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By Thomas T., Read

ANY discussion of State-supported schools of mining and A metallurgy needs to be prefaced by a definition, since the first school to offer a mining curriculum, the Pennsylvania Polytechnic College, was established by a grant from the State. But, so far as can be determined, it received no further State support. It would be tiresome to go into precise details,. and it will be enough to stipulate that by State schools are meant those which derive their main financial support from regular appropriations made by a State legislature. The University of Michigan was the first of these to offer a mineral industry curriculum; its story, as well as those of Wisconsin and Illinois, has been related in the preceding chapter.* Arranging the others in chronological order involves making a decision as to what weight to attach to plans for giving instruction, as contrasted with its , effective initiation. This may appropriately be illustrated by the history of mineral industry education in California. California Among those who came to California in 1849 and the following years were many New Englanders who had a keen interest in education. Some of them, mostly Congregationalists and Presbyterians, sought to establish a school of higher education around San Francisco Bay and eventually succeeded in opening the "Scientific and Classical School at Contra Costa' in Oakland, at Broadway and 5th St., on June 20, 1853. This prospered so well that it was chartered by the State as the "College of California" on April, 13, 1855. Developing so rapidly that its quarters became cramped, in 1864 it not only bought a tract of

Jan 1, 1941

The ~2500 km long Kermadec-Tonga arc northeast ofNew Zealand is the longest continuous intraoceanic arc in the world. At least 94 volcanic centres along the arc are submarine, most (87 per cent) within the Kermadec arc (de Ronde et al, 2003a). Volcanic rocks range from basalt to rhyodacite with trace element and isotopic data indicating significant magma source heterogeneity both along and across the arc.   The entire ~1300 km of the Kermadec arc has now been surveyed for hydrothermal emissions (de Ronde et al, 2004). First-stage surveys utilised surface vessels. In February 1996, the first sulfide samples from the southern Kermadec arc were dredged from the Brothers and Rumble II West caldera volcanoes (R/V Tangaroa cruise TAN96/03; Wright et al, 1998; de Ronde et al, 2003b). In September 1998, low-temperature, diffuse venting was discovered at Monowai, Rumble III and Clark volcanoes, and high-temperature, black smoker venting was found within Brothers caldera (R/V Sonne cruise SO-135; Stoffers et al, 1999). The NZAPLUME cruise of March 1999 surveyed 13 volcanic centres (each mainly comprised of single, large volcanoes) of the southern Kermadec arc and documented hydrothermal emissions above seven of them (de Ronde et al, 2001; Baker et al, 2003; Massoth et al, 2003). In July 2001, additional mineralised and hydrothermally altered samples were dredged from Brothers volcano (R/V Tangaroa cruise TAN01/07). The NZAPLUME II cruise of May 2002 confirmed venting was still occurring at all the known hydrothermal sites, and that ten active vent sites occurred along the mid-part of the arc, between Brothers and Raoul Island (de Ronde et al, 2002). In September-October 2004, NZAPLUME III surveyed the northern-most part of the Kermadec arc where another nine volcanic centres are hydrothermally active.   Second-stage exploration of the Kermadec arc hydrothermal systems utilised deep submergence vehicles. In October-November 2004, the Japanese submersible Shinkai 6500 made four dives on Brothers. Samples recovered include vent fluids, chimneys, altered rocks and various animals and microbes. In April-May 2005, a more extensive expedition using the American submersible Pisces V made 23 dives on nine different volcanic centres, eight of them for the first time.   Extensive plume surveys show Brothers volcano is host to the most hydrothermally active sites of all those known along the Kermadec arc. In total, nine dives have been made on Brothers, six on the NW caldera site and three on the cone site. The NW caldera vent site is a long-term hydrothermal system that is today dominated by evolved seawater but has had episodic injections of magmatic fluid. The cone site is a nascent magmatic-hydrothermal system where crack zones localise upwelling acidic waters (de Ronde et al, 2005). A SE caldera site represents the main upflow of a relatively well-established magmatic-hydrothermal system on the seafloor where sulfide-rich chimneys are extant. Each of these different vent sites represent diverse parts of an evolving hydrothermal system, any one of which may be typical of submarine volcanic arcs.

