on sulfate limits in treated discharge water has drawn close attention to the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD). Management of brine and salt disposal is also posing a problem due to strict regulations and cost of disposal. This paper will: (a) address issues associated with managing water with the objective of maintaining water sheds—status quo-during and after operation (b) discuss potential technologies for advanced water treatment plants.

By Ángel Rodríguez Avello

En 1968, a raíz de la liberación de su precio, la explotación del oro aumentó considerablemente. En ese sentido, las técnicas de su extracción y tratamiento renovaron las antiguas instalaciones e iniciando nuevas operaciones. Por ello, el texto señala la selección del procedimiento de tratamiento de minerales del oro a partir de sus propiedades físicas o químicas, granulometría, asociación con otros minerales y el tipo de ganga acompanante.

Mar 1, 1985

By Thamiris Auxiliadora Gonçalves Martins, Karen Espina Gomes, Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior

The present work aims at the synthesis of nanoparticles of copper by chemical reduction in microwave oven. The solution used comes from the selective copper precipitation of the lateritic nickel leachate. The copper solution (20mL) was placed in a beaker, and 2mL of 100g/L ascorbic acid and 20mL of 20g/L sodium citrate were added in that order and at room temperature. The pH of the mixture was corrected with 1M sulfuric acid or 2M sodium hydroxide. Then the mixture was placed in a microwave oven. The effect of pH, time and microwave power were evaluated. The morphology, composition and size of the particles were verified in Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Results showed that the particles formed had no nanometric size. This may have occurred because the reducing action of ascorbic acid together with sodium citrate generates a very rapid reduction rate, which makes it impossible to form particles on a gauge scale. Particles synthesized at pH 4, after 4 minutes of reaction with 1000W of power presented particles with spherical morphology and only copper in the composition.

Oct 3, 2019

By Lawrence Devon Smith

"The Management and Economics Society has undertaken a survey of industry practice in the evaluation of mineral projects. The survey addresses a number of issues relating to evaluation techniques, discounted cash flow methodology, and risk. Completed during the spring and summer of2005, the results provide a record of opinion at an active and vital time in our industry.The 2005 survey questionnaire was distributed by e-mail to groups and organizations around the world. There were 22 respondents out of several hundred questionnaires distributed (we gather this small proportion of respondents is typical for such surveys). The responses, although a small number, show a consistency that suggests that the survey has captured the views of the industry. The results of the survey are summarized below in series of tables and graphs.The reader is cautioned that the results are a snapshot of industry practice at a point in time as represented by a small sampling of the industry's practitioners. These results should be viewed as indicative values."

Jan 1, 2003

By S. R. Zimmerley

[In the course of a flotation investi~ntion, a siliceous gold ore was ground ir, R 'ball mill to ~inils 300-mesh. It mas found that the small mount of zlus 300-~esh mnterial had a go12 assw approximately twice that of the oricinal ors, md thst this oversize ~roduct also contained much abra?.ed iron. >!oreover, the gold assay of the abraded iron, which was separated ma~etic-dl:;, wno ei::ht tiaes tkat of the ore. These facts sug,~estsd th~t sone r3laticnshin existed between the abnormally high .gold content and the preseace of abrade4 iron. It was ciecided, therefore, to investl~ate furtkor ths acsoclation of the ;old nith the iron abraded from the balls durir-g grincing. As a nrelininary ex?rr>hent, a samy?le of siliceous gold ore 786 grolznd for 1-1/2 hours i;l 3 ball mill and the nuln was divided into two products electri~mag-etically. The racult s follow: ]

Jan 1, 1937

By Robson Ferreira Vargas

No início de Março/2015 começaram a ser notados eventos de oxidação em bobinas armazenadas no pátio de expedição, e naquela época o fenômeno foi creditado às chuvas. Entretanto, passado o período chuvoso, ainda foram notados eventos de oxidação, que ocorriam também em produtos destinados à exportação. Isto mostrou que havia outra causa atuando no problema, e que era necessário descobri-la e tomar ações para sanar o problema. O produto final é a coroação do esforço produtivo anterior à sua obtenção, e leva consigo o nome do fabricante para onde for enviado. Por isto ele não pode ter falhas. A ArcelorMittal Tubarão montou um grupo de trabalho, que atuou em várias frentes, incluindo o condicionamento químico do sistema de resfriamento direto da laminação. Este grupo de trabalho obteve êxito na tarefa e as conclusões obtidas estão mostradas aqui.

