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By Alan J. Wianwright

Introduction ??New world-class Upper Devonian porphyry Cu-Au system located in south Mongolia ??6.5 km NNE-trending mineralized corridor ? 4 discrete deposits ??Southern Oyu deposits: Chalcopyrite, deposits: bornite ??Hugo Dummett: Zone: Hypogene chalcocite in addition to chalcopyrite and bornite ??Total resource exceeds ~2 Gt@ >1% Cu, >0.25 g/t Au (0.6% Cu equivalent cut-off) (Ivanhoe Mines press release, 2005)

May 1, 2006

By José Wilmar Calderón-Hernández

Aços inoxidáveis supermartensíticos (AISM) são aços de matriz martensítica contendo baixos teores de carbono, abaixo de 0,03%. Eles vêm sendo utilizados na indústria de óleo e gás para aplicações específicas que exigem resistência mecânica aliada a moderada resistência à corrosão. Após serem temperados para a obtenção da estrutura martensítica, esses aços são submetidos a tratamento de revenimento para alívio de tensões e melhoria das propriedades de tenacidade e ductilidade. Durante o revenimento é esperada a ocorrência de mudanças microestruturais resultantes principalmente da precipitação de diferentes fases. Tais precipitados influenciam tanto as propriedades mecânicas finais quanto a resistência à corrosão desses aços. Nesta pesquisa foi avaliada a resistência à corrosão por pite de dois AISM do tipo 13Cr5Ni2Mo, um deles contendo Nb (0,11%), através de ensaios de polarização potenciodinâmica em soluções de 0,6M NaCl sem e com adições de 0,3M e 0,6M Na2SO4. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de Na2SO4 no eletrólito contendo NaCl inibe consideravelmente a corrosão por pite. Foi constatado também que o AISM contendo Nb apresenta maior resistência à corrosão por pite nos eletrólitos de misturas de cloreto e sulfato. Além disso, os resultados mostraram que o revenimento a 575°C melhora a resistência à corrosão por pite, comparativamente ao revenimento a 600°C. O melhor potencial de pite foi obtido para o aço ao Nb, revenido a 575°C por 2h, em eletrólito 0,6Na2SO4+0,6NaCl.

Jan 16, 2018

By Tilley H. L

The 90 m deep Yallourn Open Cut brown coal mine in the Latrobe Valley, Victoria is developing into an area close to a reverse fault. A major batter stabilisation program, matched to ongoing operations, has com- menced to maximise coal recovery where the fault is within 100 m of the Open Cut. The various mine development options considered during the planning stages are outlined. These options were formulated in a back- ground of geotechnical constraints and the need to maintain continuous and reliable coal supply at a time when a new coal field would be developed. The geotechnical investigations and analysis procedures under- taken to determine stability of the batters during their excavation are presented. The geotechnical constraints on the mine design and opera- tions required to ensure safe working conditions are detailed. Current operational and batter stability conditions are considered satisfactory.

Jan 1, 1989

By G. S. Scott, G. W. Jones, I. Spolan, R. E. Kennedy

In studies made by the United States Bureau of Mines to determine the causes of explosions in medium-pressure acetylene generators , it was shown that when these are operated at elevated temperatures the acetylene liberated in an acetylene generator carries enough water vapor to heat certain types of carbides to a high temperature , when the acetylene- water vapor mixtures are passed through the carbide . This report contains results of further work carried out to develop an apparatus to show the heating effects or reactivity of various types of carbides in contact with acetylene - water vapor mixtures .

Apr 1, 1947

By Fabrício Dardengo Hupp

O ponto de partida de um sistema de gestão em conformidade com a ISO 55000 é a elaboração de uma estratégia de gestão de ativos consistente com o plano estratégico da organização. A principal dificuldade em fazer isso de forma eficaz é construir uma ligação lógica entre os objetivos estratégicos organizacionais e as atividades de ciclo de vida nos ativos. Este trabalho mostra um estudo de caso na Samarco Mineração, onde esta dificuldade foi tratada com o uso do método SADT (Structured analysis and design technique), que permite uma exposição gradual de um tema complexo através de uma estrutura de diagrama. A partir da análise deste estudo de caso, será avaliada a validade do método SADT para este problema.