Jan 1, 2005

By Zay Jeffries

IT HAS been known for centuries that iron and steel could be hardened by cold hammering and that the metal could be restored to the normal condition by heating to a red heat and cooling either rapidly or slowly with nearly pure iron and slowly with steels containing considerable carbon. The art of tempering steels is also very old. When a medium- or high-carbon steel is quenched from a cherry-red heat, the hardness is increased; this hardness can be reduced by heating to various temperatures below the lower thermal critical point, which is near 700° C. The present paper will not consider these old and well-known changes in iron and steel below the thermal critical range but will confine itself to the more unusual changes, some of which have been studied recently. Stromeyer,1 for example, in 1886, reports that both working steel and heat treatment of steel in the blue-heat range are highly injurious. Recently, however, some metallurgists believe that the straightening of warped steel forgings at a blue heat produces a beneficial effect on the metal.2 The Engineering Division of the National Research Council has constituted a committee on Physical Changes -in Iron and Steel Below the Thermal Critical Range, which has the following personnel: R. R. Abbott, H. C. Boynton, William Campbell, J. V. Emmons, F. B. Foley, H. J. French, H. M. Howe, Zay Jeffries (chairman), F.C. Langenberg, J. A. Mathews, P. D. Merica, A. H. Miller, J. H. Nelson, G. A. Reinhardt, W. E. Ruder, H. F. Wood: This committee is studying several aspects of the physical changes in iron and steel. The results, reported in the literature and obtained by recent experimentation, will be given; this will be followed by a general theoretical discussion of the more important

Jan 2, 1920

By Frederick W. Horton

With large deposits of low-grade molybdenum ore and a latent market for molybdenum, which with development might perhaps equal that for tungsten, the United States has for years made no pro- duction of molybdenum ore worthy of mention. In fact, during the decade previous to 1914, there was no output of molybdenum ore in this country except in 1905, 1906, and 1907, when a few small lots of molybdenite and wulfenite were marketed." To ascertain why this possible source of economic wealth should remain undeveloped, the United States Bureau of Mines undertook an investigation in 1914, with a view of assisting the establishment of a molybdenum industry in this country. A preliminary review of the situation showed the following conditions: Briefly there was a lack of any considerable demand for molyb- denum for the one known use that might consume any large tonnage of it, that is, for the manufacture to certain alloy steels to which molybdenum imparts properties roughly similar to those produced by tungsten. It was at once evident that the market for molybdenum in alloy steels must be developed, or that extensive new uses for the metal must be created, before the demand would be sufficient to war- rant any extensive mining of molybdenum ore. Investigation showed that one of the chief factors in retarding the development of any demand for molybdenum by the alloy-steel trade was that manufacturers who might use, or might investigate the possibilities of using, the metal were kept out of the market by the fear of not being able to obtain steady supplies. On the other hand, those who might be interested in the development of some of the extensive low-grade molybdenite or wulfenite deposits in this country were prevented from doing so by the small visible demand and the fear that any large production would glut the market. Owing to these conditions the mining of molybdenum has in the past been confined almost entirely to small-scale operations on high-grade streaks of molybdenite ore, and the methods of recovery have been limited largely to cobbing and hand picking.

Jan 1, 1916

By Carl Lee

CHICAGO in the last week of June fulfilled all its promises to the visiting engineers except one. This holds true with respect to the activities of the Regional Meeting of the A. I. M. E. in particular and of Engineers' Week in general. No one expected to find much of the beautiful in the outward aspects of the Fair-the Century of Progress Exposition, to be more formal; but they expected novelty, color, and startling lighting effects at night, and they were in no sense disappointed. It has been said that the architecture is a portent of the style of the buildings of the future; most who have seen the Fair hope that this forecast will prove inaccurate. As to the exhibits themselves, they are splendid. They are in keeping with the theme of the Exposition-a Century of Progress in science, in engineering, in the industries based upon them. No attempt will be made here even to suggest the exhibits that are most interesting. There are plenty for every one; and any member of the Institute who has the opportunity should by all means visit Chicago before the end of October.

