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By Liu Tao, Wang Wei, Liao Wenjiang, Yang Weiyan, Tang Bin

Side-blown Furnace technology is a developing technology and was developed very quickly in China in recent years, dozens of reference smelters can be found for the treatment of copper concentrate, copper slag, Lead slag, zinc leaching slag and different kinds of slurry. This paper introduces the working principle of the technology, displays the innovations and specifications of China Nerin's SBF technology, gives examples of the typical reference smelters, and looks ahead to future applications. INTRODUCTION Side-blowing furnace smelting process The side-blowing furnace smelting process (SBF process) is one of the bath smelting process with independent intellectual property rights of China Nerin. This process was originally applied to treat copper concentrate and high-lead slag. The SBF process includes two categories, i.e. to treat copper concentrate and to treat industrial solid waste. Up to now, the SBF process has been applied in around 5 million tons of copper concentrate processing capacity and 20+ plants with high-lead slag reduction process. In recent years, SBF process has been gradually used in zinc leaching slag, electroplating sludge, industrial solid waste (e.g., various metallurgical slag), and electronic waste disposal. The basic principle of SBF process is that the material to be treated is directly charged to bath through charging hole with crushed coal and flux, then, enriched oxygen air would be sent to slag level (Vanyukov/Jifeng style furnaces)or matte level (Baiyin style furnaces) via primary tuyere. In this case, the material completes matte/slag metallurgical reaction of gas-liquid-solid interaction under vigorous mixing, and separate matte and slag at the bottom of furnace hearth. With the help of secondary tuyere, the low-pressure air or enriched oxygen would be provided for secondary combustion in the freeboard. The core of SBF process is process parameter control and engineering design of SBF. Presented as a fixed rectangular type, the SBF is a metallurgical furnace consisting of copper water jackets and refractory material. The SBF is consisting of hearth, middle of furnace and furnace top with the sequence from bottom to top. The middle of furnace itself can be further divided into bath area and post-combustion area with primary tuyere and secondary tuyere at both sides. The furnace hearth is made of refractory bricks, which are fused and rebonded Mg-Cr brick, Mg-Cr brick and clay brick from inside to outside. The furnace top adopts a steel water jacket with charging hole and uptake shaft. The water-cooled partition wall is placed at uptake shaft and near charging hole.

Jan 1, 2019

By H. E. Wyslouzil

Column flotation technology was introduced to the market place about thirty ago years as a device capable of producing concentrates that were lower in impurities than those produced by other types of flotation machines. The ability to operate columns with significantly deeper froth beds and the provision of a froth washing system were the main reasons cited for the improved metallurgical performance. Column cells are now well accepted by the industry for cleaning applications, but there continues to be considerable skepticism about their use as roughers. There have been several documented cases of rougher installations which fell well short of predicted metallurgical performance. The reasons for the shortcomings vary from case to case, however they can be generally attributed to incorrect sizing, inappropriate application and or a lack of understanding of how column cells must be integrated into an existing plant or new project. Columns may not be the best choice for every application. In this sense, this paper discusses some of the important considerations that designers must take into account when contemplating the use of columns as roughers.

Sep 12, 2005

By F. E. Bash

A GREAT many industrial operations require the application of heat to carry on or complete processes, in which cases the temperatures must often be controlled within very narrow limits. For the lower temperatures, this control is not, as a rule, difficult as a number of types of reliable pyrometers are available for the work; for example, the mercury and resistance thermometers and the thermocouple. For temperatures above a red heat, thermocouples, platinum resistance thermometers, and total radiation and optical pyrometers may be used, depending on conditions. It is often undesirable, and sometimes impossible, to take temperatures of material by immersing the pyrometer in it or by placing the temperature-measuring device in a position in which it will attain the temperature of the material. The pyrometer may contaminate the product; the temperature may be so high that the pyrometer will not hold its calibration, clue to ineffectual protection and consequent contamination; the object may be inaccessible, as a lamp filament, etc. In such cases, a total radiation or optical pyrometer must be used. The disappearing-filament, or Morse, type of optical pyrometer works on the following principle: An objective lens, Fig. 1, focuses the image of the object whose temperature is desired in the plane of the lamp filament at F, which is at the principal focus of the ocular lens shown in the eye-piece. By this arrangement the eye will not have to accommodate itself first to the lamp filament and then to the object at a distance, and the lamp filament will appear superposed on the object. To balance the instrument, the current is adjusted by means of a rheostat until the tip of the lamp filament just disappears against the object as a background. Figs. 2, 3, and 4 show the appearance of the filament when too cold, too bright, and just balanced.

