Search Documents

By E. Guerrini, M. Maccagni, J. Nielsen

"The solution for the treatment of the EAFD has not yet been fully achieved. Some of this dust has still not found an appropriate final destination. Large consortium treatment plants are quite expensive both in terms of investment and operating cost. Meanwhile, the tolling expenses for steel production companies are becoming very important, causing them to look for alternatives. Some steel plants are looking to close their production loop by internal treatment of their dust. Some years ago, Engitec began studying the coupling of the EZINEX® Process, an ammonium chloride electrolysis to recover the zinc contained in the EAFD, with the INDUTEC® Process, a pyro process based on an induction furnace that can convert EAFD into a C.Z.O. similar to the Waelz oxide. The combination of these two processes provides an alternative to the existing treatment options and is particularly interesting for relatively small capacities. In this paper, we would like to give the latest update about these two processes and their possible integration INTRODUCTION Zinc is contained in numerous wastes and secondary raw materials that can be thought of as high zinc concentrate mines. This is a very interesting source of Zn that is typically easily exploitable. Unfortunately, only a portion of these materials are currently processed to recover the metal value, while stabilized or unstabilized landfilling is often the final destination. Pyrometallurgical processes are mainly used to convert the zinc into crude zinc oxide (CZO). The various processes are very similar and characterized by the fact that the zinc bearing materials are usually submitted to a thermal treatment [1] in which the zinc is reduced, vaporized and re-oxidized producing CZO. This material not only contains zinc oxide, but also relatively high concentrations of heavy metals. Many potential CZO sources, such as electric arc furnace dust (EAF), galvanizing ashes, brass foundry and converters fumes also contain chlorides, fluorides and alkali metals that will transfer to the CZO. The classic example is the Waelz oxide [2]. This CZO is an intermediate product that must be transformed into zinc salts or zinc metal. Until now, the conversion to zinc metal is done through two main processes: the sulphate leaching and electrowinning system and the Imperial Smelting Process (ISP). ISP is facing a crisis for technical and economic reasons that has led to the closing of most of the existing plants. In any case, before being fed to one of these two processes, the CZO must be treated to eliminate or reduce some of the contained impurities. In particular, the halides are most harmful to these processes."

Jan 1, 2018

By E. Guerrini, M. Maccagni, J. Nielsen

"The solution for the treatment of the EAFD has not yet been fully achieved. Some of this dust has still not found an appropriate final destination. Large consortium treatment plants are quite expensive both in terms of investment and operating cost. Meanwhile, the tolling expenses for steel production companies are becoming very important, causing them to look for alternatives. Some steel plants are looking to close their production loop by internal treatment of their dust. Some years ago, Engitec began studying the coupling of the EZINEX® Process, an ammonium chloride electrolysis to recover the zinc contained in the EAFD, with the INDUTEC® Process, a pyro process based on an induction furnace that can convert EAFD into a C.Z.O. similar to the Waelz oxide. The combination of these two processes provides an alternative to the existing treatment options and is particularly interesting for relatively small capacities. In this paper, we would like to give the latest update about these two processes and their possible integration INTRODUCTION Zinc is contained in numerous wastes and secondary raw materials that can be thought of as high zinc concentrate mines. This is a very interesting source of Zn that is typically easily exploitable. Unfortunately, only a portion of these materials are currently processed to recover the metal value, while stabilized or unstabilized landfilling is often the final destination. Pyrometallurgical processes are mainly used to convert the zinc into crude zinc oxide (CZO). The various processes are very similar and characterized by the fact that the zinc bearing materials are usually submitted to a thermal treatment [1] in which the zinc is reduced, vaporized and re-oxidized producing CZO. This material not only contains zinc oxide, but also relatively high concentrations of heavy metals. Many potential CZO sources, such as electric arc furnace dust (EAF), galvanizing ashes, brass foundry and converters fumes also contain chlorides, fluorides and alkali metals that will transfer to the CZO. The classic example is the Waelz oxide [2]. This CZO is an intermediate product that must be transformed into zinc salts or zinc metal. Until now, the conversion to zinc metal is done through two main processes: the sulphate leaching and electrowinning system and the Imperial Smelting Process (ISP). ISP is facing a crisis for technical and economic reasons that has led to the closing of most of the existing plants. In any case, before being fed to one of these two processes, the CZO must be treated to eliminate or reduce some of the contained impurities. In particular, the halides are most harmful to these processes."

