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By AIME AIME

FEW men are as well known to metallurgists or steel men everywhere as this year's Chairman of the Iron and Steel Division. This is evident from the writer's experience some years ago while visiting Krupp's new open-hearth plant near Essen and the Skoda Works at Pilsen. The first question asked there was: "You know Dr. Herty?" Knowing Charlie Herty has advantages, not the least of which is (or was in 1933) a fine lunch with a plethora of good Rhine \vine at Essen and a super- plethora of Pilsener beer at Slioda.

Jan 1, 1941

By F. M. Goodwin, John Campbell, G. W. Jones

"INTRODUCTION The investigation of the general hazards of combustible gases and vapors in manholes owned by the Edison Electric Illuminating Co. and the study of methods for eliminating these hazards, conducted by the Bureau of Mines, the Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of Boston, and the Boston Consolidated Gas Co. since 1929, was continued during 1933.From May and through December 1933 these tests were supplemented by a study of the manholes of the New England Telephone & Telegraph Co. The test crew was under the direct supervision of John Campbell, superintendent of the Special Service Department of the Edison Electric Illuminating Co., and F. M. Goodwin, vice president of the Boston Consol¬idated Gas Co.The procedure of sampling manhole atmospheres and of shipping the samples to Pittsburgh was the same as that used heretofore. In previous reports the relative explosibility of the samples was calculated by adding the percentages of the illuminants, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, and ethane, dividing the total by 6.5, and multiplying by 100. Experience has shown that the factor 6.0 is more nearly correct; therefore, this has been used in calculating the relative explosibility of all the samples listed in appendix A and B of this report. If gasoline vapor is present a smaller factor must be used.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe cooperative investigation was arranged through the interest and effort of W. C. Bayliss, president of the Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of Boston; W. C. Beckjord, vice president and general manager of the Boston Consolidated Gas Co., and A. C. Fieldner, chief engineer, Experiment Stations Division, United States Bureau of Mines. Thomas H. Haines, superintendent, Distribution Department of the Edison Electric Illuminating Co., cooperated heartily in furnishing both men and information for the work."

Oct 1, 1934

When science and the human spirit come together amazing things can happen. This was perhaps never more evident than through the events that unfolded during August and October in a remote desert in northern Chile. On Aug. 5, the main shaft of the San José copper and gold mine near Copiapó in Chile?s Atacama Region collapsed, leaving 33 miners trapped more than 624 m (2,000 ft) beneath the earth?s surface.

Jan 1, 2010

By E. Siami-Irdemoosa, S. R. Dindarloo

"Pareto analysis was used to investigate the failures database of a Hitachi EX1900 hydraulic shovel over one year of continuous operation. The hydraulic system and hydraulic links, hoses and piping were identified as the most critical system and subsystem, respectively. A three-parameter gamma distribution function was identified as the best fit for a probabilistic modeling of the time between failures (TBFs). This distribution was used in a Monte Carlo reliability analysis of the hydraulic system. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), within the context of a time series analysis of the TBFs, was proposed as a viable alternative to the traditional technique of distribution fitting. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) metric was used to compare the two models. The MAPE value that resulted from the ARIMA was 66 percent smaller than that from the traditional technique in predicting the TBFs.Resumen ¦ Se usó análisis Pareto para investigar la base de datos de fallas de una pala hidráulica Hitachi EX1900 durante un periodo de un año de operación continua. Se identificó al sistema hidráulico y a los enlaces hidráulicos, mangueras y tuberías como el sistema y subsistema más importantes, respectivamente. Se identificó una función de distribución de tres parámetros gamma como el más apto para un modelado de probabilidades del tiempo transcurrido entre las fallas (Tabes por sus siglas en inglés). Esta distribución fue usada en un análisis de confiabilidad Monte Carlo para un sistema hidráulico. El promedio de movimiento integrado auto-regresivo (ARIMA por sus siglas en inglés), dentro del contexto de análisis de serie temporal de los TBFs, fue propuesto como una alternativa viable a la tradicional técnica de ajuste de distribución. Se usó el porcentaje de la media absoluta de error (MAPE) para comparar los dos modelos. El valor MAPE que resultó de la ARIMA fue 66 por ciento menor que el resultado obtenido con la técnica tradicional de predicción de TBFs."

