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The Institute assembled in the rooms of the Geographical Society, Cooper Union, at 8 o'clock P.M., February Nth, 1874. President Barnard, of Columbia College, delivered an address of Welcome, to which President Raymond responded. The Council then presented the following names, duly indorsed for election as members and associates. The gentlemen named were unanimously elected. *Bullock, M. C.,. ., . New York. Burke, M. D.,.... Cincinnati, Ohio. *Burt, M. W.,.....Wheeling, W. Va. Cameron, J. G. M.,. ..'New York. *Canfield, Frederick A,,. .. Dover, N. J. *Chandler, Prof. C. F.,. .. New York. *Clayton, J. E.,. .. . Salt Lake City. Colton, C. A,,.... New York. *Cooke, Prof. George H.,. . New Brunswick, N. J. *Cooper, Edward,.... New York. "Dahlgren, C. B.,.... Mazatlan, Mexico. Dutton, Capt. U. E.,. .. Washington, D. C. *Eurich, E. F.,.... New York. Fuller, H. L.,.... Woodside, Luzerne County, Pa. Hamilton, S. Jr.,.....New York: Harnickell, A,,.,.. New York. *Hearne, F. J.,. .. . Wheeling, W. Va. *Hill, Samuel W.,.... Marshall, Mich. *Hulbert, Edward J.,. . Houghton, Mich. *Hunt, R. W.,.....Troy, N. Y. Ihlseng, M.,.....New York. "Iselin, Henri,.... New York. *Janney, Morris P.,. ..Pottstown, Pa. "Jenney, Frank B.,. .. . Brooklyn, N. Y. *Jenney, Walter P.,... Brooklyn, N. Y. Joy, D. A.,.....New York. *King, Clarence,.... New York. *Kittoe, E. F.,....Charleston, S. C. Lawrence, Robert,.... New York. *Locke, J. M.,..... Cincinnati, Ohio. *McCormick, Henry,. .. Harrisburg, Pa.

THE Institute assembled in the rooms of the Geographical Society, Cooper Union, at 8 o'clock P.M., February 24th, 1874. President Barnard, of Columbia College, delivered an address of welcome, to which President Raymond responded. The Council then presented the following names, duly indorsed for election as members and associates. The gentlemen named were unanimously elected. *Bullock, M. C., - New York. †Burke, M. D., - Cincinnati, Ohio. *Burt, M. W., -Wheeling, W. Va. †Cameron, J. G. M., - New York. *Canfleld, Frederick A., - Dover, N. J. *Chandler, Prof. C. F., - New York. *Clayton, J. E., - Salt Lake City. †Colton, C. A., - New York. *Cooke, Prof. George H., - New Brunswick, N. J. *Cooper, Edward, - New York. *Dahlgren, C. B., - Mazatlan, Mexico. †Dutton, Capt. C. E., - Washington, D. C. *Eurich, E. F., - New York. †Fuller, H. L., - Woodside, Luzerne County, Pa. †Hamilton, S. Jr., - New York †Harnickell, A., - New York. *Hearne, F. J., - Wheeling, W. Va. *Hill, Samuel W., - Marshall, Mich. *Hulbert, Edward J., - Houghton, Mich. *Hunt, R. W., - Troy, N. Y. †lhlseng, M., - New York. *Iselin, Henri, - New York. *Janney, Morris P., - Pottstown, Pa. *Jenney, Frank B., - Brooklyn, N. Y. *Jenney, Walter P., - Brooklyn, N. Y. †Joy, D. A., - New York. *King, Clarence, - New York. *Kittoe, E. F., - Charleston, S. C. †Lawrence, Robert,. - New York. *Locke, J. M., - Cincinnati, Ohio. *McCormick, Henry, - Harrisburg, Pa. * Members. † Associates.