Jan 1, 1933

The following paper outlines the types of employment immediately available to graduates following their university degree, a discussion on mine manager requirements, mentions career advancement and time frames to achieve this as well as providing some key information regarding student vacation work. The author hopes to educate present graduates, as well as inform students of characteristics to develop the most opportunities in life.

Jan 1, 2006

By Michael Mann, Kenneth K. Eltschlager

The International Society of Explosives Engineers (ISEE) Standards Committee has recently updated both the Field Practice Guidelines for Blasting Seismographs and the Performance Specifications for Blasting Seismographs. The revisions are the result of public and industry input along with recommendations of the ISEE Blast Vibration and Seismograph Section. The committee is comprised of blasting seismograph manufacturers, users and general interest personnel. On an as needed basis, subject matter experts are enlisted to advise the committee. Three phases of activities are necessary for each revision cycle: request for comment on the existing standard, first draft revision of the standard based on public input, and final draft approval by the ISEE Board of Directors. The ISEE standards revision process will be explained and each standard will be discussed along with the significant revisions from the latest revision cycle.

Jan 1, 2018

By O. C. Blade

This survey report, the first for this type of fuel, is issued to provide information on the characteristics of the burner-fuel oils now manufactured for sale. Reports of surveys of diesel fuel, conducted under a cooperative agreement between the American Petroleum Institute and the Bureau of Mines, United States Deportment of the Interior, have been published annually since 1950.2/ This survey of burner-fuel oils is similar to the diesel-fuel surveys In pattern and has been conducted under an extension of the same agreement at the request of the Oil-Heat Institute of America and the petroleum industry. It is not intended to conflict with the diesel-fuel survey but rather to supplement it. Burner-fuel oils, also specifically referred to as heating oil, range oil, furnace oil, "Bunker C," and fuel oil, are sold in increasing volumes for use in this country and for export. Sales of all grades of fuel oil in the United States have increased from 340 million barrels in 1926Y to over a billion barrels per year. 4/ Distillate fuel oil sales, in proportion to total fuel-oil volume sold, increased from 42 percent in 1950 to 50 percent in 1954. Sales of distillate and the heavier residual oils during recent years are shown: [ ] It must be realized that the data given are not accurate indications of the use of these materials as burner fuels. Some burner fuel, used as range oil, is kerosine, which is not included above. A large volume of fuel oil--approximately 30 percent of the distillate type and some residual fuel oil--is sold as diesel fuel. Smaller

