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By X. J. Luo, F. Zhang

"Metallurgical slag (MS) such as steel slag, copper slag is a renewable resource and its compressive strength exceeds 200MPa in general. Because pure metal slug can easily be mixed into MS, complex recycle system is necessary in order to realize MS’s recycling. Meanwhile, there is high equipment failure rate in conventional crushing system. New crushing systems with inertial cone crusher could solve this problem very well. Recovery rate of MS tailings requires that crushing product can’t contain too much oversize product, so the essential equipment include two crushers and one sieve in the traditional crushing system. The new crushing system which only includes two crushers can meet the requirement and simplify the crush process. Investment of crushing equipment and infrastructure can be cut down. Operating and maintenance costs can be obviously reduced due to the simple process, which also could achieve high energy saving and excellent economic efficiency.INTRODUCTIONMetallurgical Slag (MS) such as steel slag, copper slag is a typical industrial solid waste and it threatens our environment’s safe. Metallurgical enterprises must take action to settle these wastes in order to protect our environment. Because pure metal slug can easily be mixed into MS, its uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) will exceed 200Mpa. If crushing station employs traditional crushing equipment, equipment failure will be easily caused because of these pure metal slugs. Coarse crushing equipment usually adapts jaw crusher in traditional Crushing technology and rod mill will be utilized to finish the secondary and fine crushing works. And the same time screening machinery should be used to ensure the suitable particle size (Figure 1)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Z. Pilecki

This work concerns the identification of weak zones in the structure of a rock mass endangered by outburst of gases and rocks in the Rudna copper ore mine at greater depths (approximately 1200 m). A special methodology has been undertaken for the recognition of that threat in the wake of an outburst in the mine in 2009. No similar phenomena have been previously recorded in KGHM Polska Miedz copper ore mines. The research described in this paper was carried out in the new part of the deposit prepared for mining. Geophysical methods were used: seismic tomography and borehole ground penetrating radar (BGPR), along with particular identifications using geological engineering methods. In the researched area, Permian layers of sandstone and shale clay (Weissliegendes formation) and of Zechstein dolomite (top of Rotliegend formation) and anhydrite occur in the copper ore deposit. The rock layers are characterized by variable thickness and intensity of mineralization, varying internal structure, and local fracturing containing different gases and water. It is assumed that accumulation of gases occurs in the tectonically fractured dolomite. The study was focused on the recognition of the structure and properties of the dolomite layer lying directly within the roof of excavations. The first tests were performed with seismic tomography for the recognition of anomalous changes in the elastic properties of the rock mass. The results of these studies were used to design a control borehole for a detailed geological engineering assessment and BGPR surveys with 100MHz antennas. Seismic tomography enabled the identification of changes in Pwave and S-wave velocity, the Vp/Vs ratio, dynamic Poisson's ratio and dynamic Young's modulus. It was clear that seismic anomalies required verification by other methods. The BGPR survey was performed in a specially designed borehole, passing through the selected seismic anomalies. While the borehole was being drilled, the outflow of gases was identified, with varying amounts of CH4, CO2, and H2S detected, as well as water outflow. The results of BGPR confirmed the location of a reservoir of water and gases, about 30 m in length, found in layer of dolomite. The direct cause of the BGPR anomaly was assumed to be intensive fracturing, a greater content of clay material in the dolomite, and the presence of water in the fractured zone. The BGPR image was correlated with information on lithology, fracturing based on the RQD index and additional information acquired during drilling about water and gases surveys and other symptoms. The achieved results also showed a very strong correlation between the location of the zone containing gases and water and the anomalous S-wave velocity and field of dynamic Poisson?s ratio, and to a lesser extent other seismic parameters. It was found that the other measured seismic anomalies may be of the same nature as those identified in the control borehole and accordingly will require the implementation of detailed identification. The performed tests have also shown the usefulness of geophysical methods to identify geodynamic hazards under the geological and mining conditions of the copper ore deposit in the Rudna mine.