Jan 1, 2018

By Pedro Jorge Walburga Keglevich de Buzin

Steel production process generates waste, among which is the electric arc furnace dust (EAFD). This waste has varying amounts of zinc, which is principally contained in the minerals zincite (ZnO) and franklinite (Fe2ZnO4). The presence of Zn is capable of economically motivating the recycling of this residue and facilitating the co-processing of the remaining material. The zinc content in EAFD and the presence of zincite, however, have significant influence on the application of hydrometallurgical recovery processes (economic alternatives to the Waelz process). In this study, based on the computational thermodynamic tool FactSage, theoretical considerations are made on the conditions for the formation of zinc-containing minerals found in EAFD. Through thermodynamic analysis, the best conditions for obtaining a high fraction of ZnO were analyzed, which favor the hydrometallurgical processes for EAFD treatment. A classification of dust depending on the phases present in the EAFD is suggested as a guide for the feasibility analysis for the use of a hydrometallurgical process.

Jul 30, 2018

By Jennifer Abols

In July of 2013, Lundin Mining acquired the 2,000 tpd Eagle nickel and copper project from Rio Tinto. The project had been put on hold earlier in the year and construction was approximately 50% complete. Lundin immediately accelerated project activities and by September of 2014 the project was constructed, commissioned and ramping up. The newly commissioned facilities went on to reach design throughput, recovery and product quality targets by the end of the year. This was accomplished ahead of schedule and below budget despite numerous obstacles including the worst winter on record in the past 50 years for the area. What led to the success of the project, and in particular the commissioning phase of the project? This paper takes a high level look back and provides an overview of the methodology used, key issues encountered and lessons learned to answer this question.

Jan 1, 2015

By J. H. Gray

"IntroductionIn 1980, Fording Coal Limited started conceptual planning studies which led to major changes in the long-range mining plan at their Fording River Operations. These new plans have been completed and are now in operation.To assist personnel in a timely completion of this major revision to the long-range plan, existing in-house drill hole data base and scheduling systems were used and a computerized Mine Modelling and Planning System was purchased. With these tools, plan s were developed which led to completion of initial access to the peak of Eagle Mountain and the start of mining operations in March 1983. As mining area s open up and new geo logical data is obtained, detailed plan s are being extended and revised.With the geology and mine plan s on line, this work can now be done with less effort and plans ca n be adapted to provide flexibility in mining operations. Changes in market conditions can be accommodated by moving mining operations into different seams for different coal types. The computer systems are used to revise pit designs and schedules accordingly."

Jan 1, 1986

By AIME AIME

THE steel industry has always been noted for producing men of forceful and versatile personality, many of whom combine the practicality that results from wide experience with an excellent theoretical background that comes from a college training plus years of wide and constant study of metallurgical literature. One of the best known examples of this type is Earle C. Smith, present Chairman of the Iron and Steel Division. After graduating from Ohio State and from Columbia, where he studied under Campbell, Earle started his career at that grand old prewar training school for steel men the Illinois Steel Co., where in the days of the twelve-hour shift he worked on the open-hearth floor. Following World War I, when he was in charge of government inspection at the Central Steel Co., Massillon, Earle held successively jobs of increasing responsibility with Central Alloy Steel, and when this company was taken over by Republic in 1930 he was made assistant district manager and a few years later was appointed chief metallurgist of the whole corporation.

Jan 1, 1942

By AIME AIME

EARLE EDWARD SCHUMACHER, the new Chairman of the Institute of Metal, Division. is well known to the metallurgical profession. His election a, Chairman is the culmination of fifteen years' service to the Institute, beginning in 1930 when he was elected Member. Since that time he has served as member of the I.M.D. Data Sheet Committee. 1935-40; Papers and Publication Committee. 1936; Executive Committee. 1937-1910: Papers and Programs Committee, 1937-1938. (Vice-Chairman, 1939-40, Chairman. 1941-12): Annual Award Committee. 194142. (Vice-Chairman, 19431: Vice-Chairman, LM.D., 1943-44; Chairman Publication Committee, 1943-44; member Powder Metallurgy Committee), 1944. Pew other men have contributed so Much time anti effort in so many way- to the interests of the metals branch o4 the A.I.M.E.

