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By Frederick A. Mumpton

For more than 200 years zeolites have been familiar minerals to geologists and mining engineers as minor, but ubiquitous constituents in vugs and fractures of most basalt and traprock formations. More than 35 different species have been recognized including several, such as chabazite, erionite, mordenite, and faujasite, whose adsorption properties rival those of many synthetic molecular sieves. Igneous occurrences of this type have never been mined on a commercial scale; they are generally small and low grade, and they commonly contain as many as four zeolite minerals, along with small quantities of calcite, quartz, and other silicate minerals. Their economic beneficiation to monomineralic zeolite products has also not been achieved and, for the most part, industrial applications of zeolites have relied primarily on synthetic molecular sieves that were crystallized from hydrous aluminosilicate gels. During the middle 1950s, when Union Carbide Corp. and other groups were developing processes and markets for their fledgling synthetic zeolite businesses, natural zeolites

Jan 1, 1975

By John J. Collins

[CONTENTS PAGE Purpose and scopeI Core samplingI Sludge sampling.....7 Combining core and sludge assays13 Deviation and surveying of drill holes17 Conclusions24 Acknowledgments25 Bibliography25] PURPOSE AND SCOPE The purpose of this paper is to review a few of the problems involved in the interpretation of diamond-drill core and sludge samples, with the hope that it will stimulate discussion and bring forth some of the information on the subject that has been accumulated by various organizations. The release of these data would benefit the mining industry as a whole. Particularly valuable would be the details of drilling programs that have been tested by actual mining operations, as most of the available published material is unsupported by production records. The scope of this paper is limited to a few of the commonest problems of interpreting diamond-drill core and sludge samples and the deviation of holes. It does not include the description of routine operations performed by the drillers, nor the estimation of ore reserves. The methods of calculating reserves have been described 25,26,31,32.50,65 but more information is needed on the results shown by actual mining operations. CORE SAMPLING The accuracy of diamond-drill-hole sampling depends in large measure on the percentage of core recovery. As a general rule, the longer the run, the poorer is the recovery. Although the longer runs allow cheaper drilling costs, the determining factor should be the percentage of recovery desired. The problem is one of balancing accuracy against costs. Holes of larger diameter may show improved recovery, except as Joralemon* points out that there are some conditions in which small holes give better core recovery than large holes. This is particularly true, he says, in rocks like shattered quartzite, where larger core tends to break in angular fragments and grind up, while the diameter of smaller core is less than the distance between joint planes and grinding is not so serious. In a large measure the length of the sample run should depend on the type of deposit. Favorable drilling may allow uniform sample runs of 5 ft., 10 ft., or perhaps 20 ft. In veins or beds of relatively narrow widths and changing characteristics, however, the ore zone may be overrun and ground in a core barrel full of waste rock. Generally it is desirable to break the sample at a change in the rock or ore. Such a change, often indicated by a color change in the sludge water, should be a signal for the driller to make a "dry" block and to pull out that run regardless of the length. Such a procedure permits the segregation of waste from ore samples so

Jan 1, 1946

By John J. Collins

Page Purpose and scope..................... 521 Core sampling......................... 521 Sludge sampling....................... 527 Combining core and sludge assays ...... 533 Deviation and surveying of drill holes. . . . 537 Conclusions........................... 544 Acknowledgments...................... 545 Bibliography.......................... 545 Purpose and Scope The purpose of this paper is to review a few of the problems involved in the interpretation of diamond-drill core and sludge samples, with the hope that it will stimulate discussion and bring forth some of the information on the subject that has been accumulated by various organizations. The release of these data would benefit the mining industry as a whole. Particularly valuable would be the details of drilling programs that have been tested by actual mining operations, as most of the available published material is unsupported by production records. The scope of this paper is limited to a few of the commonest problems of interpreting diamond-drill core and sludge samples and the deviation of holes. It does not include the description of routine operations performed by the drillers, nor the estimation of ore reserves. The methods of calculating reserves have been described,25,26,31,32,50,65 but more informa- tion is needed on the results shown by actual mining operations. Core Sampling The accuracy of diamond-drill-hole Sampling depends in large measure on the percentage of core recovery. As a general rule, the longer the run, the poorer is the recovery. Although the longer runs allow cheaper drilling costs, the determining factor should be the percentage of recovery desired. The problem is one of balancing accuracy against costs. Holes of larger diameter may show improved recovery, except as Joralemon* points out that there are some conditions in which small holes give better core recovery than large holes. This is particularly true, he says; in rocks like shattered quartzite, where larger core tends to break in angular fragments and grind up, while the diameter of smaller core is less than the distance between joint planes and grinding is not so serious. In a large measure the length of the sample run should depend on the type of deposit. Favorable drilling may allow uniform sample runs of 5 ft., 10 ft., or perhaps 20 ft. In veins or beds of relatively narrow widths and changing characteristics, however, the ore zone may be overrun and ground in a core barrel full of waste rock. Generally it is desirable to break the sample at a change in the rock or ore. Such a change; often indicated by a color change in the sludge water, should be a a for the driller to make a "dry" block and to pull out that run regardless of the length. Such a procedure permits the segregation of waste from ore samples so