Aug 1, 2013

By W. A. Alexander

Introduction In the course of a programme of research on beryllium in progress in these laboratories, knowledge of the recrystallization temperature became necessary. As the information is not available in the literature, the determination of this temperature for metallic beryllium was undertaken. By the reduction of grain size through working and recrystallization and the probable simultaneous induction of preferred orientation, it was hoped to improve the working properties of beryllium at lower temperatures. The recrystallization temperature is usually determined by observing the lowest temperature of annealing at which new crystals are formed in severely cold-worked metal or alloys. This temperature is profoundly influenced by the following factors: the purity of the metal, in the case of an element, or the composition of the alloy; the degree of straining or working; the temperature of straining; the original grain size; and the time held at the annealing temperature. The observed temperature is lowered by higher purity, more severe straining, lower temperature of working, smaller original grain size, and longer time of annealing. Beryllium presents special difficulties in that the percent elongation in tension is effectively zero, so that ordinary squeezing or rolling was not possible. A possible means of straining was suggested by the fact that indentation hardness tests could be made. It was known from earlier work that the metal could be worked at elevated temperatures, so that working at the lowest feasible temperature and quenching might also be a means of producing strain. The purity of the metal is also a point of some uncertainty in the case of beryllium. Losano has prepared 99.96% Be which appears to be the best reported. Distilled metal used in the present work approached this purity. However, by analogy with other metals, residual impurities may have a pronounced effect on the recrystallization. Further purification of beryllium would evidently entail considerable difficulties due to the highly reactive nature of the metal, and was not attempted.

Jan 1, 1947

By Louise Laverdure

The Canadian mining sector has to be innovative and invest in the development of sustainable mining technologies to maintain its international leadership. Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) collaborated with the Canada Mining Innovation Council (CMIC) to define the Green Mining Initiative (GMI) and in order to focus its R&D activities on industry and other stakeholders? needs. The GMI was launched in 2009 to spur innovation in the mining sector and further enhance its environmental performance. The initiative, led by CANMET- Mining and Mineral Sciences Laboratories (MMSL), takes a holistic approach looking at the entire mining life cycle, from design to closure and beyond, through four innovation and research pillars: ? Footprint Reduction, ? Innovation in Waste Management, ? Mine Closure and Rehabilitation, and ? Ecosystem Risk Management. The Canada Mining Innovation Council has also been creating a new initiative on Sustainable Mining, which will bring further focus to environmental aspects of mining, and engaging wide range of research providers to develop research programs complementary to GMI goals.

May 1, 2011

By Douglas H. Silvey

"The historical transformations in fire -resistant conveyor belt compositions in the past 20 years have been influenced by factors of material cost, changing flame and burn test requirements, material replacements, adhesion and oil resistance considerations, increased responsibility and legal liability. Specifically, this has resulted in a swing from neoprene-cotton belts to S.B.R. blends and synthetic fibre carcasses, and tighter quality control and documentation of test data.Flame dynamics are discussed and the function and performance of the multiple types of flame-resistant additives in the flame front are presented. Specific flame and burn test requirements are described. The belt manufacturers' requirements and criteria in selecting the types of flame-resistant additives are presented.The author will describe the composition of the types of flame-resistant compounds used in a practical production, the belts that are available on today's mark et and future developments in requirements that may further transform the composition of fire-resistant belts.IntroductionThe historical transformations of conveyor belt compositions in the past two decades have been based on factors common to those leading to changes in man y organic compositional products. These factors are material cost, new materials, the customer' s changing requirements, government regulation s and increased manufacturer' s liability.As a basis for understanding the product, I will provide a brief breakdown of the conveyor belt composite. Figure 1 represents a cross section of a typical belt. A skim rubber coats each fabric ply of the belt carcass and is of a different rubber composition than the outside layer of rubber which forms the cover. This outside cover layer is designed to protect the belt from environmental factors such as heat, oil and abrasion, and other factors involved in the service condition s under which the belt will operate. In the case of fire-retardant belt s, both the skim coat encapsulating the fabric plies and the outer cover must contain sufficient fire retardancy to overcome the contribution to burning of the decomosition products of the fabric."