Jan 1, 1874

By George Norman

A NUMBER of methods have been developed for the determination of the dust concentration in air, some of which have been reported as very efficient and for research may be more satisfactory than the method about to be described. In practical mine use, however, the accurate research equipment is unwieldy and requires a high degree of technical skill to manipulate it. Also, it gives less general practical information to the operator in the same length of time than the method described here. Moreover, it is doubtful whether at the present stage of affairs the results obtained from the precise methods have any more practical significance than those obtained with simpler and more portable appara-tus, which can rapidly give a sufficiently reliable indication of the rela-tive dust hazard.

Jan 1, 1937

By Harrison Schmidt

Since the U. S. Geological Survey published the data on the Central Mining District collected by Lindgren and Gratonl and by Paige2 much new information has been obtained by development and mapping, but none of it had been published until recently when Kniffin3 published on Fierro, Lasky4 on the Ground Hog mine, Thorne5 on Santa Rita and Landon6 filed a thesis on the Fierro-Hanover-Santa Rita area at the University of Chicago. During the years 1927-1930 much of the writer's time was spent in mapping the geology and ore deposits of this district, particularly in the area of the zinc deposits at Hanover. Some of the data collected are presented here. Previous publications have been freely drawn upon and additional data used that were generously supplied by L. M. Kniffin, Wilfred Wright and Gerald Ballmer. Thanks are due Augustus Locke, Samuel G. Lasky, Kniffin, Wright and Ballmer for suggestions and critical readings of the manuscript, and to the Empire Zinc Co. (a subsidiary of the New Jersey Zinc Co.) for the privilege of publishing material compiled largely at its expense. The relation of the Central or the Santa Rita-Hanover-Fierro district to the Silver City district is shown on Paige's geologic map in the Silver City folio.7 Granodiorite porphyry and quartz-monzonite porphyry

Jan 1, 1935

By Harrison Schmidt

Since the U. S. Geological Survey published the data on the Central Mining District collected by Lindgren and Gratonl and by Paige2 much new information has been obtained by development and mapping, but none of it had been published until recently when Kniffin3 published on Fierro, Lasky4 on the Ground Hog mine, Thorne5 on Santa Rita and Landon6 filed a thesis on the Fierro-Hanover-Santa Rita area at the University of Chicago. During the years 1927-1930 much of the writer's time was spent in mapping the geology and ore deposits of this district, particularly in the area of the zinc deposits at Hanover. Some of the data collected are presented here. Previous publications have been freely drawn upon and additional data used that were generously supplied by L. M. Kniffin, Wilfred Wright and Gerald Ballmer. Thanks are due Augustus Locke, Samuel G. Lasky, Kniffin, Wright and Ballmer for suggestions and critical readings of the manuscript, and to the Empire Zinc Co. (a subsidiary of the New Jersey Zinc Co.) for the privilege of publishing material compiled largely at its expense. The relation of the Central or the Santa Rita-Hanover-Fierro district to the Silver City district is shown on Paige's geologic map in the Silver City folio.7 Granodiorite porphyry and quartz-monzonite porphyry

Jan 1, 1935

Since the U. S. Geological Survey published the data on the Central Mining District collected by Lindgren and Gratonl and by Paige2 much new information has been obtained by development and mapping, but none of it had been published until recently when Kniffin3 published on Fierro, Lasky4 on the Ground Hog mine, Thorne5 on Santa Rita and Landon6 filed a thesis on the Fierro-Hanover-Santa Rita area at the University of Chicago. During the years 1927-1930 much of the writer's time was spent in mapping the geology and ore deposits of this district, particularly in the area of the zinc deposits at Hanover. Some of the data collected are presented here. Previous publications have been freely drawn upon and additional data used that were generously supplied by L. M. Kniffin, Wilfred Wright and Gerald Ballmer. Thanks are due Augustus Locke, Samuel G. Lasky, Kniffin, Wright and Ballmer for suggestions and critical readings of the manuscript, and to the Empire Zinc Co. (a subsidiary of the New Jersey Zinc Co.) for the privilege of publishing material compiled largely at its expense. The relation of the Central or the Santa Rita-Hanover-Fierro district to the Silver City district is shown on Paige's geologic map in the Silver City folio.7 Granodiorite porphyry and quartz-monzonite porphyry