Jan 1, 1955

By K. Y. Vasioutchkov, Y. F. Vasyuchkov, B. M. Vorobjev

In general a term "unconventional mining or "non-traditional mining technology" getting more and move familiar to the mining engineering media. There are several alternating terminological combinations such as "in situ mining", "borehole mining", "shaftless mining", "mineless mining", "geotechnology" etc.; specific terms denote particular method of unconventional mining technology: "underground coal gasification in situ", "underground coal combustion in situ", "borehole hydraulic coal mining" and others. Principal scheme of unconventional coal mining technology is shown in [Figure 1:] One of the greatest potential for coal utilisation during the beginning decades of on coming cetury is the synthetic fuel-gas derived from coal as a product of coal gasification. It is quite logical to enrich this gas before burning it with natural gas, that is methane, contained in coal measures. Thus it is reasonable to suggest a new concept of unconventional coal mining and utilization technology featuring integrated methane drainage with coal-gas combined cycle. Proposed unconventional technology of coal mining is characterized with: - opening up a coat deposit through boreholes, drilled from the surface and used for coalbed methane drainage as well as for coat gasification in situ; - aggregation of methane producing and coal gasification station on mining side with thermo power plant on the electric power generation side in one integrated industrial enterprise. The further improvement of the conventional coal mining technologies both surface and underground could give only insignificant results in economical, ecological and social aspects, but would not be able to provide basic requirements of the XXI-st century. Significant increase in economical efficiency, cardinal humanization of coal mining and basic improvements in environment protection would be achieved through introduction and implementation of innovative or unconventional coal mining technology. These considerations are applied on both coal production and coal utilization sides as far as coat based energy generation is concerned. Now a general opinion is widely spread that an application in the same manner of the traditional technologies of coal mining and electric power generation would inevitably cause further irreversible damage of the global eco-system, notwithstanding the certain environment protection measures being taken. Keeping the recent pace of the eco-system degradation the whole our civilization would be in danger. Thus the solution of this problem is to be found in developing, promoting and implementing in industry unconventional coal mining and modern advanced clean coal technologies. Coal reserves with favourable conditions at shallow depths are -being rapidly depleted in all countries with developed coal industry. So in nearest future more coat will be mined from deeper levels with higher operational expences and with lower labour productivity. For example in Russia only 20% of proven coal reserves can be specified in quality as easy mined reserves, i.e. coal reserves with a good minability. Unconventional (borehole in situ) coal mining enables us to mine difficult coal reserves, deposited under unfavourable geological conditions with higher economical and socio-ecological efficiency than that in conventional coal mining, in view of these the basic principles and concepts of coal mining and coal utilization for energy generation should be reconsidered taking into account the latest achievments in underground coal gasification/combustion, coalbed methane extraction, clean coat technology and advanced developments in environmental engineering. The authors have developed a new concept of ecologically clean and resource saving coal-gas electricity, protected by a patent of Russian Federation (1995). The main principles and technological features of these conceptual technologies are explained hereupon. It should be a break through into a coal mining technology of new generation, which is known as unconventional coal mining technology. Under current global energy policy, transection to the new generation of coal mining technology is inevitable. Now we are standing at the treshhold of the coat's regeneration based on integrated unconventional coal mining and innovative coal fueled electric generation technologies.

Feb 24, 1997

By John Fritz

MEMBERS of the American engineering societies who were in London and Paris during the last days of. June and early July were present at many interesting gatherings. The official delegates of the Founder societies were the specially honored guests of the foreign engineering societies, but other American engineers took part in the meetings. The members of the delegation were: Arthur S. Dwight, Charles F. Rand, William Kelly, representing A. I. M. E.; Ambrose Swasey (general chairman of deputation), Ira N. Hollis, Jesse M. Smith, representing A. S. M. E.; F. B. Jewett, A. E. Kennelly, G. O. Squier, representing A. I. E. E.; Charles T. Main, Robert A. Cummings, John R. Freeman, D. C. Henny, representing A. S. C. E.

Jan 1, 1921

By G. H. Lind

Seven full and partial pillar extraction operations were visited in New South Wales, Australia, in the early parts of 2001. Certain factors unique to these operations have led to the general success of the safe and economic extraction of these coal pillars. Some of these factors attributable to the overall success of these operations are discussed in this paper. In particular, geotechnical mapping, specific legislation pertaining to pillar extraction, mining methods, the role of temporary supports and training are described. It is found that some of these factors have useful attributes which could be used to design a methodology for extraction of underground coal pillars in the Witbank and Highveld coalfields of South Africa.

Jan 1, 2002

By Manish Uttarwar, Rajendra Yerpude

India is the third largest producer of coal and the fourth largest in terms of coal reserves in the world. However, new research quite ironically projects that despite the continuing growth in domestic coal production, the country’s exploding economic growth will position it to be the biggest coal importer by 2020. India’s inability to meet the domestic coal demand is mainly attributed to low rate of production, increasing stripping ratio, non use of appropriate technology etc. of coal mining operations here. Presently Indian surface mines which have to shoulder the onerous responsibility of augmenting the coal extraction rate at an even brisker pace are mulling bigger, better and more efficient operations ensuring commensurate rise in stripping work as well. This mammoth task can be accomplished only by deploying smart technologies. In this perspective, cast blasting of overburden emerges on the horizon as a promising alternative for enhancement of the production and productivity of Indian open-pit coal mines.