Jan 1, 1982

By L. M. Nolan

Chemical Mechanical polishing, or CMP, has four components in the polishing interface; namely the polishing pad, the polishing fluid, the abrasives in the fluid, and the surface being polished. Understanding the way that load is transferred between these components is key to understanding and predicting wafer polishing. Numerous models of CMP and the different load sharing arrangements which occur between these four components have been proposed. These include models by Luo and Dornfield (1) and Fu, Chandra and colleagues (2). Other models focus on just one or two loading arrangements, such as `hydroplaning' when all load is transmitted by the liquid in the case of Runnels and Eyman (3). In this work, we consider four possible combinations of load transfer from pad to wafer in CMP. These combinations are listed below in Table 1 and are illustrated schematically in Figure 1. It is important to note the role of scale in this process; the illustrations in Figure 1 are drawn to scale from actual profilometer scans obtained over a length of 5 with particles of 150 nm in diameter. Table 1 - Load Transfer Combinations Load Regime Illustration Wafer - Fluid - Pad Figure la Wafer - Particles/Fluid - Pad Figure lb Wafer - Particles - Pad Figure lc Wafer-Pad Figure ld The interest in load-sharing between the system components is because some configurations are anticipated to achieve higher polishing rates than others. For instance, in hydroplaning, or hydrodynamic lubrication, the lateral force exerted on the polished surface by the particles can be no higher than the fluid shear force developed in the gap between the pad and wafer. This is not expected to generate high rates of material removal from the surface (4). For contact that is largely between the pad and the wafer, such as the regime depicted in Figure ld, the lateral load is transmitted to the wafer by the pad and is hence limited by the pad's low rigidity. This regime is not expected to generate high material removal rates either. The highest levels of material removal are expected from regimes where the mechanical load exerted on the system is transmitted by the particles, in combination with either the fluid or the pad. Under what circumstances does the polishing regime change from one to another? What must occur in order to initiate or terminate contact between the system components? This is an ongoing question in the field of tribology, and has traditionally been viewed in terms of the pressure and velocity applied to the system, the thickness of the fluid film between the two surfaces, and the roughness of those surfaces (4). In this paper, we propose a new mechanism ? that the load on the particles may be sufficient to totally embed them in the polishing pad, at which point they are no longer able to transmit load and polish the wafer surface. This is illustrated schematically in Figure 1(d).

Jan 1, 2010

By W. A. Bell

The Carboniferous system of rocks in the Maritime Provinces include as workable mineral and organic substances, gypsum, anhydrite, salt, coal, building stones, grindstones, limestones, brick-clay shales, fire-clay shales, oil shales, etc. The system is, therefore, pre-eminently of economic value to the provinces in which it occurs, and the more knowledge we may gain concerning it, the more we may be prepared to aid in the development of these useful substances. For this purpose it is not sufficient to state that the ground upon which we stand is underlain by Carboniferous rocks. In-discriminate digging or drilling will not open many new mines of wealth, however difficult it may be to dampen the optimism of gamblers. For mineral wealth has not been scattered in the rocks haphazard, now here, now there, but its distribution has been the result of natural earth forces acting at intervals throughout the countless millions of years that have elapsed since our planet was born. As regards the majority of metalliferous deposits, the earth forces involved have resulted in the penetration of surface or sub-surface rocks by molten rock-matter and associated mineral solutions from deep-seated sources. But the economic Carboniferous deposits that have been mentioned are themselves types of bedded surface rocks rather than immigrant deposits, and their formation and geological history is closely related to that of the rocks with which they are interbedded.