Jan 1, 2015

By J. P. Jylhä, A. Jokilaakso

The Outotec Flash Smelting process is widely used in primary copper production. A layer of slag on top of matte (copper–iron sulphide melt) creates a barrier through which matte droplets descend. Droplets of different sizes settle through the layer at different rates, which increases possibility of copper losses as smaller matte droplets may be removed with the slag. In this work CFD-DEM (computational fluid dynamics – discrete element method) coupling was used to simulate matte droplets settling through the slag during slag tapping. Discrete droplets and slag flow were simulated with DEM and CFD, respectively. This new approach enables tracking and solving movement and interactions of individual droplets. User-defined models were created to take coalescence and reaction kinetics into account. Coalescence created larger droplets, while the reactions decreased droplet size and increased its density. Drag caused funnelling effect, which pulled droplets towards the centre line of the descending cluster. This research is the only study known by the present authors in modelling liquid-liquid systems with the CFD-DEM coupling. Simulating coalescence and chemical reactions for discrete droplets enables more realistic simulations. However, CFD- DEM simulations are computationally resource intensive already without additional models, so a full scale industrial settler modelling still waits for further increase in computer performance. INTRODUCTION Flash smelting is a method used in copper and nickel production. In the flash smelting process, oxidation of sulphides in a concentrate is used to release energy needed to smelt the feed. In the process, copper matte is formed. Matte has copper content in the range of 55 – 70% (Sridhar, Toguri, & Simeonov, 1997), the rest is mainly sulphur and iron but has still many other impurities (Taskinen, Seppälä, Laulumaa, & Poijärvi, 2001). Oxidized iron forms iron-silicate slag while SO2 is collected for acid production (Davenport & Partelpoeg, 2015). The Outotec flash smelting furnace (FSF) can be divided in four major component: concentrate burner, reaction shaft, settler and uptake. Concentrate, flux and oxygen enriched air are injected into the reactor through the concentrate burner. The mixture then reacts in the reaction shaft forming matte and slag, which are collected in the settler, while off-gases flow out of the reactor through uptake for heat and dust recovery, and SO2 collection for H2SO4 production. The matte and slag form separate layers due to immiscibility and density difference. Raw material feed is continuous, but the matte and the slag are tapped periodically. A flash smelting furnace is depicted in Figure 1.

Jan 1, 2019

By Hillary W. St. Clair

The reduction zone of the iron blast furnace is represented by a mathematical model of the chemical reactions and heat transfer that occurs between gas and solids during the deoxidation of iron oxide. The model consists of a set of equations and an algorithm whereby the equations may be solved to give the temperature and composition of gas and solids at any position in the reaction zone and at any time after a specified initial state. The model is applied to the special case in which ferric oxide is reduced by graphitic carbon and carbon monoxide produced by burning carbon in dry air. The rate of reduction, carbon consumption and maximum temperature are shown as functions of the temperature and rate of flow of the incoming reducing gas and external heat loss. The model of the reduction zone is the essential part of a general mathematical model for simulation of the iron blast furnace. The simulation model will serve as a research tool to be used in conjunction with an experimental or operating furnace. After the simulation model has been correlated with the real furnace, it is proposed that further experimentation be done mostly with the model. The real furnace will then be operated primarily to test and confirm the model.

Jan 1, 1967

By Grant S. Diamond

THE BIBLIOGRAPHY on the use of static electricity in mineral beneficiation consists largely of patents. Some references are found in mineral textbooks, but very little data on flow-sheets of commercial installations are known to the writer. As a matter of fact there have been relatively few successful commercial applications of importance. Johnson prepared and published a Table showing the polarity and static field intensity requirements of many minerals. There have been reports of successful beneficiation of rutile, zir-con, coal, potassium chloride, and phosphate rock. Otherwise, the field of success has been very limited. This may be due to three reasons: first, the mining industry has been averse to dry processes, be-cause of dust nuisances in dry crushing; second, the electrostatic processes used in the past apparently developed no substantial economic advantages; and third, because flotation or other . methods have proven successful on many minerals, the industry has not felt the need for a radically different process. In the feldspar industry there was ?an attempt at electrostatic beneficiation about twenty years ago which was based on the use of fluoride fuming of the pegmatite head feed, in order to make the mineral reactive in a static field. This process was originally said to be successful, but was discontinued because of corrosion damage to machinery. Another effort by use of a chemical additive such as an or-ganic hydroxyl compound has also been attempted. Neither of these processes is known to be in use today.