Jan 8, 1919

By J. Baklík, V. Rak, W. Kolarcík, Z. Franc

The paper deals with hydraulic transport of thin and dense slurries. Based on mathematical modelling of three-phase flow, dynamic properties of the systems for pumping of thin slurry are solved. Theoretical calculations were experimentally verified both at the testing hall and in real operation. For thin slurry (e.g. bauxite slurry), a three-chamber hydrohoist with float is used. Dense slurry (e.g. ash and water) is transported from the power plant to a deposit site by means of a three-chamber hydrohoist with sealed separator (piston).

Jan 1, 2007

By William C. Spindler

Five industrial installations of large lead-acid battery energy storage systems in operation in the United States, West Germany and the 'Republic of South Africa will be described. One example is for a deep mine shaft in which air ventilation and personnel evacuation require the highest reliability for emergency power. The battery system is designed for additional cost-effective benefits of peak load lopping and reactive power control. Commercially available lead-acid batteries of the following types are in use1 traction, truck, submarine, high power, and gel. Electrode grids of both the calcium and antimony alloy types are used. Applications include deep and shallow cycling as well as float and intermittent use. The advantages of sealed lead-acid batteries in UPS (uninterruptible power source) systems are well established throughout the world, and such system suppliers could readily develop markets for industrial emergency and peak power lead-acid storage battery installations.

Jan 1, 1990

By P. Venkatraman

Laboratory and pilot-scale test data have shown that the innovative feed presentation of the CrossFlow separator provides improved metallurgy when compared to traditional hindered-bed or teeter-bed classifiers. This design feature prevents excess water from entering the separation chamber and disrupting the overall fluidization flow rate within the teeter zone. Recent side-by-side industrial-scale evaluations have verified that this technology can improve overall efficiency, reduce the cut point of separation, and increase throughput capacity. This paper describes the important features that make this novel separator ideally suited for size classification and density concentration. Test data from heavy mineral, phosphate, and industrial mineral applications are also discussed.

Jan 1, 2005

By Merwin RA

The recent development of rare earth permanent magnets has revolutionised the field of magnetic separation. The advent of rare earth permanent magnets in the 1980s provided a magnetic energy product an order of magnitude greater than that of conventional ferrite magnets. This has allowed the design of high-intensity magnetic circuits operating energy free and surpassing the strength and effectiveness of electromagnets. New applications and design concepts focusing on the mineral and metal processing industries have evolved. This technology also led to the development of various magnetic separators specifically designed for mineral processing applications. Applications which were not previously considered are now being applied to primary mineral upgrading and recycling and secondary recovery.

Jan 1, 1993

IN any assay office it is of paramount importance to keep the men interested in their work; and in order to do this, men on routine work, such as lead, zinc, and sulphur deterrrrinations, slag analysis, etc, should be changed around monthly. This gives some variety and helps to keep a man's interest on his work, so that better work results. It may be maintained that to keep a man on the same class of work indefinitely makes him more expert at his work. This is certainly true; but in assaying, where accuracy is so essential, it is absolutely necessary for a man to keep his mind on the work, and not 'get' into a mechanical method of working. He is also on the alert to discover means for shortening his analytical methods, and his capacity forwork is increased. Another advantage is that the men get a good all-round training, and one is never at a loss to replace a man on any class of work when he is absent from any cause. This tends to smoother and more efficient running of the assay department. In industrial assaying it is often advantageous to have a result quickly, so that it will be of maximum benefit in the running of some part of the plant, In such a case it pays to sacrifice a little accuracy to speed up a method. The shortest method is less costly, and a quick approximate method is all that is required to give the superintendent the requisite information. Time is thereby saved, and the cost is less. In carrying out assaying for any large industrial plant, such as a smelting works, there is always a tendency for superintendents running the different departments to send in more samples for assay than are absolutely necessary when no system of costing is in operation. Some of these samples may involve a lot of work and heavy expenditure, as, for example, the estimation of only one impurity in a sample of refined lead. If the superintendent knows that the cost of assaying all samples sent in by,him is charged up directly against...

Jan 1, 1922

The Industrial Board of the Department of Commerce has been formed under the chairmanship of George N. Peek, formerly vice-chairman of the War Industries Board. This Board is to put into practical effect a program for the readjustment of prices for basic materials in such a fashion as to create a firm foundation on which the consumer can base his future purchases, and the producer can form necessary estimates. It has the assistance of the Council of National Defense. One of the first steps off the Board was to call into conference the leaders of industry. At these conferences the general conditions of the country are carefully considered and an effort made to determine and understand the principles that should be applied to permit the successful solution of the problem. It will be the endeavor of the Board to act promptly by consulting and interchanging views with these representatives of industry in the fullest and freest manner possible with a view to aiding and assisting industry in general to resume activities to the fullest practicable extent.