Jan 1, 1924

By K. Woo

"With ever-increasing global demand for mineral resources, mining companies are considering developing deeper, more complex and lower grade ore bodies. Recent years have seen the transition from surface to underground mass mining operations to access deeper resources, with mass mining methods such as block and panel caving being favoured due to the tonnages and economics achievable when dealing with lower grade ore. However, the rock engineering interactions involved with such plans are complex and challenging given the significant disturbance caused to the surface environment. If not properly accounted for, the unexpected propagation of a cave breaking through to surface or the differential surface displacements otherwise produced may threaten the safety and integrity of overlying mine and civil infrastructure.This paper reports the findings of a comprehensive research programme focussed on investigating and integrating new developments in remote sensing characterization and monitoring technologies with state-of-the-art numerical modelling to better manage the challenges and geo-risk associated with the transitioning from open pit to underground mass mining. Procedures were developed to integrate discrete fracture networks (DFN) into finite-element/discrete-element analyses to simulate the influence of rock mass fabric on cave propagation and the evolution of caving-induced surface subsidence and step-path failure of large open pit slopes through the progressive failure of rock bridges. The results clearly showed that caving-induced surface deformations tend to be discontinuous and asymmetric due to large movements around the cave controlled by geologic structures, rock mass heterogeneity and topographic effects. Although parallel investigations of empirical design charts used to predict caving-induced deformations were found to be moderately sufficient for assessing the extent of macro deformations directly above the undercut (i.e. caving collapse features), numerical modelling was found to provide the only means to confidently estimate the lateral extent of smaller strain subsidence.These results were further supported by the use of high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to monitor the ground deformations associated with block caving production, and to use these to calibrate and constrain a series of predictive 3-D numerical models focussed on Rio Tinto's Palabora mine in South Africa. The InSAR data was obtained from Canada’s recently launched RADARSAT-2. The close fit achieved between the predictive 3-D numerical model and InSAR monitoring data demonstrates the significant value of InSAR calibrated 3-D numerical models applied to subsidence prediction.Collectively, the results from this research programme have helped to further the characterization, assessment and understanding of mass mining-induced subsidence, and its evolution, by addressing existing limitations in the use of empirical and numerical design methods. The limitations and uncertainty arising from mine site data were detailed, specifically the representation of mine geology, rock mass properties, in-situ stresses and cave propagation, together with means to constrain these inputs and calibrate sophisticated 3-D numerical models through back analysis and integration with high resolution monitoring data."

Jan 1, 2015

By John Lamb

"The French Mine (formerly the Oregon) is 4 miles by road south of the Nickel Plate Mine. It lies on the steep eastern slope of the Similkameen River valley at elevation 4,000 feet, between Cahill and Winters Creeks.The property was discovered in .1901 and bought 4 years later by Messrs. French and Deardorf. It was developed in a modest way by the owners and by several companies until 1947, without success. The spectacular showings of bornite and chalcopyrite in the outcrop drew attention to its possibilities for copper rather than gold. Diamond drilling by the owners in 1947 yielded several high-grade gold intersections and created new interest. In 1949 the property was purchased by Kelowna Mines Hedley Limited. Exploration drilling and geological mapping outlined sufficient ore to commence production in 1950. Except for a few months each winter the operation has been continuous, and to the end of 1954 had produced almost 30,000 tons of high grade ore. The ore is crushed at the mine and hauled 8 miles by truck to the Company mill at Hedley, where it is treated together with the ore from Nickel Plate.Regional GeologyThe country rock consists of brown tuff, flows, limestone, and cherty formations belonging to the Nicola group (Rice 1947) of Triassic age. West of and just below the mine is a large mass of granodiorite which is part of the same body that underlies Nickel Plate Mountain. Bedding attitudes in the mine area are locally complicated, but dips are generally less than 45 degrees. To the south and below the mine the beds stand almost vertical, continuing downward with this attitude for 2,000 feet to Winters Creek. The main granodiorite contact is also steep, conforming to the sedimentary formations, whereas northward towards Nickel Plate it dips gently to the northwest, slightly flattter than the thick westerly dipping pile of sediments above it. The interpretation of this structure by Billingsley (1936) is that the French mine lies near the crest of the large northeasterly trending asymmetrical anticline which contains in its gently dipping western limb the Nickel Plate orebodies. The granodiorite body conforming roughly to this shape seems to occupy the core of the anticline. Sill-like prongs of granodiorite extend upward to the east from the main mass, outcropping over wide areas at the head of Winters Creek (Figure 1). There is a possibility that overthrusting from the west, similar to that on Nickel Plate Mountain, occurs not far below the French mine.An interesting feature of the granodiorite-sediment contact is that where it dips gently westward no alteration exists in the sediments, but where it has a steep front pronounced heat effects are indicated by the presence of a thousand-foot-wide zone of reddish garnet skarn."

Jan 1, 1949

By Robert D. Brown

"All ten Canadian provinces have now tabled their 1981 /82 budgets . Only the provinces of Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia made more than minor modifications to their tax structures, with both Ontario and Quebec imposing major tax increases. In the past year, the federal budget was also released in the spring. Not so this year: we have that to look forward to in the fall!This month, Tax Notes presents a brief summary of the more significant tax changes introduced at the provinciallevels in the last months.Summary of provincial tax rate changesThe tax changes in this year's provincial budgets were both up and down- but there were far more tax increases than tax cuts.At the corporate tax level, two provinces, New Brunswick and British Columbia, increased their general corporate income tax rate; the former by two percentage points and the latter by one percentage point. Quebec, rather unexpectedly, sharply cut its corporate tax rate on business income, but increased some of its other business taxes at the same time. British Columbia reduced its corporate tax rate on small business income by two percentage points and Saskatchewan by one percentage point."