Jan 1, 1957

By Frederick W. Bacorn

The paper of Reno H. Sales on Ore Deposits at Butte, Mont.,' is a careful and painstaking work, an important contribution to the literature of the subject. As is almost inevitable in a work of such magnitude, a few misstatements occur; and some of these I shall endeavor to point out. Mr. Sales has also fallen into error, as I think, in the application of his theory of ore deposition; and while the modification which I venture to suggest is a minor one geologically, it is of great economic importance. I refer to Mr. Sales's idea of an outward migration of mineralizing solutions from a supposed central copper zone. In order that I may make myself plain, I must first epitomize the theory as a whole, which I understand to be this: All of the Butte ore deposits (save those along the Continental fault, not herein considered) are derived from solutions of magmatic origin, which, at the beginning of their ascent from a great depth, were acid in reaction, hot, and were carriers of copper, zinc, manganese and other metals. As they departed from their point of origin they lost heat, and, because of reactions with the wall rock, became more and more alkaline. The metal deposited from these solutions in their hot condition was principally copper; and, as they cooled, they deposited less and less copper and more and more manganese and zinc, until the copper practically disappeared. With this theory in general I have no fault to find, nor have I, it must be stated, the qualifications necessary to enable me to pass upon it critically; but it seems to me to be reasonable and probable, and is one which I am quite willing to accept. But Mr. Sales, for what seem to me to be insufficient reasons, has assumed that there is one deep central source of copper, relatively rich and small, from which all the solutions emanated. From this central source the solutions rose, through one channel or through a group of channels, to the surface, at and within a small area called the central copper zone,

Jan 1, 1915

By Mansoor Barati, Xue Yin, Yanhui Sun, Alex McLean, Yindong Yang

The formation and evolution of inclusions in Ti-Stabilized, 17Cr Austenitic Stainless Steel produced by the ingot casting process were investigated through systematic sampling of liquid steel and rolled products. Analysis methods included total oxygen and nitrogen contents, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicate that the composition of inclusions was strongly dependent on the types of added alloying agents. During the AOD refining process, after the addition of ferrosilicon alloy and electrolytic manganese, followed by aluminum, the composition of inclusions changed from manganese silicate-rich inclusions to Al2O3-rich inclusions. After tapping and titanium wire feeding, pure TiN particles and complex inclusions with Al2O3-MgO-TiOx cores coated with TiN were found to be the dominant inclusions when [%Ti] was 0.307 in the molten steel. These findings were confirmed by thermodynamic calculations which indicated that TiN inclusions could be formed in the liquid phase due to the high contents of [Ti] and [N] in the molten steel. From the start of casting to the rolled bar, there was no obvious change in the composition of inclusions compared to the titanium addition stage. Stringer-shaped TiN inclusions elongated along the rolling direction with lengths varying from 17 to 84µm were observed in the rolled bar, which could detrimentally impact the mechanical properties of the stainless steels.

Jan 1, 2015

By Howard W. Earnest

The Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company completed a modified in situ oil shale retorting demonstration at its Tract C-a Lease in the Piceance Creek Basin of northwestern Colorado during the spring of 1982. This demonstration was the first MIS project with shafts rather than adits for access to the mining operation, and it involved several potential hazards which required that particular attention be paid to mine ventilation. Methane was first encountered during shaft sinking and ultimately resulted in the mine being classified gassy by MSHA. Secondly, we encountered hydrogen sulfide in association with the ground water, and this proved to be a more persistent problem than did the methane. Thirdly, in order to burn the underground retorts, it was necessary to provide for potential leakage of retort gases and to obtain a modification to the MSHA standard which forbids fires under- ground. This modification had a significant effect on the ultimate ventilation procedures at Tract C-a. An extensive under- ground air monitoring program was included in the ventilation system.