Jan 1, 1945

By Thiago Pinto Wandekoken

Vazamentos de água em painéis refrigerados apresentam grandes riscos operacionais e de segurança nos processos de fabricação do aço, principalmente nos Fornos Elétricos a Arco. A detecção precoce de vazamentos de água pode minimizar e/ou até eliminar grandes riscos operacionais, de segurança e patrimônio. A Tecnologia ELD, desenvolvida pela Lumar Metals, traz uma proposta inovadora de monitoramento dos painéis do FEA, que através da combinação e análise de dados coletados individualmente nos painéis refrigerados é capaz de detectar vazamentos de 0,2 l/min em até 10 segundos após sua ocorrência. A coleta de dados é realizada de forma contínua nos painéis refrigerados e transmitida via wireless. Testes em escala laboratorial foram realizados, onde os vazamentos de água foram simulados através da abertura de válvulas solenoides. Nos testes em escala industrial o sistema pôde ser avaliado em suas condições reais de operação, ficando exposto ao calor, poeira, ruídos e campos eletromagnéticos. Em todas as etapas de testes realizadas a Tecnologia ELD foi capaz de detectar os menores vazamentos de água, credenciando a tecnologia para inserção no mercado.

Jul 29, 2018

By D. Simon

This paper studies the effect of binder type and content on the early age development of cemented paste backfill (CPB). The early age development of the mixtures is analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). These tests show that the early age development of CPB is sensitive to changes in the paste composition. The properties of the CPB depend on the cement content and hydration time. The quantity of hydration products increases with hydration time for all of the mixtures containing cement. However, the high cement content pastes (at least 50% PC) exhibit complete coverage of the PC grains and mine tailings by C-S-H, while the low cement content paste shows scattered coverage of the PC grains and mine tailings and a higher void ratio.

May 1, 2007

By Robert S. Mayo

Tunneling, for transportation, began in France with the Milpass Tunnel on the Lanquedoc Canal in 1680. Of course, the ancient miners had been driving tunnels in search of minerals since the dawn of history but this Milpas Tunnel was the first tunnel exclusively for transportation. In England in 1760, the Duke of Bridgewater opened a canal from his coal mines to Manchester, 10 1/2 miles away. At the mine, he drove a tunnel into the mountain so that the miners could shovel the coal directly into canal boats. James Brindley, an untutored genius, was his engineer and this whole transportation system was an instant success and very profitable through the years. Within a dozen years the Duke, again with James Brindley, opened up the Grand Trunk Canal, 139 miles in length with five tunnels. There was one major tunnel on this system, the First Harecastle Tunnel, 1 1/2 miles in length. But this tunnel was too small. It was only large enough for one 7-ft wide boat which had to be "legged" through by boatmen laying on their backs. By 1824 a second tunnel was driven parallel to the first one, but it had a towpath through it for horse haulage. This was the beginning of the " Industrial Age" and tunnels became a very important part of that era.

Jan 1, 1979

By J. E. Dutrizac, J. B. Sunstrum

"Lead was among the first metals known to man, and there are indications that lead was produced by the reductive smelting of galena in the mountains surrounding the Black Sea as early as 3000 B. C .(1). The early metallurgists soon discovered that silver could be recovered from lead bullion by cupellation techniques, and that the litharge product of the cupellation process could be reduced to give silver-free lead metal. By the Graeco-Roman era, lead-silver ores were being extensively exploited for both their silver and lead contents. Although silver was always of prime concern, a number of industrial uses existed for lead that included piping and sheeting. Subsequently, lead metallurgical practice developed steadily in different parts of the world, and was a relatively mature technology by the time of the European colonization of North America. In the United States, lead was produced on a small scale as early as 1720, and by 1800, the extensive Pb-Zn deposits of Missouri-Kansas and the upper Mississippi Valley were being developed(2). Many of the early American lead ores were low in silver, and seemed to have been worked primarily for their lead contents. Major uses of lead at the time included bullets, pipe and sheeting. During the period 1860-1890, the silver-rich galena ores of the western United States were exploited, and a number of lead smelters were operated. Although all the smelters produced lead metal, the recuperation of the associated silver and gold values was generally of prime concern. In Canada, lead deposits are abundant, and galenarich outcrops frequently attracted the attention of the early explorers and prospectors. In fact, the first record of a Canadian ore deposit seems to have been the observation of an argentiferous galena vein near Lake Temiscamingue in 17 41(3). The presence of silver-bearing lead deposits naturally attracted the attention of the mining community, and many outcrops were worked throughout the country. Because of the problems associated with transporting lead concentrates to existing American or overseas smelters, attention soon shifted to the establishment of local lead smelting facilities. The purpose of this article is to examine those early smelting efforts and to try to identify the first ""successful"" Canadian lead smelter."