Jan 1, 1946

By R. R. Templeton

THE year 1924 was particularly notable in the petroleum industry of California as it was a period in which extensive town-lot drilling, with attendant overproduction and allied problems, virtually ceased and the industry returned to a nearly normal condition. Nearly all major field operations were conducted by large operating and marketing companies; in contrast to 1922 and 1923 field operations, when small promotion companies set the pace and forced the large companies to follow. The outstanding features of petroleum development were: 1. The three major fields of 1923, namely Huntington Beach, Long Beach, and Santa Fe Springs, declined from a production of 13,042,939 bbl., in January, to 6,764,417 bbl., in December, a drop of nearly 52 per cent: During this period, Huntington Beach declined 35 per cent., Long Beach 42 per cent., and Santa Fe Springs 63 per cent. 2. Methods of pumping deep wells were improved in some particulars; this contributed toward sustaining the productions of these three famous fields above what was predicted. 3. Of the fields producing previous to 1924, only three increased in production to any appreciable degree, during the year, as the result of bringing in new wells. These fields are Dominguez, Torrance, and Wheeler Ridge. Dominguez, discovered in September, 1923, produced 56,851 bbl. in January and increased regularly to a production of 1,641,042 bbl. in December. Torrance increased from a production of 972,261 bbl. in January, to 1,783,670 bbl., in May, and then declined to 1,393,215 bbl. in December. Wheeler Ridge, discovered in January, 1923, produced 23,254 bbl., in January, 1924, increased to a high of 33,678 bbl., in September, and declined to 27,430 bbl. in December. 4. Nearly all the production that had been shut-in during 1923 was opened in 1924, except some wells chiefly in Coalinga, Fullerton, and Santa Maria districts. The opening up of this shut-in production, combined with the increased productions from Dominguez and Torrance, were the chief factors that held the rate of decline for the state to a gentle slope.

Jan 7, 1925

By Hélio Wiebeck, Fabio J. Esper, Wildor T. Hennies, Guillermo R. Martín-Cortés, Francisco R. Valenzuela-Díaz

"Natural rubber reinforced commonly with carbon black to produce vulcanized material, turns into a new environmentally friendly nanocomposite when carbon black is replaced by organically modified clays of Brazil. Carbon black is substance derived from the oil refining process with consequent pollution to the environment. Its substitution in this industrial process must contribute to diminish the oil derived products dependence. As the added clays are only a third in weight of the traditionally carbon black added, then, to obtain the same final volume it is necessary to add low cost neutral filler that does not damage the technological characteristics of the final material. This paper presents results using as neutral filler of this type rice husk ashes from industrial wastes. Experiences realized with this nanocomposite material show results of quality and technological characteristics similar or superior to those of the rubber made with carbon black.IntroductionTraditionally rubbers are black or a very dark color. But they can have different appearance when filler of distinct composition of the carbon black is used. The carbon black is substance derived from the oil gotten during the final phases of the mineral fuel treatment with consequent pollution of the environment. Carbon black show nanometric grain sized distribution and a depth black color, because these properties it is also used for computer printers inks production. The substitution of this substance, traditionally used as a reinforced load in the rubber production, will have to contribute in such a way to diminish the dependence of these products as to diminish the pollution of the environment. The present work shows the results of the use of another kind of mineral nanoparticulate material substituting carbon black in the production of some rubber products. This nanoparticulate material is the organic modification of smectite clay treated with some types of ammonium quaternary."

Jan 1, 2008

By F. Mercier-Langevin

ABSTRACT; Agnico-Eagle’s LaRonde mine is one of the deepest mines in Canada. Ground conditions in the deeper levels can be very challenging, ranging from hard and brittle to soft and squeezing. As a result, rock mechanics and ground control practices have had to evolve considerably to accommodate progressively deeper mining activities. This paper focuses on the deeper levels of mines and how the difficult ground conditions encountered there have influenced the mining strategy. The first section examines ground control practices and support systems in highly stressed, poor quality rock. The evolution of level layout is also presented. Finally, improvements in stope sequencing are reviewed.