Jan 1, 1981

By Robin E. Goad

?Located 160 Km northwest of Yellowknife, NWT, Canada Current winter road access ?New all-weather road planned ?Power within 22 km ?Hwy to Edmonton 80 km south Close to existing infrastructure

May 1, 2006

By Asanga S. Nanayakkara

The surface deformations induced by reservoir dilations can be measured using tiltmeters and these measurements can be used to infer reservoir level volume changes by solving an inverse problem. Preferred approach to solve such an inverse problem is to consider more tiltmeter measurements than the number of unknown variables considered in the inverse problem. However, sufficient number of measurement points is not always available due to economical and practical issues. This paper proposes a new approach to circumvent this problem. The new approach entails generation of pseudo surface deformation data by curve fitting tiltmeter measurements using a mathematical function, which delineates three-dimensional characteristics of surface deformation profiles. Then a three-dimensional inverse problem is solved using pseudo surface deformation data. This method is useful in inferring reservoir volume changes with high areal resolution when the number of available measurements is not sufficient to acquire the desired areal resolution.

Jun 1, 2012

By Robert C. Lo

As tailings dams grow in physical size, their impact on public safety and the environment also increases in severity. Over the last three decades, tailings dam engineering has evolved from largely "trial-and-error" methods to a mature, multi-disciplinary engineering endeavour. This paper reviews the current practice of tailings disposal, and the evolution of tailings dam engineering. Key factors affecting dam integrity and examples of dam failures are then highlighted. Finally, the paper reviews some of the recent trends that lead to new challenges to the mining industry. These challenges include: coping with heightened public concern about dam safety; balancing potential conflict between seismic and environmental requirements; and addressing issues introduced by globalization of the mining industry. Institutional responses and technological tools available to meet these challenges are also outlined.

May 1, 2001

By G. J. Desroches, E. Ozberk, M. J. Collins, B. D. Krysa, I. M. Masters

The zinc refinery of Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co., Ltd. went through a major modernization in 1993, when the roaster and the calcine and fume leach circuits were replaced by a new Sherritt zinc pressure leach plant. The HBMS plant, in Flin Ron, Manitoba, represents the first commercial application of the Sherritt two-stage zinc pressure leach process, with /00% of the zinc concentrate feed processed in autoclaves. The process design of the new plant required definition of the deportments of elements such as antimony, arsenic, chlorine, cobalt, fluorine, germanium, magnesium, manganese, selenium, tellurium and thallium. This paper describes the deportment of these elements in the commercial zinc plant during the first nine months of pressure leach operation, and compares these results with operations prior to the introduction of pressure leaching, and with the results of tests carried out in the She"itt laboratory during the process development phase.

Jan 1, 1995

By Allan R. Punkkinen

Safe extraction of the valued ore resource in the deep levels of VALE Creighton Mine has progressed in a pillar-less fashion using vertical retreat, slot-slash and uppers retreat methods since the cessation of ?cut and fill? mining in the late 1980?s. Sequencing of the panel extraction and filling has been the key to successful exploitation of high stress orebodies at depth. In late 2010, discussions between the Operating Department and Creighton Ground Control revealed an opportunity to evaluate a trial primarysecondary sequence in the west end of the 400 Orebody at the 2340m horizon. To manage the trial primarysecondary project, a high level risk analysis and management of change was carried out to mitigate potential danger. As part of the requirements, an instrumentation project was conducted in the hanging wall and footwall bottomsills of the secondary panel and within the secondary panel itself. The extraction sequence was modeled with Map3D® software, confirming high stress levels with the advance of the primary panel. Enhanced ground support was installed based on modelling results. A key objective of the instrumentation project was to verify support system response to mining and to obtain knowledge in regards to the behavior of the stope. This paper describes the first time that this type of new innovative instrumented rockbolt technology had been used in a hard rock mining environment. Understanding of the physical deformation mechanisms of ground support in response to high stress conditions is the basis for an effective ground control strategy. The data played an important role in subsequent enhanced ground support system design at the mine and importantly, established the fact that the secondary pillar had not totally failed. Subsequent cavity monitor results helped establish that fact.