Jan 1, 1999

By C. S. Finney, John Mitchell

There is no field of human thought or endeavor which does not owe much to the past. Yet, surrounded by the prodigious scientific and technological achievements of our day, it is all too easy to forget the extent to which we have stood on the shoulders of giants. The coking industry of the United States is now a little more than one hundred years old. As with the American nation itself, the earliest beginnings of the industry owe a great deal to British influences, and its development owes much to those influences of continental Europe. No serious contribution to the history of coking in the United States can be written, therefore, which does not mention the work of the pioneers of the Old World. It is believed that the use of metallurgical coke dates back to antiquity. The fact that certain coals would soften under the influence of heat to yield a porous solid was known to the ancients of China and India, where a very crude coking operation was carried out by simply setting fire to piles of coal. After active combustion had started, turf or wet straw was used to seal off the pile. The coke obtained was used to forge iron and steel implements and weapons. Perhaps the earliest reference to the coking phenomenon is to be found in the writings of Theophrastus, pupil of Aristotle. In his History of Stones, which was written in or about the year 371 B.C., there appears the following observation. "But the Lipara stone empties itself, as it were, in burning and becomes like the pumice, changing at once both its colour and density; for before burning it is black, smooth and compact.... Certain stones there are about Tetras, in Sicily, which is over against Lipara, which empty themselves in the same manner in the fire." The first comparatively modern reference to coke is to be found in a recommendation for carbonization made in 1584 by Julius, Duke of Braunschweig-Luneberg, owner of the Hohenbuchen mine in the Harz district of Germany. In 1587, Sir Francis Willoughby of. Wollaton, England wrote: "There are twenty rooks broughte into charcoal and laid up in store." A rook of coal was equivalent to some 25 tons, and the coking would probably have been carried out in a manner similar, to that used for the production of charcoal. In 1589, Thomas Proctor attempted to carbonize coal, and in the year 1590 an English patent was granted to John Thornborough, Dean of York, in order that he might "purify pit coal and free it of its offensive smell". Sir Robert Cecil (1595), Robert Chantrell (1607), Simon Sturtevant (1611) and John Rovenzon (1613) were all granted patents for the use of coal or coke

Jan 1, 1961

By David J. Hatem, K. Bhattarai

Effective risk management in major subsurface projects involves ways to mitigate adverse impacts to final design and construction approaches due to changed subsurface conditions. An Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) collaborated with Observational Method will be an effective contractual tool to address risk developed due to encountering differing site conditions. Observational Method (OM) can further be supported with artificial intelligence (AI) technologies with automated data-driven decision-making features in risk mitigation and implementation of proper design and construction approaches. This paper presents collaborative applications of ECI, OM, machine learning, and risk baselining in risk management and productivity enhancement in tunneling projects.

Jun 23, 2024

By P. W. Finck

Detailed mapping, using a large diameter diamond-drill in conjunction with high resolution reflection seismics, has increased known resources of kaolin clay and glass-grade silica sand from scattered deposits generally < 1 km2 to large areas of Cretaceous valley fill up to 130 m thick. Detailed chemical and physical analysis of drill core is presently underway. Silica sand deposits intersected in this study are up to 99.4 % SiO2 without beneficiation. Light grey to white kaolin clays identified by XRD and DT A have concentrations values (without beneficiation) up to 47.28% SiO2, 37.44% Al2O3, 0.45% Fe2O3, 0.49% K2O, 0.07% Nap, 0.07% CaO and 0.39% MgO.

Jan 1, 1996

The beginning of Colorado&apos;s mining industry is linked on one side with that of the Appalachian districts and on the other side with that of California, because the first discoveries were made by pioneers when on their way from Georgia to California. In the summer of 1849 a party of seven Georgians were taking a herd of thoroughbred horses across the continent to the Pacific coast. They reached Camp Lyon, on the Arkansas river, in October, and, meeting James Dempsey, a Government guide, they were persuaded by him that it was too late to cross the mountains that season. His advice was accepted, and, moving northward, they established a winter camp at the junction of Cherry creek with the Platte, close to the site of the city of Denver. Upon a sand-bar, lining the south side of the river, they built two cabins. During the closing months of 1849 they prospected the alluvial banks of Cherry creek, but they made no attempt to penetrate into the mountain canyons, near them, westward, for fear of the Indians.* They found gold in several places along Cherry creek, and particularly at a spot 16 miles up the stream from their camp. From the feathers of the wild geese that they shot they obtained quills in which they placed their gold-dust. This party of Georgians consisted of Dr. L. J. Russell and his brother, Green Russell, also A. T. Lloyd, G. W. Kiker, and P. H. Clark. Early in 1850 they crossed the main range of the Rocky Mountains by the Bridger pass and went on to California. They mined near Downieville, and were successful. Occasionally mention was made by them of the gold