Jan 1, 2010

By E Kasai, D Maruoka, Y Konno, T Murakami

The iron ore sintering process produces approximately three per cent of carbon dioxide emission in Japan because a large amount of coke breeze is used as the main agglomeration agent. Therefore, its suppression has been required. A promising method is to replace the coke breeze with biomass char and iron-bearing materials. In this study, the effect of the utilisation of metallic iron with coke or palm kernel shell char (PKS char) as an agglomeration agent on its oxidation behaviour was examined by a series of experiments using a sintering simulator. The use of PKS char leads to a larger decrease in the pressure drop difference of the sintering bed compared to the case using coke. Furthermore, the oxidation rate of metallic iron was larger in the case using PKS char together than that using coke. It was considered that the oxidation of metallic iron was promoted because the bed-temperature increased at a faster rate and achieved a higher temperature.

Nov 8, 2021

By Z. J. Hladysz

The Hladysz Rock Tester was developed at the South Dakota School of Mines as a portable rock strength tester. The hand held device is placed against a rock surface and struck by a hammer. The impacted force causes a steel ball in the device nose piece to indent the rock and simultaneously indent a standard steel bar also contained in the nose piece. By comparing the two indented diameters the compressive strength of the rock can be calculated using laboratory determined correlation coefficients.

Jan 1, 1984

By Dr. O’Neil Thomas J., Donald W. Gentry

There are mines that make us happy, There are mines that make us blue, There are mines that steal away the tear-drops As the sunbeams steal away the dew. There are mines that have lost the ore chute faulted, When the ore's forever lost to view, But the mines that fill my heart with sunshine, Are the mines that I sold to you. -Anonymous INTRODUCTION The preceding chapters have discussed, in various degrees of detail, the primary considerations necessary to perform a cash flow analysis of a mining-related investment opportunity. Although the previous discussions regarding the manipulations, calculations, and interrelationships of the various components of the pro forma income statement were illustrated in the text, many individuals are un- familiar with the format and appearance of a final spread sheet for the evaluation of a mining property. As a result, it seems appropriate to conclude this book with an abbreviated case study of an actual mine property (currently in production) showing the cash flow analysis and some back-up data. Obviously all of the supporting data and calculations for the case study presented cannot be provided; however, reference is made to the major assumptions utilized and to the appropriate procedures employed in the calculations, as described elsewhere in the text. The problem associated with using any case study for illustrative purposes is that one tends to be overwhelmed by detail. For instance, specific costs, prices, expenditure timings, and other variable values may be challenged because they either do not conform to one's expectations or are not consistent with specific operating experiences. When this occurs the instructional value of the problem becomes obscured. The purpose of most case studies, and particularly the one presented in this chapter, is to expose the student to the methodology, procedure, and format associated with performing a cash flow analysis of a mining property. It is not to laboriously wade through the specific details associated with operating and capital cost development, mine plans, or equipment schedules. It should be noted, how- ever, that the values represented in this case study result from specific mine plans, operating procedures, equipment spreads, manpower requirements, and other en-

Jan 1, 1984

By M. S. Miller, R. H. Mullennex

The growing need for development of thinner, more erratic, or less easily-mined coals in the Appalachian region requires more detailed analysis of conditions and factors controlling or influencing deposition of these seams. The value of depositional modeling in evaluation of such coals has been demonstrated in many recent studies and publications. Such modeling may be applied to allow prediction of factors varying from regional coal occurrence trends to very local areas of seam discontinuities but requires thorough we of all available types of data. Mapping of general depositional energies, as derived from basic geophysical and driller's logs, can be applied to specific prediction of coal occurrence, and projection of particular facies as representative of unique depositional features or conditions may prove more applicable to coal character delineation than mapping of the coal itself. Depositional modeling and trend projection may also serve as a guideline in reserve classification and confidence levels in reserve estimations.

Jan 1, 1983

By De-qing Zhu, Feng Zhang, Jian Pan

Sintering performance of a series of sinter blends with high ratio of limonite was investigated. The metallurgical performance and mineralogy of product sinter were also examined. The results show that good sintering performance could be obtained when the ratio of limonite was below 43% in the blends of iron ore fines, while good microstructure and metallurgical properties were achieved under optimum sintering conditions. In contrast, sintering performance will rapidly deteriorate when the ratio of limonite is elevated up to 63% in the blends.