Jan 1, 1983

By James P. Bennett

To identify construction materials for emerging technology in chemical and metallurgical processes, the Bureau of Mines investigated the acid resistance of ceramic materials. Eight commercial ceramic materials comprising two red shale, two fire clay, a silica, a five-claybonded silicon carbide, a carbon, and a high-alumina brick were evaluated. Samples were exposed for 110 days to 20 wt pct HCl at 50°, 70°, and 90° C and to 30 wt pct HCl at 70° C. Statistically significant changes in cold crushing strength, volume, and weight were generally small or not detected. The leach rates of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Si, and Ti ions were monitored. The carbon brick sample had the best acid resistant properties with a maximum total leached ion weight loss of 0.004 wt pct. The silicon carbide, the silica, and one of the fire clay bricks also had excellent acid-resistant properties.

Jan 1, 1983

By N. Gurulaxmi Srikakulapu

The demand for high-grade iron ore has increased the importance of beneficiation of low-grade iron ores. The captive mines of Tata Steel Limited, India has reserves of Banded Haematite Jasper (BHJ) ore assayed 40% Fe, 40% SiO2 and <1% Al2O3. QEMSCAN study has revealed haematite and quartz as a major iron bearing and gangue mineral phases respectively. Liberation characteristics have showed 80% liberation can be obtained at particle size below 10µm. In the present study, reverse cationic froth flotation of BHJ using ether diamines is explored in Denver-D12 flotation cell. Polynomial response surface regression equation coupled with six-factor Box-Behnken design of experiments is used to generate the correlation between process separation efficiency and flotation parameters. Flotation studies of BHJ indicated that concentrate of 62% Fe can be achieved with 62% Fe recovery from Jig concentrate at optimum conditions. The obtained product can blend with pellet fines to feed in blast furnace. Keywords: banded haematite jasper, flotation, box-behnken design, response surface methodology

Sep 1, 2012

By G W. Swana

Elastoplastic parameter is a parameter that describe how much materials behave elastically up to certain stress states and plastically thereafter (Hudson and Harrison, 1997). In the continuum analysis, two main parameters of the elastoplastic parameter are modulus elasticity and Poisson’s ratio. In the slope, elastoplastic parameter holds the main role for stability related to deformation in ductile type of rock. There’s a limitation to determine elastic or plastic deformation at the field for ductile rock type. Field manifestation commonly showed that there was no accumulation zone during and after the sliding failure mechanism, in other hand, at the research area, manifestation of deformation at the toe of slope only indicated by bulging shape. This paper will focus at the sliding failure occurred at Coal mining Pit Y owned by Arutmin Indonesia, which according to failure investigation report similar with the condition described above. This paper also will be based on two hypotheses, first hypothesis is claystone rock mass has not been reached plastic deformation yet and the second hypothesis is there is a chance that elastoplastic parameter of the rock mass has been changed during the deformation/sliding failure process. Research method of this paper are back analysis using probabilistic analysis in Finite Element Method (FEM), which conducted before and after failure. Then, the result of the displacement or deformation of the analysis will be checked with the actual deformation shape. Meanwhile, the change of the elastoplastic parameter will be analysed and interpreted. This paper hopefully able to be developed to study about elastoplastic behaviour of rock mass in actual condition and the influence of another uncertainty factor which determine the slope stability.