Jan 1, 1935

By Harrison Schmidt

Since the U. S. Geological Survey published the data on the Central Mining District collected by Lindgren and Gratonl and by Paige2 much new information has been obtained by development and mapping, but none of it had been published until recently when Kniffin3 published on Fierro, Lasky4 on the Ground Hog mine, Thorne5 on Santa Rita and Landon6 filed a thesis on the Fierro-Hanover-Santa Rita area at the University of Chicago. During the years 1927-1930 much of the writer's time was spent in mapping the geology and ore deposits of this district, particularly in the area of the zinc deposits at Hanover. Some of the data collected are presented here. Previous publications have been freely drawn upon and additional data used that were generously supplied by L. M. Kniffin, Wilfred Wright and Gerald Ballmer. Thanks are due Augustus Locke, Samuel G. Lasky, Kniffin, Wright and Ballmer for suggestions and critical readings of the manuscript, and to the Empire Zinc Co. (a subsidiary of the New Jersey Zinc Co.) for the privilege of publishing material compiled largely at its expense. The relation of the Central or the Santa Rita-Hanover-Fierro district to the Silver City district is shown on Paige's geologic map in the Silver City folio.7 Granodiorite porphyry and quartz-monzonite porphyry

Jan 1, 1935

FINAL REPORT OF' THE COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS W. E. FOHL, Chairman J. W. PAUL J. M. RAYBURN C. A. WARNER JOHN B. CORRIN C. E. KREBS JOHN H. WILSON A. W. HESSE M. M. LEIGHTON H. I. SMITH [Accepted and Committee discharged with thanks, April 27, 1928.] Regulations recommended for the location, drilling, casing, protection, operation, plugging and filling, and abandonment of natural gas and petroleum wells; having for their objectives the protection of life and property by prevention of intrusions of oil and gas into workable coal beds, and the conservation of oil and gas resources in territory not underlain with workable coal beds. ARTICLE I DEFINITIONS SEC. 1. For the purpose of these regulations, definitions are as follows: Well.-A bore hole drilled for the purpose of developing natural gas or petroleum, or a bore hole producing natural gas or petroleum. Well Operator.-Any person, persons, firm, partnership, corporation, company or association that proposes to, or does drill, operate or abandon a well as herein defined. Coal Operator.-Any person, persons, firm, partnership, corporation, company or association that proposes to, or does operate a coal mine in territory known or reputed to be underlain with oil or gas-bearing strata. Coal Owner.-Any person, persons, firm, partnership, corporation, company or association, other than a Coal Operator as herein defined, that owns coal lands in territory known or reputed to be underlain with oil or gas-bearing strata. State Mining Department.-The duly constituted authorities of a state having jurisdiction over coal-mining operations, and oil and gas operations as herein provided. Plat.-A map, drawing or print made in accordance with the provisions of these regulations. Casing.-The pipe commonly used in wells drilled for natural gas and petroleum. Oil and Gas.-Synonyms, respectively, for Petroleum and Natural Gas.