Jun 1, 2012

By L. K. Mireku

"Abstract - The Halfmile Lake South Deep zone, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, was discovered by Noranda Inc. (Exploration) as a result of a 3-D seismic survey in 1998 and the subsequent drilling of ten diamond-drill cores. The deposit consists of massive, breccia, and stockwork Pb-Zn-Cu sulfide minerals, and is hosted by a volcano-sedimentary sequence belonging to the overturned Ordovician Tetagouche Group. Epiclastic rocks and interbedded fine-grained felsic pyroclastic rocks dominate the stratigraphic footwall. Locally, crystal-rich felsic tuffs and subordinate epiclastic rocks comprise the immediate stratigraphic hanging wall. The entire stratigraphic sequence was intruded by quartz-feldspar porphyritic intrusions, and cut by intermediate and basic dikes. The volcanic and sedimentary rocks can be discriminated geochemically using trace element ratios such as Zr/TiO2 and Nb/TiO2, despite intensive alteration and cleavage development. These ratios indicate that four protolith volcanic compositions exist: rhyolite, dacite, andesite, and basalt. The aphyric and feldspar- and quartz-phyric volcanic rocks are dacitic and rhyolitic in composition; epiclastic rocks have trace element ratios consistent with dacitic compositions. Pearce element ratio diagrams, general element ratio diagrams, and petrographic observations demonstrate that the rhyolitic volcanic rocks exhibit evidence of albite, potassium feldspar, and quartz fractionation, dacitic volcanic rocks exhibit little evidence of any fractionation, and epiclastic sedimentary rocks exhibit evidence of quartz sorting only. Hydrothermal alteration is best represented by the presence of phengitic muscovite and daphnitic chlorite. Minor calcite occurs in the stratigraphic hanging wall, deep in the stratigraphic footwall, and in post-mineralization dikes, and thus is not interpreted to be part of the causative hydrothermal event. Element additions and losses during alteration have been used to determine net alteration reactions, and these have been used to identify alteration parameters that are independent of other forms of alteration and fractionation/sorting, and which can be used to guide exploration. These parameters include: a bulk hydrolysis measure, (2Ca+Na+K-2CO2)/Al; a muscovite alteration measure, K/Al; an albite destruction measure, Na/Al; a chlorite alteration measure, (Fe+Mg-S/2)/Al; a chlorite composition measure, (Fe-S/2)/Mg; a sulfidization measure, S/Ti; and a carbonatization measure, CO2/Ti. With the exception of the carbonatization measure, these alteration parameters define a distinct lateral and vertical zone of intense hydrothermal alteration in the stratigraphic footwall of the deposit, and demonstrate that the epiclastic rocks are predominantly chlorite altered, and the volcanic rocks are predominantly muscovite altered. Within the alteration halo, element additions of Fe and H, and element losses of Na are characteristic. Potassium was added to muscovite-altered rocks, but subsequently removed from chlorite-altered rocks. The results from this study demonstrate that metamorphism and deformation have not significantly obscured hydrothermal alteration signatures."

Jan 1, 2006

By R. C. Wallace

Introduction At a time when the mineral-bearing areas in Manitoba are being fi very keenly explored because of the major developments which are now taking place in that Province, it may be timely to give an analysis of the mineralization in the two major types of deposits, with a view particularly to assist in the intensive prospecting to which the mineral-bearing areas in the Province are now to be subjected. As is already well known, there are two principal types of mineral deposits in the territory- copper-zinc and gold; and attention will be confined almost exclusively in this paper to these two types, with some indication of such modifications of the main types as may be found to be of economic value. The details of the paper are drawn from what is yet a small part of the area of the Province available for prospecting. Enough is now known of the types of mineral deposits which are described in the following pages to justify the expectation that these types may serve as criteria in the search in the newer districts. Doubtless new types will also be found as investigations proceed.