Jan 1, 2009

By L. M. Lowe, D. G. Feasby, J. R. Goode

"Rare earth resources usually contain minor amounts of radioactive elements. The most widely recognised sources of radioactivity are associated with thorium and uranium. However, also present in the resources are isotopes of rare earth elements (REE) that are themselves radioactive, including lanthanum (La-138), lutetium (Lu-176) and samarium (Sm-147). These radioisotopes, as well as remnants of the natural thorium (Th-232) and uranium (U-238, U-235) decay series, can contribute to significant levels of radioactivity in mixed REE concentrates and in separated products. Levels such as these can present challenges for transport, transboundary movement, product storage, workers’ health and safety, as well as waste management issues at the facilities that separate out the individual REE’s. These are discussed in this paper. A particularly challenging radioactive isotope is Ac-227 (a decay product in the U-235 decay series). Actinium behaves chemically similar to lanthanides and hence normally concentrates with REE multi-element composites. Reliable analysis of Ac-227 is not widely available and the methodology required to deal with this challenge is briefly described. A principle reason for minimization of radioactive content throughout REE processing is restrictive specifications by concentrate purchasers in order to reduce waste management challenges. Approaches to the minimization of radioisotope content in REE concentrates and separated products are outlined in this paper."

Jan 1, 2014

By Ross R

Although mining is an old industry its management is quite a new science, and its complications are now being recognised as demanding expert knowledge in many branches of technical and professional education. Not the least amongst these isaccountancy, for probably its most important problem is "How to control the expenditure." Unlike most businesses a mining company stands almost entirely in the light of a purchaser in the world's markets, and not as a seller, except say for product so the established and perfected systems of modern industries cannot be adopted for mining purposes. For this reason it has been left for late years to consider the matter seriously, and now a number of well-managed concerns have devised costs systems to suit their own requirements.Very little, however, has been published and even that is disjoined and difficult to make use of. Some of the costs systems in vogue, although elaborate and imposing, are not of very great value for keeping check on wasteful expenditure, or for displaying the commercial effect brought about 'by any particular change in practice, or by an addition or alteration to a portion of existing plant.

Jan 1, 1912

By R. B. Ladoo

"Present Situation:At the beginning of 1920 a general feeling of optimism was noted in many talc-producing districts. The industry seems to have recovered from the temporary depression of the first half of 1919 and many mills are running at capacity production with their entire output for 1920 contracted for. The imports of talc for 1919 were only slightly larger than in 1918 by weight and probably no more by value. Thus foreign competition has not begun to be seriously felt. Several new companies in this country have been organized, some to operate new deposits and others to continue the work done by others.An interesting phase of the present situation is the possibility of increased use of talc in paint. There is a shortage of barium sulfate used as a paint filler. Since, for some uses, talc is considered second only to BaSo4 as a filler for paint, it is possible that part of the shortage could be relieved by an increased use of talc.A series of physical tests upon all pigment materials used in the manufacture of paints is being conducted for the Paint Manufacturers Association of the United States. It is important that all types of talc be represented in these tests. Producers of finely ground talc, 200 mesh and finer, are urged to submit samples of at least two pounds each of these grades that are available to paint makers with trade name and quality data, to the Institute of Industrial Research, 19th & B Streets, N. W., Washington, D. C., where the tests are being conducted."