Mar 1, 2017

By J. D. Wright

INTRODUCTION The Endako deposit was first explored in 1926, but development waited until the early nineteen sixties. It first came under the control of Placer Development in 1963, and early in 1964 a decision to bring it into production was reached. The deposit is located near the geographic center of British Columbia, and is served by an east-west communication system including a paved highway, mainline railway and good telephone, teletype, and computer facilities. The plant area is shown in Figure 1. The operation is known as the Endako Mines Division of Canex Placer Limited of Vancouver. First production was achieved in June, 1965, at a nominal rate of 10,000 tons per day, but it soon was closer to 15,000 tons per day. In 1967, two new grinding and flotation, sections brought capacity to the present rate of approximately 27,000 tons per day. With mill heads of around 0.15 percent MoS2, production is about 14,000,000 pounds of molybdenum per year. A flowsheet of the operation is given in Figure 2. A legend for this flowsheet is given in Table 1. Published ore reserves are estimated at 214,500,000 tons at an average grade of 0.143 percent MoS2. PRIMARY CRUSHING The 85 or 100-ton haulage trucks dump over a grizzly into a 42 inch x 65 inch C.A.C. (Canadian Allis Chalmers) gyratory crusher. The

Jan 1, 1976

The Pueblo Viejo Mine, a 7, 250 mtpd (8,000 stpd) gold-silver cyanidation plant built by Rosario Dominicana S. A., was described in Volume I of this monograph. At the time of writing that volume, Pueblo Viejo had not yet gone on-stream and operating data or costs could not be presented. Since that time this information has been obtained and several interesting modifications and an expansion have been made to the plant. Because Pueblo Viejo is the largest open-pit gold mine in the world and one of the world's leading gold-silver operations with production of approximately 31 kg (1,000 oz) gold and 125 to 155 kg (4,000 to 5, 000 oz) silver per day, the authors have updated the previous data and flow sheet. The Dominican Government, which held a 4670 interest in Rosario Dominicana S. A., completed purchase of the mine to gain full control in 1979. Rosario Resources will continue to manage the mine, at least until the end of 1980. Gold was produced at Pueblo Viejo almost 500 years ago with initial production in the year 1505. Rosario Resources became interested in the property in 1969 and found surface oxidation had rendered the upper portion of the ore body amenable to direct cyanide treatment. The treatment of the underlying gold-bearing sulfide zone is still undergoing metallurgical studies. The ore is considered to be a laterite; and because there appeared to be few boulders in the ore zone, only a 400 m (16 in. ) square grizzly was initially installed ahead of the mills when the plant went on-stream in late 1974 at a design capacity of 7,250 mtpd (8,000 stpd). Operation also proved the ore to be harder than was originally anticipated. During 1967 a 1. 25 m by 1. 5 m (48 in. by 60 in. ) jaw crusher was installed to -feed the 1, 000 mt (1, 100 st) mill bin. Minus 200 mm (8 in.) crushed ore is fed directly to two 5.5 m by 1. 8 m (18 ft by 6 ft) semi-autogenous mills re-powered with 750 km (1,000 hp) motors and 50 mm (2 in.) grates. Each mill product is screened at 13 mm (1 /2 in.) by a vibrating screen. Screen oversize from each mill is combined on a single return belt equipped with a magnetic head pulley for grinding ball removal. The non-magnetic oversize is then split into two fractions for return to the primary mills. Originally, a minus 6 mm (1/4 in ) product was made on each screen and fed to a 300 kw (400 hp) 2.6 m by 3. 7 m (8-1/2 ft by 12 ft) regrind mill. During a plant expansion in 1978, an intermediate mill of 746 kw (1,000 hp) was installed to operate in open circuit on the combined primary mill

Jan 1, 1981

By Paul C. Merritt

Chrysotile asbestos producers in Quebec may soon experience a unique situation-i.e., strong competition from American ore sources for the short fiber market west of the Mississippi River. This com- petition will be forthcoming from Copperopolis and Coalinga, two deposits now being developed on opposite flanks of the San Joaquin Valley in central California. The combined output now planned from both deposits is 100,000 tons annually, equivalent to about 50% of the annual market demand in the western, central and Gulf States, and more than twice the tonnage sold in 1960 by all other American asbestos producers combined. The principal companies involved in these new undertakings are Jefferson Lake Asbestos Corp. (subsidiary of Jefferson Lake Sulphur Co.), Hidden Splendor Mining Co., Coalinga Asbestos Co. (Johns- Manville Corp. in conjunction with Kern County Land Co.), Union Carbide Corp., and Asbestos Corp. Ltd. Jefferson Lake's principal interest is at Copperopolis where the company's new 70,000-ton per yr mill recently went on stream. The company also holds some claims at Coalinga, but this latter area is better known as the site where Hidden Splendor, Coalinga Asbestos Co. and Todd Industries (a local company) have established operating mines and mills capable of turning out 30,000 tons of fiber each year. Coalinga is also the site of exploration by Union Carbide Nuclear and Asbestos Corp. Ltd.