Jan 1, 1928

By C. M. Wayman, R. Bullough

The rediffraction of Bragg diffracted beams by differently oriented regions (such as twins) of a crystal may give rise to "extra" reflections or reciprocal lattice points. These two papers are concerned with predicting these additional reflections which result from twin related regions of a lattice. Analysis is made for {111}fcc twins, (112)bcc twins, and {hkil}hcp twins. It is first required, knowing the specific variant of the twinning plane in each case, to predict the positions of the twin reflections relative to the matrix reciprocal lattice. Once this is done, the positions of the "extra" multiply diffracted reflections may be deduced. Part I is devoted to establishing "selection ru1es" for twinning, i.e., the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of twinned reciprocal lattice points. 1. INTRODUCTION. Transmission electron diffraction patterns are frequently complicated by multiply diffracted beams. Pashley and stowell1 have recently demonstrated that certain extra reflections in evapo- rated films of gold result from the rediffraction of matrix Bragg diffracted beams by (111) microtwins in the gold. It was previously (and erroneously) suggested 2,3 that observed "irrational" reflections in fine-grained gold were due to the presence of some hcp gold. A similar situation exists, apparently, for some bcc materials; fine (112) twins in bcc martensite in Fe-Ni alloys4 give rise to extra reflections. There are many other examples. The number of transmission electron microscopic investigations is continually increasing, and because of the importance of double (and multiple) diffraction in the interpretation of diffraction patterns, it was judged that a detailed elaboration of the principles involved is desirable, as well as the extension of these principles in reasonably closed form to other crystal structures, particularly bcc and hcp. The present analysis considers double diffraction caused by (111) twins in fcc metals, (112) twins in bcc metals, and {hkil} = {hkl) twins in hcp metals. For each case of twinning, the various possible (variants of) twins give rise to a set of interpenetrating reciprocal lattices. The relative spatial arrangements of these reciprocal lattices can be deduced (Part I) and are expressed in terms of simple "selection rules". The resulting sets of interpenetrating reciprocal lattices are then analyzed for possible doubly diffracted reflections (Part II). The notation used, and some important formulas are given in Appendices I and 11.

Jan 1, 1967

By Reginald E. Hore

Since the discovery of silver at Cobalt, Ontario, in August, 1903, more than 100,000,000 oz. of silver have been produced by the mines in the Nipissing district, and there is reason to believe that at least as much more will be produced in the nex five years. The estimated value of the aggregate output o ore to the end of 1910 is $48,327,280. The ore yielded 93,977,833, oz. of silver and was mined at a net profit of abou $16,000,000. For 1910 the production was 30,558,825 oz., valued at $15,436,894, and yielding a profit of about $9,000.000. The details of the production of the Cobalt district for the years 1904 to 1909, inclusive, as reported by the Ontario Bureau of Mines, are given in Table I. The shipments from Cobalt are in the form of smelting-ore, concentrates from milling-ore, and bullion. The smelting-ore is largely high grade, averaging about 3,000 oz. per ton A smaller return is from what is called low-grade ore and which

Jan 1, 1912

He was born at Montreal, Canada, in 1875. His earliest education was received in Montreal hut was continued from 1885 to 1892 at schools and academies in Brooklyn, Whitestone, and Flushing, L. I. For his technical education he returned to McGill University, where he graduated in 1897. His first professional occupation was as transitman enga.ged in the running of township lines in the Rainy River District of Ontario. In 1899, he was made assistant chemist at the Cuggenheim smelter at Aguascalientes, Mexico. From 1900 to 1903, he was chief chemist for La Compañia Minera de Peñoles, at Mapimi, Durango. We have no information as to his pursuits during the next eight years, but from 1911 until 1914, when he became a member of the Institute, he was chief engineer for the Bankhead mines in Alberta, Canada. Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred Winter Evans Lieutenant-Colonel Evans, who was in command of the Third Battalion of the New Zealand Rifle Brigade, and had been cited in Distinguished Service Orders and received the Distinguished Conduct Medal, was killed in action on Oct. 12, 1917. Alfred Winter Evans was born in Natal, South Africa, in 1881, and received his preliminary education in the Durban High School. For the next five years he attended St. George's School at Harpenden Heights, England, until 1898. Returning to South Africa, he worked . for three months of 1898 as underground sampler for the Crown Deep Gold Mining Co., at Johannesburg, and for six months of the following year he was shift-boss for the Crown Deep, Ltd. At the outbreak of the Boer War he took an active part and was engaged on military service from 1899 to 1902. At the close of the mar, he came to New York and attended the Columbia School of Mines, where he graduated with the degree of E. M. in 1906. A part of that year he spent as assayer to a mining company at Poland, Arizona. In 1907, he returned to South Africa and engaged as underground contractor in charge of mining and development at a number of the South African mines, notably the French-Rand, the ViIIage Main Reef, the City Deep, and others. In 1908, he acted as shift-boss for the Fer-rerra Gold Mining Co. at Johannesburg. In 1909, he was appointed acting general manager for the Consolidated Goldfields of New Zealand,