Aug 17, 2017

By Ana Carolina Martins Silva

Os aços inoxidáveis dúplex ferríticos-austeníticos fazem parte de uma classe de materiais com microestrutura bifásica, composta por uma matriz ferrítica e ilhas de austenita, com frações volumétricas aproximadamente iguais dessas fases. Essa classe de materiais é caracterizada por apresentar interessante combinação de elevadas propriedades mecânicas e de resistência à corrosão e, por isso, é considerada bastante versátil, sendo utilizados nas indústrias química e petroquímica, de papel e celulose, siderúrgicas, alimentícias e de geração de energia. Este trabalho objetiva caracterizar as microestruturas do Aço Inoxidável Duplex SAF 2205, revelando as fases que se apresentam após tratamento térmico a 800ºC, em diferentes tempos, estudar a relação entre a dureza do material e a precipitação da fase sigma, além de determinar a cinética de precipitação dessa fase. Após obtidos os dados experimentais, dados de VV e composição de equilíbrio da fase sigma foram obtidos via Thermo-Calc. Ao final do trabalho, os resultados experimentais e de simulação são comparados e conclui-se que a nucleação da fase sigma é por difusão de Cromo na matriz.

Oct 30, 2017

By Luana De Lucca de Costa

A microestrutura resultante do processo de forjamento é influenciada por variáveis como temperatura, deformação, tamanho de grão austenítico inicial e taxa de resfriamento. A proposta deste trabalho é estudar o comportamento termomecânico do aço ABNT 4140 mantido nas temperaturas de 900, 1000, 1100 e 1200ºC por 22, 66 e 200 minutos e, posteriormente, forjado e analisar a influência da temperatura sobre os grãos austeníticos que caracterizam os fenômenos metalúrgicos ocorridos.

Aug 16, 2017

By James W. Wade

THIS discussion of the future supply of lead refers only to the next ten-year period. Beyond that no prediction can be made that would be of sufficient accuracy to serve any purpose. When any commodity is by an unsatisfied demand forced to a higher price level, and the profits of those who are able to produce the commodity are greatly increased, there is awakened a new interest in the commodity on the part of both producer and consumer. The consumer attempts to reduce his costs by developing substitutes or assisting in the development of new sources of supply. Lead is now going through this stage. The lead producer is increasing development expenditure and searching for new mines. The consumer is developing substitutes as illustrated by the increasing use of zinc oxide as a pigment, and the use of dry batteries in radio sets. The search of the Ford interests for lead, by prospecting in Missouri and Idaho, is induced by the effort to develop a new source of supply. Considering the index figures of the Department of' Commerce, it is evident that lead is on a substantially higher price level. For February, 1926, the index figure of lead is 209, while the general commodity price index is only 156, 100 being taken as the base for 1913.