Jan 4, 1919

By Paul Guliov

Industrial clays, including a variety of bentonites and kaolinbased clays in southern Saskatchewan are hosted by Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary sediments. Ofparticular significance are the deposits of swelling bentonite in the Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation and the kaolinitic clays of the Cretaceous Whitemud and Paleocene Ravenscrag Formations. Swelling bentonite is currently produced in the Wilcox-Truax area by Canadian Clay Products Inc. and yields at least seven different commercial products for a variety of applications. Kaolinitic plastic clays, including ball clay, stoneware and earthenware clay, as well as kaolin in southern Saskatchewan, have a long history of development and use. Products include common and face brick, refractory bricks and other shapes, chinaware, pottery, sewer pipe, chimney flue linings and tiles. Currently clay production is for out-of-province brick manufacturing and for pottery. Recent research and improved technology combined with expansion in certain areas of the global clay industry generally hold promise for a resurgence of a clay-based industry in Saskatchewan. Products of particular promise include: clay tiles; kaolin fillers and extenders; and aluminum as well as related by-products from kaolinitic clays based on the carbochlorination process.

Jan 1, 2001

Around 35 Mt of industrial clays were produced in 1994 under the broad classifications kaolin (25 Mt), bentonite (8 Mt) and attapulgite/sepiolite (2 Mt). A brief review of world sources and markets is given as background to Australia's small production (0.5 Mt) but developing interest in industrial clays. Clay markets have changed significantly over the past 30 years resulting initially in consolidation and expanded production from traditional high-grade clay sources but also creating opportunities for development of new discoveries. Decline in the use of clay-based refractories has come at a time of strong growth in demand for refined kaolin for the paper industry. Traditional markets for bentonite as oil drilling muds, iron ore pelletising and foundry bond sands are mature and in overall decline. Today, bentonite has a significant share of the growth market in pet litter which a few years ago was dominated by attapulgite/sepiolite clays. Both bentonite and attapulgite/sepiolite have good prospects for increased demand in environmental markets both in containment of hazardous wastes and sorption of toxic substances. In common with all industrial minerals, markets for clay minerals will demand continuous improvement in product quality and consistency. Development of new and improved products will be increasingly the responsibility of the raw material supplier. In order to remain competitive, this will require a substantial commitment to quality assurance and research and development. Increase in market share will come for those producers able to translate developments in their products to cost savings or increased competitiveness for the industries that they Supply.

Jan 1, 1997

By Robert Strachanm

The East Kootenay coal-field, situated close to the boundary between the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia, is composed of four small areas locally called the Crow's Nest Pass, the Upper Elk, the Flathead and Crown Mountain, and comprises an area of about 3 78 square miles. From eleven to twenty-five seams have been exposed of two feet and over in thickness, with a total thickness of about 200 feet of coal, and reckoning about one hundred feet to be workable, gives an estimate of coal available of about thirty-seven billion tons. The coal is a high-grade bituminous, occasionally tending towards anthracite, and the majority of the seams furnish a. very good quality of coking coal as well as an excellent steam coal. The coal-field is found in the mountain ranges in long narrow strips. The age of the fonnation and the thickness of the covering beds have had considerable influence on the character of the coal, and lateral pressure and disturbances in the process of mountain-building have wrought great changes. With such an abundance of coal, it has been a disappointment that the East Kootenay field has not figured larger industrially. So far only one portion of the coal-field has been utilized. This is the Crow's Nest, where, in 1898, the Crow's Nest Pass Coal Company commenced development. Access to the coal seams was easily obtained, the mountain creeks having eroded away the covering, and mines were driven into the coal seams. In that year about ten thousand tons of coal were produced from the mine at Coal Creek.

Jan 1, 1924

By Osvaldo A. Bascur

Standards and technology for bringing information to the desktop have greatly evolved in recent years. The benefits to be realized depend on how these new tools are embraced at the performer level. A key operating challenge is to ensure cooperative effort is geared towards the most efficient achievement of identified operating and corporate objectives. Presentation, application and database layers are emerging in successful client/server applications, the three-tier architecture.