Nov 29, 2022

By T. Lux, H. -J. Krassnig, I. Filzwieser, E. Hecker, R. Degel, A. Filzwieser

Non-ferrous metals find their applications in smartphones, tablets and computers. These materials with their particular properties are the basis of our modern life. SMS group is well prepared for this huge market and for growing future challenges. A large contribution here is the new joint venture PolyMet Solutions that was founded by SMS group and Mettop, an Austrian engineering company, with the objective to develop new technical solutions for the primary copper production lines as well as for non-ferrous metals starting with the primary smelting of concentrate and ending with the electrolysis. PolyMet Solutions provides the process know-how whereas SMS group supplies the plants and equipment and Mettop the key components. SMS group and Mettop also cooperate in the field of tankhouse technology. Together with Montanwerke Brixlegg AG, Mettop has developed together with a parallel flow technology (METTOP-BRX Technology), allowing a current efficiency of above 98 % at a current density of 420 A/m², which is a milestone in copper electrolysis. For the secondary copper production route, SMS group and PolyMet Solutions developed an innovative refining furnace (PolyRefine) for the smelting and refining of copper scrap. The refined copper is directly charged to the Contirod line to produce copper rods and wires. The innovative cooling solutions of SMS and PolyMet Solutions come into play where furnaces have to stand the highest loads and stresses, for instance in areas of very high temperatures or temperature fluctuations, aggressive exhaust gases and slags, or at critical spots such as taphole areas. Custom-tailored cooling systems for furnace vessels make sure varying loads are compensated in a targeted and effective manner. The solutions include air cooling, spray cooling, cooling technologies with integrated copper elements such as CFM (Composite Furnace Modular) cooling systems, plate and finger coolers. The major innovation in the field of furnace cooling is the ILTEC (Ionic Liquid Cooling) Technology which paves the way for increased plant safety. This revolutionary, patented cooling technology is jointly marketed by Mettop and SMS group. It permits water-free cooling to be implemented and thus makes operation safe wherever it is applied. INTRODUCTION Non-ferrous metals or NF metals are changing the world. There is no modern industrial sector that can do without these valuable metals. Non-ferrous metals find their applications in smartphones, tablets and computers. These materials with their particular properties are the basis of our modern life. The importance of the non-ferrous metals market is reflected by two figures. In 2018, the production of non-ferrous metals was worth more than 237 billion Euros. This contrasts with 255 billion Euros of the value of iron and ferro- alloy production in the same year (International Organizing Comittee for the World Mining Congresses, 2018). Hence, the NF metal industry is almost as important as the iron and steel industry. SMS group is well prepared for this huge market and for growing future challenges. A large contribution here is the new joint venture PolyMet Solutions that was founded by SMS group and Mettop, an Austrian engineering company, with the objective to develop new technical solutions and to enhance customer value. The prices of nearly all metals have come under pressure during the past few years. Therefore, competitive technologies are regarded a crucial factor to achieve success in this critical market situation respectively to stabilize the market position.

Jan 1, 2019

By Kunio Hashimoto

The conventional troughed belt conveyor system is the most widely used form of equipment for transporting bulk materials in the world today. The reason is not only because it is possible to transport a great deal over a long distance when compare to other types of equipment but also due to its greater economic efficiency and low initial and running costs. When dry, powdery materials and liquid materials are being conveyed, there are enclosed transport methods such as flow, case, air-slider and pipe line. In addition to features of the belt conveyor, a system employing a pipe line to transport dry powdery and liquid materials has always been considered an ideal method. This has been brought into reality through the Pipe Conveyor Sys tem.

Jan 1, 1984

By Y. Yhang, D. C. Sego

ABSTRACT This paper evaluates the potential of freeze-thaw dewatering using Albian mature fine tailings (MFT). Freezing tests were first performed to study the effect of freezing rate on dewatering efficiency. Lower freezing rate resulted in higher thawed solids content and shear strength. Subsequently, large strain consolidation tests were conducted to investigate consolidation behaviour and how it is affected by freeze-thaw. The consolidation behaviour was presented in terms of effective stress versus void ratio and permeability versus void ratio. The results can be used to predict the field behaviour of Albian MFT and optimize the application of freeze-thaw for MFT dewatering.