Jan 1, 1932

By AIME AIME

In the present number of Mining and Metallurgy, issued on the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Institute, it appears appropriate to chronicle a few of the interesting incidents respecting its early life. We are fortunate in being able to cull the following notes from unpublished manuscripts of Doctor Raymond and Doctor Drinker, than whom no other members could have written with greater exactness and fidelity. THE seventh decade of the 19th century may be said to have marked an. era in the history of the world. Industrially and .commercially it was marked by the wide application and utilization of discoveries already made, which came to their full effect at this period in steamships, railways, telegraph and cable lines; the standardization of parts in machines, from watches to locomotives; the use of &apos;dynamite, antiseptic surgery, the open-hearth steel process, the compressed-air rock-drill, the electric generator, and the Gatling gun. Through the opening of the Suez canal in 1870 the maritime trade of the world was revolutionized, sailing vessels were supplanted by steamers, while ocean cables and ocean "tramps" brought about far more rapid movement of commerce than had before been experienced. Politically, this period was marked by the sudden birth of the German empire and the beginning of that intensive internal development of the national resources of that empire in preparation for colonial extension and war, the amazing result of which has been made evident by the recent world conflict. In the United States, the significance of this decade was peculiarly important. The re-admission to the union of Virginia, Mississippi, Texas and Georgia in

Jan 1, 1921

Remotely monitor overburden response to longwall mining using time domain reflectometry (TDR) and a combination of hardware and software, as part of the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) program to characterize subsidence. Background TDR was developed in the 1960&apos;s as a method to locate, discontinuities in coaxial transmission cables. In this method, voltage pulses sent along a cable are reflected by cable defects. The pulse reflections are used to determine the type and magnitude of the defects. The TDR concept was extended to material property measurement by embedding cables into particular materials and evaluating the cable&apos;s dielectric behavior as material properties were modified. This technique was adapted by the USBM in 1978 for use in monitoring rock movement during underground mining. The same concept is utilized today. A coaxial cable is grouted into a rock mass that is expected to deform. Progressive rock movement causes the cable to deform, as shown in figure 1, and changes to occur in the cable&apos;s electrical properties, which then produce changes in TDR reflection signatures. The technology has advanced to the point where it is now possible to distinguish shear deformation from tensile deformation and to quantify rock mass displacements by analyzing the TDR signatures.

Jan 1, 1995

By Kotaro Ohga, Kiyoshi Higuchi

In our laboratory, a new detection system using smell detectors was developed to detect the spontaneous combustion of coal and the combustion of other materials used underground. Laboratory experiments were carried out on several kinds of coals, including South African coals, and machine oil, wood and rubber used in belt conveyers. The following results were obtained: 1) Spontaneous combustion of coal can be detected earlier by smell detectors than by conventional CO detection methods. 2) There were no differences in the results using different kinds of coal. 3) Combustion of other materials can also be detected earlier by this system than by conventional detectors for gas and smoke. 4) Use of this detection system enables one to discern the source of the combustion gases, whether it be coal, wood, oil or rubber.

Jan 1, 1995

By H. Hu, T. S. Golosinski

The paper reports on use of neural network algorithms to model performance and condition of mining trucks. The model inputs are selected digital data streams collected by truck Vital Information Management System, VIMS, during its operation in a mine. The models built as the result of this work allow for projection of truck condition and performance into future. As such they facilitate more efficient management of mine truck fleets. Keywords: Modelling, modeling, neural networks, mining equipment, Vital Information Management System, Intelligent Miner, mining truck

Jan 1, 2003

By J T. Smit

The theory of froth flotation developed slowly, in almost all cases lagging behind practical developments in the operation of flotation processes. This was largely the result of a lack of understanding of the required basic principles of chemistry and physics, many of which were being developed at the same time. A review of some of the early theories propounded is worthwhile, and should encourage those who are presently studying or practicing flotation to exercise some care in claiming a complete understanding of the underlying phenomena in the art. This paper considers theories presented up to and including those in Principles of Mineral Dressing by Antoine M Gaudin (1939). Of course, developments since that time are important, but they are beyond the scope of this discussion.

Jan 1, 2005