Jan 1, 1996

By J. C. Ingram

IT SEEMS particularly appropriate that, in celebrating its Diamond Anniversary, the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metalturgy chose our Province of British Columbia as its locale in this, our own Centennial year. I am sure your organization is justifiably proud of its achievements and growth over the period of its sixty years, and we, for our part, are justifiably proud of our growth over our first one hundred years. With your kind indulgence I pro-pose to talk to you today about our industrial growth, or, to put it an-other way, to highlight, historically, our progress in industrial development over the past one hundred years, and to take the liberty of speculating on what we may reasonably look forward to over the next few years. I am sure, Mr. Chairman, that some may have questioned the appropriateness of a talk on the industrial development of British Columbia to the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. However, strangely enough, we in British Columbia owe our origin, constitution-ally and industrially, to the mining industry.

Jan 1, 1958

By F. G. ROCKWELL

ALTHOUGH the diamond as a gem stone dates back many hundreds of years its use industrially, at least to any extend is recent. The old adage: "Use a diamond to cut a diamond" indicates that some industrial use was made of this material in cutting and polishing many years ago. It also put to various other industrial by the Romans. General industrial use however was never developed to any considerable extent until about the time of the first World War. It is definiely known however, that a Swiss watchmaker, M. Leschot by name, invented a diamond drill in or about the year 1862, Today, some 75 or 80 per cent of the total didamods produced are used in industry. There are two main classifications of diamonds : (1) carbonados or "black diamonmds," and (2) diamonds proper.

Jan 1, 1944

By F. Gray

The industrial diamond review arrived too late for the June issue. Since the economy is showing a resurgence of strength, diamond tool consumption is similarly on the rise. Tool makers indicate that sales are picking up. They expect that 1994 will see about an 8% increase. Fabricators expect this positive trend to continue through 1995. In the industrial sector, sales of grinding wheels, honing stones, cutting tools and the like are expected to grow 5% and 8% during the next year. Users still are buying only those products necessary for "just-in-time" production cycles.

Jan 1, 1994

By F. Gray

Diamond tool fabricators expect strong growth in most applications for 1995 and 1996. Overall growth projects range from 8% to 10%. Diamond grinding is forecast to grow between 5% and 8%, while cubic boron nitride grinding should grow between 10% and 12%. A strong automotive industry is a major factor in this projected growth, as is continuing demand for other durables

Jan 1, 1995

As the worldÆs population and global standard of living increase, the role of metals in the economy will not diminish in the 21st century, despite substitution and dematerialisation trends. Industrial Ecology is an emerging science that attempts to bring together physical, biological and social scientists and develop the tools for good management of the planet in the long run. In engineering terms, Industrial Ecology is defined as the reconfiguring of industrial activities with full knowledge of their environmental consequences. Production and use of materials must take into account the needs of both market and environment. Dispersive uses of metals will be phased out, as is being done with lead in gasoline, and post-use recovery of materials and energy will increase. This will result in an advantage for metallurgical processes that can use as feed materials concentrates as well as metal scrap and waste streams, such as bath smelting processes and slag resistance electric furnaces. The paper also discusses how metal extraction technologies, developed in the 20th century to provide essential materials to humanity, can be applied for the benefit of both mankind and environment in the 21st century.

Jan 1, 2000

PRESIDENT MOSES.: The meeting will please come to order. Will you kindly state your names prior to making any statements, in order that we may deep the record straight? The first paper this morning is a joint one on vocational training, by D. W. Rockey, H. A. Tiemann and Wm. Moorhead. Mr. Rocdey. (Applause.) D. W. ROCKEY (State Superintendent, Industrial Education, Santa Fe, New Mexico) (Mr. Rocdey's notes not received in time for publication.) MR. TESCHER: I would like to ask you, Mr. Rocdey, you say you gave the Phelps-Dodge Corporation financial assistance; to just what extent was the State obligated, and how much assistance was given, etc.?

Jan 1, 1927

By J M. Fletcher

The responsibility and scope of the Industrial Engineering Department, as organized at the Jeffrey mine, has been broadened to include any study, project or report that could result in more effective use of men, materials and equipment. Although still emphasizing wage incentives and co t reduction, much more varied work is now done, consistent with the in-.creased complexity of industry. Additional activities now include production, maintenance and inventory control improved job evaluation, packaging, labour utilization studies, technical sales liaison, mining, milling and service department n1ethods, plant layout, and specialized project analysis. Additional techniques include the extensive use of work .sampling and standard data. A recent trend has been toward increased emphasis on industrial relations, both in introducing change to the men and in providing requested explanations to Union stewards and officers. These new responsibilities have resulted in the development of specialists in some rather narrow industrial engineering fields, as well as the necessity for industrial engineering assistance in supervisory and job training.

Jan 1, 1963