Jan 9, 1962

The investigations described in this paper aim at the development of a new impact mill. The objective is to produce particle size distributions below 10 .tm without using an air classifier. Circumferential rotor speeds of up to 200 m/s are strived for.

Jan 1, 1993

By Ramana G. Reddy, M. R. Bogala

Transition metal silicides have good potential for converting waste heat into electrical energy at higher temperatures. Transition metal silicides are used as thermoelectric alloys at higher temperatures because of their low toxicity, high natural abundance, good transport properties, and better thermal stabilities. In this article, thermodynamic, and thermoelectric properties of promising metal silicides are reviewed, calculated, and compared for waste heat recovery application. Higher manganese silicide (Mn4Si7) was produced from easy one-step self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) procedure of arc-melting technique. Characterization of the alloy phases were done using X-ray diffraction (XRD). In this study, lattice constants, Vickers microindentation hardness, and thermoelectric (TE) properties (Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and figure of merit) of Mn4Si7 alloy were experimentally determined, and compared with the reported literature values.

Mar 1, 2017

In order to fully understand why Amax Coal puts such extreme emphasis on the drilling and blasting programs at each of our mines, we must review the past. This paper will discuss the drilling and blasting techniques we used in the 1970s and their evolution to current practices. As time progressed, major changes influenced the surface mining of coal through new more restrictive governmental controls and local communities organising into groups with two goals in mind, one to shut down the mines and the second to try and get rich by making false and unjust damage suits against the mines. In virtually all of our midwest surface operations we have at one time or presently are facing litigation that has reached into the millions of dollars. Amax Coal has worked in co-operation with the United States Bureau of Mines in the areas of blast vibration, shot design, highwall safety, blast casting studies and many more. Today we are continuing to work with Dr David Siskind and his expert staff seeking answers to old and new problems addressing the blasting of overburden and parting seams.

Jan 1, 1995

By Jon K. Ahlness

The Bureau of Mines investigated technologies for testing the integrity of in situ leach mining wells, as required by environmental regulations. To test for leaks, inflatable packers were used to seal the well casing. Laboratory testing determined that the packers could contain a casing pressure up to 50 to 60 psi (345 to 414 kPa) less than the packer inflation pressure. Single-and double-packer configurations were successfully field-tested in 32 wells ranging from 500 to 530 ft (153 to 162 m) in depth. A rigid pipeline and a hoist truck were used to run the packers in and out of the wells for the double-packer tests, which averaged 2-1/4 h each. In an effort to decrease the time of the rigid-pipe double-packer test. a self-contained trailer-mounted test system was designed and built. It utilizes a winch and steel cable to run the packers in and out of the well and high-pressure nylon tubing for packer inflation. This system was successfully field-tested in eight wells averaging 650 ft (198 m) in depth and resulted in a time savings of 13 pct and an operator-hour reduction of 42 pct.

Jan 1, 1985

By André Luis Martins de Souza

O objetivo do estudo foi medir e aumentar a produtividade das equipes de manutenção - em uma mineradora multinacional - dentro e fora das paradas de manutenção, avaliando os principais fatores que influenciam o indicador e, ainda, reduzir os custos de manutenção referente a contratação de efetivo terceirizado através da inovadora metodologia Six Sigma, para este trabalho utilizou-se um metodo quantitativo, analítico e experimental. Após a finalização do projeto obteve-se o aumento da produtividade da equipe de manutenção em todos os turnos analisados e os custos foram reduzidos em aproximadamente R$ 200.000,00 e o tempo para resolver pendências que era de 50,1 dias foi reduzido para 18,1 dias.

Oct 30, 2017

By B. W. Gandrud

[The Bureau of Mines is conducting an extensive investigation of coal preparation in the Alabama coal fields in cooperation with the University of Alabama coal-mine operators. In this investigation the drainage characteristics of typical coals from the Warrior and Cahaba fields were studied]

Jan 1, 1941