Jan 1, 1920

A hard lump char containing only 4 to 5 per cent ash, 0·25-0·30 per cent sulphur and a trace of phosphorus has been produced from Latrobe Valley brown coal by slow drying and carbonization of ordinary industrial briquettes at temperatures between 7000 C and 14000 C. The briquette char can be made with a variety of reactivities by varying the maximum temperature of carbonization; the higher the temperature, the lower the reactivity. The strength of the fuel compares favourably with metallurgical coke made from black coal, though it may not be quite so resistant to abrasion. Experiments in a small experimental cupola indicate that it will make a satisfactory fuel for use in iron foundries. It may also find extensive application as a smokeless fuel in other branches of industry and in household heating appliances.INTRODUCTIONVictoria, like South Australia and Western Australia, is apparently without 'significant deposits of black coal of coking quality but there are huge reserves of brown coal of high moisture content (60-66 per cent) in the Latrobe Valley (well over 20,000 million tons have been proved) and there are other important deposits in the south central portion of the State (Herman, 1952).For three decades Victorian industries, including a few metallurgical firms, have been using the briquettes made at the Yallourn factory of the State Electricity Commission of Victoria (S.E.C.). These briquettes, having a moisture content of about 15 per cent and a calorific value of approximately 9,500 B.T.U. per pound, are satisfactory for certain grate-type furnaces but they are not suitable for use in cupolas of other shaft furnaces because they disintegrate badly on rapid heating.

Jan 1, 1956

By G. E. Pearse

Reports, discussions, a written contribution and two written replies are presented from 11 sessions on: Safety and compressed air; Ground movements; Geotechnical; Channel Tunnel (2 sessions); Machines; Case histories; Transport tunnels; Case studies; Site investigation; and Undersea tunnels

Jun 13, 1905

By T. R. Ellis

The vast majority of valuations produced for mineral properties using the net present value method provide an estimate of Investment Value or Use Value. Such an estimate can be a long way from the price that the property would sell at if placed on the market. Indicators from the market need to be used to validate or modify the net present value calculation. The comparable sales and replacement cost approaches used in the appraisal of urban buildings generally fail us in the appraisal of mineral properties. Other methods of sales analysis are introduced. Guidelines for what a minerals appraisal report should contain are presented.

Jan 1, 2000

By C. C. Harris Discussion by B. K. Loveday

B. K. Loveday (National Institute for Metallurgy, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa) - The paper and subsequent technical note' describing a method of determining the parameters of the three-parameter size-distribution equation developed in the paper were read with much interest. This equation was also used at National Institute for Metallurgy (NIM) to describe size distributions in grinding tests, because it was necessary to have a single equation to describe the size distribution at any time during a test. A graphical method also was used to determine the three parameters, and the use of this method as an alternative to Professor Harris's latest method is discussed here. The three-parameter model can be expressed as follows: Eq. 1 can be rearranged and transformed to Yield a linear reiationship between Y and X (transformed) log

Jan 1, 1970

By Thomas T., Read

THROUGHOUT the Colonial era, Philadelphia was easily , the leading city of North America, and it still held that position at the end of the period, with a population of about 25,000, though closely pressed by Boston, which had slightly over 20,000, and New York, which had nearly as many. It was the center of a region in which mineral industry was important. Thomas Rutter's bloomery, built in the Schuylkill valley in 1716, was quickly followed by many others, and during the Colonial period at least 20 blast furnaces, 45 forges, and iron- works of other types were built in eastern Pennsylvania, which easily led all the other colonies in iron manufacture. During the Revolutionary period others were erected as far west as Fort Loudon, in the Cumberland c alley.^ After 1800 the rapid development of the anthracite mining industry profoundly affected Philadelphia's, development, since transportation of the coal was then necessarily by water, and the streams of the anthracite . regions mostly flowed into either the Schuylkill or the Delaware Rivers. With an abundant near-by supply of coal and iron, with the seat of government, which had been there since 1774, and with a National Bank established there in 1791, one would have seemed safe in prophesying, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, that Philadelphia would permanently remain the leading city of the United States. Education in Philadelphia was at first wholly in the hands of the Quakers, who had established a "Public School" there in 1689, but in November 1739 George Whitefield, who had created a sensation in England by his preaching, though only 24 years old, passed through Philadelphia on his way to Georgia to found an orphan school there. He preached a series of sermons in Christ Church that were so disturbing to the established church that on Nov. 25 the Rev..Richard Peters (who was also Provincial

Jan 1, 1941