Jan 1, 1926

By H. M. Garrett

Dr. Ft: L. Handy of Iowa State University's Engineering Experiment Station very handily reduced the relatively complex cement making process to ultimate simplicity: "Take two cups of crushed limestone; add one-half cup of clay or pulverized shale (plus perhaps some sandstone or iron ore; depending); mix thoroughly and grind up fine. Bake in white-hot oven at about 2,600 F. Cool. Add a tablespoon of gypsum: and, again, grind very fine. If you can do this for about a penny a pound, you can almost compete.' Before Dr. Handy's time, is the early days of the U. S. Cement Industry, from 1817 when the Erie Canal was started to 1895 when the first rotary kiln was built, this was the recipe, more or less. Dr. Handy's raw materials were deposited in a natural "cement rock" found in the Hudson, New York and Lehigh, Pennsylvania valleys. At first the natural rock was pulverized (not ground fine) and interlayed with wood for "baking" at about 1,800° F in a batch process vertical shaft kiln or beehive oven; then the calcined pozzalonic (lime and silica) product was cooled and ground fine for shipment in wooden barrels. Later, in 1871, true portland cement was made. The same natural rock was ground fine to make briquettes; interlaced with wood or coal in the "Beehives"; and baked at a clinkering temperature of about 2,6000 F to produce clinker (calcium silicates) which was ground fine for sale. In those days, the crude cements dropped in price from over 1 cent to 1/2 cent per pound. In 1895 the rotary kiln introduced-continuous instead of batch processing. The countercurrent process allowed the same raw materials (now finely ground to about 80% minus 200 mesh like face powder) to be fed at one end of the rotary kiln. Heat from a coal burner was introduced with combustion air at the other end to produce the requisite clinkering temperature. The clinker product was discharged for atmospheric cooling, mixed with gypsum, and again ground fine as face powder. The cement was sold primarily in barrels, later in jute or cloth bags, then paper bags, and now primarily in bulk truck and barge carriers. The price dropped to a 1/4 cent per pound by 1910, but with recent inflation it now sells for 2 cents per pound.

Jan 1, 1978

By D. F. Reed

As a part of a comprehensive survey of the Adirondack region, the Bureau of Mines, 1944 and 1945, conducted investigation of magnetic deposits at Dennemora, Russia Station, Redford-Clayburg, Standish, and the Ausable river region. Later in 1945, the Federal Geological Survey, started an aeromagnetic survey of the area and completed it in .1946. The Bureau of Mines extended its magnetic surveys in 1946 in the Redford-Clayburg area. In 1947 the Bureau of Mines .diamond-drilled throe holes in the Redford-Clayburg district. Clinton County has one active magnetite mine at Lyon Mountain and inactive mines at Palmer Hill and Arnold Hill, as well as along the Saranac River.

Jan 1, 1949

By Samuel J. Sims

The Grace mine magnetite deposit, located 2 miles north of Morgantown in Berks County, Pennsylvania, was discovered in 1948 by an aerial magnetometer survey. It is situated on the southern border of the Triassic lowlands section of the Piedmont province. Cambrian sandstones, shales, and limestones overlie Precambrian crystalline rock and were folded and thrust-faulted during the late Paleozoic Appalachian revolution. Late Triassic continental sediments were deposited on the deformed basement rocks and were intruded by Late Triassic diabase dikes and sills before regional tilting and normal faulting occurred. The Grace mine magnetite ore is characteristic of the Cornwall type. The ore has replaced a Cambrian limestone lens isolated between Triassic diabase footwall and Triassic sedimentary rock hanging wall. The ore body is roughly tabular in shape, dips 20° to 30°NE and plunges about 20°N80°E. The ore is granular, fine- to medium-grained, typically consisting of unevenly distributed magnetite in a matrix of light green to white serpentine gangue. Magnetite is the major ore mineral, pyrite and chalcopyrite are common accessory minerals, and pyrrhotite occurs locally. Sphalerite, marcasite, galena, hematite, digenite, and goethite are uncommon. Serpentine, talc, and chlorite are the major gangue minerals; calcite and dolomite are common, and phlogopite, tremolite, and biotite are present locally. Apatite is a common accessory; sphene is rare. Calcium-magnesium silicates were formed first by contact metamorphism of impure limestone by the intruding diabase. Later, the silicates were altered hydrothermally to the serpentine- talc-chlorite assemblage now present. Magnetite, the first ore mineral, formed by replacing serpentine and was followed by pyritepyrrhotite and then by chalcopyrite-galenasphalerite. Marcasite, secondary pyrite, goethite, and hematite are secondary minerals resulting from alteration of pyrrhotite and magnetite. It is estimated that confining pressure was about 1500 bars and the temperature range was 500° to 675°C during ore formation.