Jan 1, 2014

By André Luiz Vasconcellos da Costa e Silva

O sistema ferro-oxigênio alumino tem sido investigado há muitos anos em função de sua importância para a indústria do aço. Uma grande fração de todo o aço plano produzido é de aço de baixo carbono acalmado ao alumínio, não apenas pelo baixo conteúdo de oxigênio residual em solução que pode ser obtido mas, também, pela importância do alumínio residual na formação de AlN, ferramenta importante no controle de estrutura e textura obtidas. O sistema Fe-O é relativamente bem compreendido e quantificado, da mesma forma que o sistema Fe-Al. Entretanto, há discrepâncias significativas na quantificação do comportamento do sistema Fe-Al-O havendo, ainda, bastante controvérsia com respeito a equilíbrios importantes. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é (a) realizar uma revisão crítica dos experimentos e avaliações termodinâmicas principalmente do equilíbrio Al-Fe-O–Al2O3 (b) avaliar os métodos atualmente usados para descrever este equilíbrio e (c) apresentar recomendações sobre os dados, com base em sua confiabilidade e consistência.

Aug 16, 2017

By D. Harrington, W. J. Fene

That fatalities from mine explosions can be very much reduced from the experience of past years if not wholly eliminated was fairly well demonstrated during the fiscal year ended June 30 , 1934 , there being only 28 deaths in the United States from explosions during this period . This is by far the lowest number of fatalities from explosions in the history of coal mining in the United States insofar as records are available . Although the frequency of occurrence of explosions has not decreased greatly during the past 6 years , there has been a marked decrease in severity , indicating that our coal -mining people are taking more effective precautions to prevent the spread of explosions . Pennsylvania is a good example of what may be done in reducing both the frequency and the severity of explosions ; by the adoption of up- to - date safety measures , Pennsylvania bituminous mines now have the enviable record of only one major explosion disaster in more than 5 years , and the one major explosion which did occur cost but 7 lives although 277 persons were exposed ; their lives were saved because rock- dusting prevented the spread of the flame and violence . Many of our other mining States are making definite progress in working mines without disastrous explosions and fires ; some of these , like Alabama , West Virginia , Indiana , Wyoming, and others now operating with few , if any , explosions , have had anything but a favorable record in the past .

Jan 1, 1935

Air pollution control regulation$ already implemented or being considered for implementation require substantial investment of capital to remove the sulfur oxides from copper, lead, and zinc smelter gases. There will be an attendant increase in production costs and possibly an associated increase in the price of these metals to the consumer. The total investment and any resultant metal price increase will depend upon the control regulations that ultimately will be adopted by the individual States. Controversy has arisen between the metals industry and governmental control agencies regarding the status of stack gas desulfurization technology and the ability of industry to control sulfur oxide emissions to the degree proposed by some of the more stringent regulations currently under consideration. This paper evaluates the problems involved in achieving various degrees of control over smelter sulfur oxide emissions and the technology available to accomplish the task of assuring clean air. The estimated cost of compliance is reviewed for the copper, zinc, and lead industries, but principal at tent ion is given to the copper situation.

Jan 1, 1971

By V. F. Hollister

Although it is apparent that porphyry copper deposits may have formed in the Andean orogen from Permian time onward, commercial deposits thus far developed appear to have Cenozoic ages only. Following Chilean useage, the porphyry deposits are divided into either: (a) a stockwork, or (b) a tourmaline breccia model. Stockwork type deposits tend to occur on major strike-slip structures which may be either transcurrent or transverse faults related to plate movements, while the tourmaline breccia type may more frequently form independently of regional faults. Stockwork types may be conjugate fractures that intersect and ramify as a network of veins and veinlets, cutting altered rock, and genetically related to a major regional fault, or in other cases they may reflect the intersection of two large fault structures. Circular fracture patterns may more rarely occur in stockwork deposits in response to a specific intrusive. Tourmaline breccia types are characterized by circular and radial fractures genetically connected in some way with tourmaline breccia pipe development or an intrusive piercement that preceded it. Each structural model contains mineralized intrusive8 which have a close time-space relationship to ore and in each model, mineral paragenesis is similar, regardless of age or location in the plate. Also, each model contains the same type of alterntion halos (phyllic, argillic, prophllitic) as are developed in intru- sive centers in porphyry copper deposits found in North America. The potassic zone is exposed best in the older deposits. Examples of each type of deposit are illustrated, demonstrating the feature evolved.

Jan 1, 1973