Aug 16, 2017

By Dimas Henrique Barros Andrade, Victor Eric de Souza Moreira, Ana Karolina Menezes de Almeida, Jorge Luiz Baeta, Henrique Guilherme Lucas Bastos, Paulo Santos Assis

O alto-forno é um reator metalúrgico cujo principal produto é o ferro gusa. Práticas operacionais bem ajustadas, como a injeção de carvão mineral e gás natural, possibilitam menor consumo de coque, melhor produtividade e redução de custo. Um parâmetro importante na injeção de tais combustíveis é o potencial de oxidação da chama, chamado de Índice de Excesso de Oxigênio (IEO). Foi desenvolvida uma fórmula capaz de determinar o IEO para um alto-forno com injeção de carvão mineral baixo volátil e gás natural. Foi observado que, em média, o IEO e seu desvio padrão, para períodos com injeção de somente carvão mineral, foi maior que em períodos com co-injeção de carvão e gás natural. A otimização do IEO mostrou-se uma alternativa para melhorar o desempenho do alto-forno.

Oct 1, 2019

"INTRODUCTIONMany of the facilities and much of the equipment available to the Generic Mineral Technology Center for Respirable Dust are highly specialized and therefore, unique to the universities associated with the Center as illustrated in FIGURES 30 through 39.For example, a sample bank of 1300 U.S. coal specimens housed in the Coal Research Section, Deike Building of The Pennsylvania State University has been characterized for physical, elemental, mineralogical and maceral compositions. The results of this research have been used to initiate a study of the relationship between pneumoconioses and coal properties. Selected samples from this bank have been used in animal (primate) studies at the Milton S. Hershey (Penn State) and West Virginia University Medical Centers. These laboratory facilities for research in the medical and biological disciplines is state-of-the-art and includes a primate colony where dust research is currently underway. The Materials Research Laboratory and the Rock Mechanics Laboratory at PSU, and the Mechanical Systems Design and Control Laboratory, the Rock Mechanics Laboratory and the Mine Electronic System Laboratory at WVU are equipped for fundamental research on dust generation and characterization. While the majority of respirable dust research projects fall into these two categories, dust generation and characterization and interaction of dust and lung, there are other laboratory facilities available to the Center which are unparalleled in the type of equipment and expert personnel that they contribute to the program. The Mine Particle Laboratory located at the University of Minnesota and the Diesel Engine Laboratory at Michigan Technological University are examples. They house equipment and instrumentation that is unique to these facilities. much of it having been developed specifically for dust research by the research scientists there. The dust collection equipment and the fine particles measurement, characterization and analysis apparatus are essential to research in the areas of dust collection, particle characterization and diesel particulates. In addition to university laboratories, the research facilities of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) are available to the Center through its relationship With West Virginia University."

Aug 31, 1989

THE great development of the mines and metallurgical works of this country during the last few years, accompanied as it has been by the investment of enormous sums of money in purchasing lands, and in the erection of improvements, requires that advantage should be taken of the accumulated knowledge of engineers, superintendents, and' others, in mastering &he problems which are constantly presenting themselves for our action. Among those may be mentioned the consideration of more economical systems of mining in our coal and metal-liferous mines, improved methods of transportation above and below ground, unwatering and ventilating mines, the mechanical preparation of coal and other minerals, the various metallurgical processes, and, in fact, every question tending to the attainment of two great objects : 1st. The more economical production of the useful minerals and metals. 2d. The greater safety and welfare of those employed in these industries. In European countries, where the arts of mining and metallurgy have long been the subject of the most careful study, no means have been found so effectual in attaining the end above proposed as the free interchange of experience among those actually engaged in these industries, and this object has been accomplished, mainly, through the medium of institutes, associations or societies, composed of those engaged in these occupations, and by the periodical publication of essays or papers, communicated to such societies by their members. I t must be evident to all practical men that the interchange of the varied experience of those engaged in such occupation in this country could not fail to advance very materially the desired objects; it is, therefore, proposed to establish an American Institute of Mining Engineers, which will hold its meetings periodically in the great mining and metallurgical centers, where works of interest, such as mines, machine shops, furnaces, and other metallurgical works, can be inspected, and the members exchange their views, and consult for mutual advantage upon the difficulties encountered by each; these transactions or proceedings, when published, would form a most valuable and greatly-needed addition to our professional literature. I t is proposed that a meeting of those sympathizing with the object above mentioned shall be called for the purpose of organizing such an association, the place and time of meeting being Wilkes-Barre, Pa., and the month of April or May. Communications indicating the opinion and wishes of all, both as to these points, and also as to the organization and objects of the Institute, will be gladly received by any of the undersigned, and a notice of the date of meeting, which will be arranged to suit the greater number, will be duly communicated. Any

By Tage Jepsen

El presente análisis muestra el proceso de lixiviación y precipitación en la extracción del cobre en el Perú utilizando las aguas de la mina Quiruvilca. La alimentación de las mismas permitirá transformar el mineral en sales secundarias de cobre, fácilmente solubles y por ende, dar una mejor distribución del mismo hacia los canales de precipitación.