Jan 1, 1968

By Chengliang Jliang, B. K. Parek, Xuxin Shao

Of the impurities present in phosphate ore, dolomite is the most difficult to remove due to the similar chemical compositions of the impurities and also adsorption of dissolved species of dolomite onto phosphate. A new amphoteric surfactant was found to be a suitable collector for separation of dolomite from phosphate. Flotation results showed that the new amphoteric collector had a high flotation selectivity for dolomite in wide pH ranges. The flotation study of francolite and dolomite in each other's supernatant demonstrated that the dissolved ions had little effect on the selectivity of the new collector, but were detrimental to the flotation separation using sodium oleate as collector. A phosphate concentrate with 35.2% P2O5 with 90% recovery was obtained using 290 g/t of the amphoteric collector from a mixture of francolite and dolomite containing 26.2% P2O5. The rejection of MgO was 81.41%.

Jan 1, 1999

By Robb. V. M., F. Walraven, L. J. Robb

"Abstract -The old Albert Silver Mine is a polymetallic deposit comprising concentrations of Cu­ Pb-Zn-Ag-U-F within a set of sub-parallel quartz-hematite veins which occur within the fine-grained apical phase of the 2050 Ma old A-type Bushveld granites. Mineralization occurs as an early pyrite­ chalcopyrite-arsenopyrite-galena-sphalerite-(argentiferous) tetrahedrite paragenesis followed by a later, more oxidized assemblage comprising chlorite-hematite-fluorite-pitchblende. Accumulation of metals appears to have taken place at the interface between a coarse-grained porphyritic granite and an overlying fine-grained phase: veins occur in the latter and represent leakage of magmatic fluids from the differentiated, water-saturated, subjacent granite.Mineralization processes in the Bushveld granites are believed to be related to long-lived circulation of dominantly magmatic fluids stimulated by the high heat productive capacity of the host rocks. Endo- and exogranitic tin-tungsten and base metal mineralization formed during an evolving hydrothermal system that lasted for several hundred million years, forming innumerable small- to medium­ scale polymetallic deposits. At the Albert Silver Mine, unroofing of the cover sequences at circa 1600 Mato 1700 Ma resulted in the incursion of lower-temperature, high-f02 meteoric fluids which remobilized the earlier sulfides and introduced the paragenetically late U-F mineralization ."

Jan 1, 1994

By Robert M. Becker

The evaluation of in situ rock stresses from measurements of the change in diameter of a borehole that is stress-relieved by overcoring has become a common practice. Generally the stress evaluation has been based on isotropic relations whereas rock in varying degrees is anisotropic. A plane elasticity solution for a circular hole along one axis of an orthotropic medium has been adapted to evaluation of in situ stress. The necessary elastic parameters for this evaluation may conveniently be obtained from static tests on the overcore in conjunction with a consistent orthotropic thick-wall cylinder solution. The method and equations for the laboratory and field evaluations are summarized and illustrated.

Jan 1, 1968

In connection with the recent visit of the Special Mission of British Ministry of Munitions to the United States, the United Engineering Societies gave a dinner to the members of the. Mission on Tuesday evening, Nov. 13. This was the only public function on behalf of the visiting commissioners while they were in New York. During the remainder of their visit they were in daily conference with bankers, merchants' associations, labor federations, and other organizations. The result of these conferences will doubtless have an important influence on the manufacture of war supplies in the United States, since it will enable our business men and manufacturers to avoid a good many of the mistakes that unfortunately occurred in England at the beginning of the war. At present, fully 90 per cent. of the employees of British munition factories are omen, and the problem of employing women in the industries of the United States will doubtless soon be encountered with increasing frequency.

Jan 1, 1918