Jan 1, 1928

By John F. Kearney

Labrador Iron Mines (?LIM?) Schefferville Projects consist of 20 major DSO deposits lying along a 120 km strike length in both the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and in Quebec. The town of Schefferville, Quebec lies close to the middle of this 120 km strike. LIM?s various properties comprise twenty different iron ore deposits which were part of the original Iron Ore Company of Canada (?IOC?) direct shipping Schefferville operations conducted from 1954 to 1982 and formed part of the 250 million tons of historical reserves and resources previously identified by IOC. LIM intends to develop all these resources in five separate stages. The first four stages will see the various deposits treated in three beneficiation plants, to be built adjacent to several of the deposits that comprise the Central, South Central and North Central Zones. The final stage is not yet planned but will likely involve a fourth plant. A Feasibility Study has not been completed on any of these Projects. LIM plans the development and mining of the various deposits in separate Stages. It should be noted that only the James and Redmond deposits have been permitted. All other deposits require environmental assessment and permitting. Only the James and Redmond deposits have been subject to detailed mine design. The Houston deposit has had preliminary mine design carried out. All other deposits will require detailed mine design when further geological data is collected and compiled. Detailed metallurgical testwork has been carried out on blue ore from James, Houston, Redmond and Knob deposits and to a more limited extent on yellow and red ores from these deposits. Only limited review work has been carried out on the high-silica blue ores. All of this work will be needed to be complete to confirm the final process routes. Additionally some metallurgical work will be required to be conducted on each of the other deposits to characterize their metallurgical response and to confirm expected recovery levels. Detailed mine design and metallurgical testwork has been carried out on those deposits that will form the basis of production for the initial years but further exploration, testwork and design is required for all the remaining resources. The first plant at Silver Yards and mine construction at James are now complete and initial production is expected in the spring of 2011. Metallurgical testing of the first stage deposits has established that the ore can be successfully upgraded to marketable standards. Based on the current testwork, a program of plant enhancement on the Silver Yards plant is now planned with the objective to increase both the plant throughput and recovery. Production of direct shipping lump ore and sinter fines is forecast at around 1.5 million tonnes in 2011 and, based on current and historical resources, growing to approximately 5 million tonnes in 2015 and thereafter. Production from the first four stages is expected to continue at about this rate through to about 2028.

May 1, 2011

By Craig H. B. Leitch

"In describing the alteration of porphyry systems, the term ""secondary K-feldspar"" appears to be an oversimplification. A better term would be ""alkali feldspar"" alteration, because in actual fact the replacement feldspars show gradational changes from an albite, which is important in some systems, to an alkali feldspar containing minor orthoclase molecule, to true orthoclase.There are several textural varieties of secondary alkali feldspar present in the porphyry systems studied from British Columbia, Australia and New Zealand. These include, in apparent increasing order of alteration intensity: clear albite (An10); patchwork albite (An5-10); chessboard albite (An0-10); ""irregular albite "" (An0Ab100 to Ab90Or10); untwinned ""anoralbite"" (Ab90Or10 – Ab70Or30); and orthoclase (Ab40Or60 - Or100)·The exploration significance of these varieties of alkali feldspar is that their gradation in composition, from sodic to potassic, may be linked to a corresponding increase in intensity of alteration. Thus, there is a tendency for more sodic alteration feldspars to characterize weak, sub-economic deposits, or the fringe zones of stronger deposits; the more potassic alteration feldspars may provide an exploration vector toward more highly mineralized zones."

Jan 1, 1981

By Craig H. B. Leitch

"In describing the alteration of porphyry systems, the term ""secondary K-feldspar"" appears to be an oversimplification. A better term would be ""alkali feldspar"" alteration, because in actual fact the replacement feldspars show gradational changes from an albite, which is important in some systems, to an alkali feldspar containing minor orthoclase molecule, to true orthoclase.There are several textural varieties of secondary alkali feldspar present in the porphyry systems studied from British Columbia, Australia and New Zealand. These include, in apparent increasing order of alteration intensity: clear albite (An10); patchwork albite (Ab5-10); chessboard albite (An0-10) "" irregular albite "" (An0Ab100 to Ab90r10); untwinned "" anoralbite"" (Ab90Or-Ab70Or30); and orthoclase (Ab440Or60-Or100)·The exploration significance of these varieties of alkali feldspar is that their gradation in composition, from sodic to potassic, may be linked to a corresponding increase in intensity of alteration. Thus, there is a tendency for more sodic alteration feldspars to characterize weak, sub-economic deposits, or the fringe zones of stronger deposits; the more potassic alteration feldspars may provide an exploration vector toward more highly mineralized zones."

Jan 1, 1981