Jun 20, 1954

By Rodrigo Craig Cerello

The Brazilian economy has always presented a strong correlation with the mineral activity. Since colonization days, due to the territorial expansion caused by the explorers search for gold, mining in Brazil became a basic sector of national economy. Currently, the Brazilian mineral sector¹ estimates a 550% production increment (Figure 1A) in the last 10 years, reaching the US$ 50 billion value, reflecting the increased global demand for raw materials from mineral origin. According to the Brazilian Constitution², mineral resources belong to the Federal State and, consequently, their exploitation must be authorized, under penalty of engendering federal crime. Furthermore, activities of this nature are prone to cause environmental degradation such as, but not limited to, deforestation, pollution, soil deterioration and water contamination. The GPEMA represents the forensics group of the Brazilian Federal Police responsible for the technical analysis of traces related to crimes against the environment and consequently, illegal mining cases.

Aug 1, 2013

By D. A. Horne, V. R. Daiga

Certain steel mill wastes contain significant amounts of zinc oxide due to the use of galvanized scrap during the steel making process. Typically electric arc furnace (EAF), and basic oxygen process (BOP) flue dusts contain 20 to 30% zinc oxide and 40 to 50% iron oxides, along with smaller quantities of lead and cadmium. These materials can be recovered from the flue dusts by using a proven rotary hearth furnace (RHF) process. By-products of the recycling operation include a crude zinc oxide fume, which is captured in a baghouse filtering system, and sponge iron that may be recycled into the steel making operation. Crude zinc oxide properties plus the operating experience from two commercial RHF installations utilizing MR&E's DRyIron™ Process will be presented.

Jan 1, 2000

By D. A. Norrgran, J. A. Wernham

Introduction In view of the continuing depletion of natural resources, requirements for energy conservation, plant optimization and hazardous waste management, and environmental consciousness, recycling and secondary recovery of materials are being developed with increasing interest Many secondary recovery processes are being developed that apply mineral processing technology. Gravity separation, magnetic separation and flotation have all emerged as explicit methods for recovering residual values from various process streams and hazardous constituents from waste streams. Recently, a technique for concentrating metallics has been successfully reintroduced. The concept of the alternating magnetic field eddy-current separator was developed over a century ago using rudimentary electromagnets (Patent 400317 issued to Thomas Edison on March 26, 1889). Widespread acceptance was, however, hindered by high costs, marginal results and poor economic incentives for secondary recovery. With the recent increased interest in secondary recovery and the development of high-energy rare earth permanent magnets, the eddy-current separator has now gained prominent acceptance. The separation forces imparted by an eddy current separator are the function of the magnetic field intensity and the alternating frequency of the magnetic field. The evolution of permanent magnets has provided a cost effective alternative for the generation of high-intensity magnetic fields. High-energy rare earth permanent magnets have substantially reduced the capital and operating costs over the electromagnetic circuits employed in antecedent eddy-current separators. Specifically, in recent years, the strength of permanent magnets has increased several fold with neodymium-boron-iron rare earth magnets now providing an energy product of 35 million gauss-oersted. Figure 1 shows the evolution in the strength of permanent magnets. The development of these rare earth magnets has led to the design of circuits possessing a magnetic force an order of magnitude greater than that of conventional permanent magnetic circuits. The eddy-current separator has been successfully applied in several metal sorting and recovery operations. Most common is the sorting of metal from shredded automobile scrap and municipal waste. With the advent of high-frequency, high-intensity magnetic fields, the separator has advanced to the point where it has direct application in the beneficiation of fine sized metals. Relatively fine sized (-1/4 in.) metal bearing slags and spent foundry casting sands as well as precious metal hearing electronic scrap demonstrate excellent metallurgical response to the eddy-current separator, and applications have progressed to finer materials and more selective separations. Theory Electrical currents are induced in all conductors when exposed to an alternating magnetic field. The induced current generates a magnetic field in the conductor that opposes that of the alternating magnetic field. Figure 2, is a schematic illustration of generated eddy currents. In this particular example, the alternating magnetic field is produced by a series of permanent magnets mounted on the circumference of a rotor. The permanent magnets have alternating polarity. As the rotor revolves, an alternating magnetic field is produced, and the rate of revolution determines the frequency of the alternating magnetic field. When a conductor, such as a metallic disc in the illustration, is placed in the alternating magnetic field, a closed loop current flow occurs. The current loop in the conductor produces a magnetic field that is a mirror image of the alternating magnetic field. At any point in time, the induced magnetic field in the conductor directly opposes the alternating magnetic field. This opposition of magnetic fields produces an instantaneous repulsion in the conductor. The conductor is consequently repelled from the rotor. The alternating magnetic field has no effect on nonmetallic materials as they pass through the magnetic field and discharge the rotor in a natural trajectory. [ ]

Jan 1, 1992

By Lucas Breder Teixeira

Esse trabalho discute a modelagem termo-mecânica fisicamente não linear de materiais refratários considerando os efeitos de danificação utilizando o Método dos Elementos Finitos. Inicialmente é feita uma descrição geral dos materiais refratários com foco em suas características termo-mecânicas, destacando principalmente suas propriedades elásticas e comportamento de amolecimento, e demonstrando sua considerável dependência da temperatura. Algumas considerações são feitas com relação à evolução dos modelos de simulação numérica aplicados a refratários, iniciando-se com os modelos lineares elásticos até o uso de modelos constitutivos complexos. O modelo de fissuração distribuída utilizado para calcular a perda de rigidez elástica é então apresentado, juntamente com a fundamentação matemática pertinente e sua relação com os parâmetros físicos do material. Para ilustrar a aplicabilidade do modelo alguns exemplos são apresentados, discutindo-se suas principais capacidades com relação ao projeto de estruturas refratárias.

Oct 30, 2017

By Hans Werner, Gunnar Almgren

An overview of the first Swedish Research mine at Mt Luossavaara, Kiruna, Sweden, is given, including its background, objective , program and expected results. The Research mine involves the spending of approximately US$ 32 Million over a five year period of which 30% are financed by the Swedish Government and remaining 70% by income from ore sales. The main objective will be to develop an underground mining system based on rock mechanical pre-investigations and blast hole stoping using big holes. The research program will include the following main components:

Jan 1, 1981

By Lays Augusta Leal Carvalho, Luiz Filipe Cardoso de Oliveira, Alex Milton Albergaria Campos, Paulo Santos Assis

O agronegócio movimenta a economia de muitos países, sendo que sua produção representa um terço do PIB mundial. Desde a colheita até o processamento de seus produtos, a atividade agrícola gera uma grande quantidade de resíduos que, muitas vezes, não tem uma alocação correta, o que acaba sendo um problema. Esses resíduos tem um grande potencial para substituir parcialmente combustíveis fósseis, como o carvão mineral. O carvão queimado nos altos-fornos é responsável por cerca de 60% das emissões de CO2 na indústria siderúrgica. No entanto, a atividade agrícola pode contribuir para a captura de CO2 na atmosfera à medida que este é absorvido durante a fotossíntese. Portanto, o uso de resíduos do agronegócio pode ser viável para ser usado na injeção de alto-forno, substituindo parte do carvão mineral. Alguns estudos mostraram que o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar e a produção de carvão vegetal no Brasil, os resíduos do cultivo de milho nos Estados Unidos, bem como o uso de resíduos de Moringa oleifera na Índia, podem ser usados gerando economia e diminuindo a emissão de CO2. Neste trabalho, são apresentadas as comparações química, física e térmica de alguns resíduos do agronegócio com potencial para serem utilizados como material pulverizado injetado no alto-forno, junto ao carvão mineral. Além disso, a viabilidade econômica e a possibilidade de reduzir as emissões de CO2 nesse processo são comentadas.

Oct 1, 2019

By Rodrigo Rangel Porcaro

Desenvolveu-se um dispositivo para soldagem por gravidade com eletrodos revestidos e investigou-se o comportamento do dispositivo em função de variações nas condições operacionais. Ciclos térmicos durante a deposição de cordões em tubos de aço API X65Q foram avaliados por meio de medidas experimentais, utilizando-se termopares inseridos na poça de fusão durante a soldagem por gravidade. Amostras do metal base e do cordão depositado em diferentes condições de aporte térmico passaram por análise química, microestrutural e metalográfica. Observou-se boa repetibilidade na velocidade de deposição do dispositivo e aspecto visual adequado de cordões de solda depositados. Os resultados dos ciclos térmicos mostram que as variações nos valores de ?t800/500, utilizando eletrodos AWS E7018 e correntes de soldagem de 70A e 150A, causaram redução de 21% na proporção de ferrita acicular e, consequente, redução de 22% nos valores de microdureza do metal de solda com maior aporte térmico.

Oct 30, 2017

By Gabriela Pereira de Miranda

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a soldabilidade a pontos entre os aços 22MnB5 e Dual Phase da classe de 800 MPa de limite de resistência (DP800), ambos com 1,8 mm de espessura. A intenção foi determinar os parâmetros adequados de soldagem para esse tipo de junta soldada, que vem sendo progressivamente utilizada na estrutura de veículos automotores, em virtude do uso crescente de peças fabricadas a partir do aço 22MnB5, submetido ao processo de estampagem a quente (hot stamping). Foram avaliadas as propriedades mecânicas através de ensaios estáticos de cisalhamento e de tração cruzada, em juntas soldadas produzidas a partir da variação do tempo de soldagem e da força aplicada pelos eletrodos. Percebeu-se que as juntas confeccionadas com o tempo de soldagem com múltiplos pulsos (9/2/9/2/9 ciclos) e a força de 5,0 kN obtiveram os melhores resultados em cisalhamento. Em contrapartida, os corpos de prova produzidos com a força de 6,5 kN atingiram os maiores valores em tração cruzada. Independentemente dos parâmetros aplicados, todas as condições avaliadas permitiram alcançar o valor mínimo de carga de ruptura necessária para garantir a qualidade de uma junta soldada a ponto entre os aços avaliados.

Aug 16, 2017

By Kapoor M. L

EMF measurements were performed in the temperature range of 933-1095 K to determine the thermodynamic properties of oxygen dissolution in liquid lead and lead-tin alloys with tin in the dilute concentration range of 0 to 6 atom per cent. The oxygen in the Pb-O system was varied by equilibrating with (PbO) slag, and that in the Pb-O-Sn system was varied with the addition of lead oxide. Wagner's interaction parameter approach was used to evaluate the self interaction parameter and ternary interaction parameters at different temperatures, to yield: E8(pb) = 97.35 - 113.27 x 103/t Eo(pb) = 139 - 20.616 x104/1' Quasichemical formulation was employed to yield Inf to reveal the effect of tin on oxygen in lead. Results have been predicted on the basis of classical models and those obtained using the QCT approach of Alcock and Richardson at Z=2 have been found to agree with the experimental Data.

Jan 1, 1992

By Cintia Braga

O processo de retificação é empregado na fabricação de componentes que requerem excelente qualidade dimensional com elevado acabamento superficial. O desempenho deste processo depende muito das condições de lubri-refrigeração produzidas pelos fluidos de corte, que são utilizados para amenizar os problemas que afetam a integridade superficial das peças, como queima e danos microestruturais, e também proporcionar melhor desempenho do processo e aumento da vida útil do rebolo. Entretanto, os fluidos de corte são uma das fontes mais problemáticas na manufatura, pois são produtos nocivos ao meio ambiente e a saúde humana, e aparecem como elemento determinante para a otimização do processo de fabricação. Desta maneira, este projeto visa analisar o comportamento do fluido de corte integral comercial em comparação com formulações biodegradáveis (óleos de soja e milho) no processo de retificação cilíndrica externa de mergulho no aço ABNT 4340 temperado e revenido com dureza média de 52 HRc. A avaliação do desempenho dos fluidos consistiu na análise da integridade superficial (rugosidade, microestrutura e microdureza) e no desgaste do rebolo. Os resultados comprovaram a eficiência dos óleos vegetais e viabilidade do uso no processo de retificação, proporcionando melhoria na eficiência do processo e contribuindo para uma manufatura ecologicamente correta.

Aug 7, 2018

By M. Hancer

The sign of the surface charge of selected potassium soluble salt minerals namely KClO4 , K2SO4 , KNO3, and KCl was determined from nonequilibrium electrophoresis measurements and found to be negative for each of the salt. Dodecylamine flotation of these salts revealed that the concentration of amine required for flotation increases in the order KClO4< K2SO4< KNO3<KCI. Precipitation of the amine collector colloid was not required for flotation of the oxyanion salts and in this case it appears that adsorption of the dodecylamine cation is sufficient to create the hydrophobic surface state. The order for flotation is explained in terms of surface hydration of these respective potassium salts based on contact angle measurements and FT Raman spectroscopic characterization of water structure.

Jan 1, 1999