Jan 1, 1920

By P. Barnes

(Read at the Wilkes-Barre Meeting, May, 1877.) THESE furnaces are of the ordinary Siemens type, and present no special peculiarities of construction. The bed of each is 8 feet by 20 feet clear inside of the walls and ports. The producers are placed at a distance of about 200 feet from the furnaces, and the gas is collected in an iron tube and led across the yard overhead. It then drops underground into the gas flue, and is distributed to the furnaces. A considerable weight of floor-plates over the valve-pits is included in account 39, but none of the general stock of floor-plates for the mill were charged to the furnaces. In Table No. 1 is shown the money cost of the furnaces as distributed to the several accounts named. In Table 2 is shown the proportion of each account due to each of the several items or classes of expenditure named.

Jan 1, 1878

By B. H. Bergstrom, A. P. Cohen, D. W. Fuerstenau

B.H. Bergstrorn (Research Div., Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee, Wis.) — Fuerstenau and Cohen have concluded from our study of single particle crushing, which had suggested that the size moduli of the crushed specimens were determined by the specific energy expended independent of feed size, that the same independence with respect to feed size exists for the specific energy-product size relationship for rod mills. They present data supporting this conclusion. Our single particle crushing experiments were on single spheres of soda-lime (type of glass was not given in our study) glass for which the feed size can truly be neglected. However, the feed size cannot be neglected in any case where the effective size modulus of the feed is not too much coarser than the size modulus of the product. This can be illustrated in the second experi- ment of Fuerstenau and Cohen where the feed is considered to be the original -6 +%mesh material. However, one can also consider the product from the 7.5-min grind to be the feed for the 10, 15, 20, 25-min grinds, and the 10-min product to be the feed for the 15, 20, 25-min grinds, etc. If the specific energy-product size moduli curves are drawn for these other feeds, as shown on Fig. 3, the new curves (and some curvature is apparent) are much steeper than the -6 +%mesh feed line. The slopes of these new curves are about -1.5, —1.8 and -3.0. This observation is in accord with the observation by Bond, who states that the net specific energy input to a grinding mill is equal to the specific energy represented by the product less the specific energy represented by the feed. Bond presents, on a diagram similar to Fig. 3, a series of curves which illustrate the effect of

Jan 1, 1963

FRIENDS of the late Charles F. Rand presented in 1930 a sum of money from which the income is available to support various phases of the work of the Institute in which Mr. Rand was so deeply interested. At present the fund amounts to $10,400. The specific terms of the deed of gift are as follows: "The fund collected to establish a memorial to the late Charles F. Rand shall be placed in the custody of the Board of Directors of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, to be set up as a trust to be known as the `Charles F. Rand Foundation,' the income of which shall each year be applied to a distinct purpose to be decided upon in that year by vote of the Board of Directors. This purpose shall be such as to promote the general welfare of the Institute and to constitute a permanent memorial of the usefulness of Mr. Rand, who for many years gave unstintingly of his time and talents in its service. "It shall be within the discretion of the Board of Directors to establish a medal to be known as the Charles F. Rand Memorial Medal to be awarded at such a time and under such rules as may be determined by the Board of Directors, for Distinguished Achievement in Mining Administration." The establishment of this medal was announced at the annual meeting in February, 1932, the term "mining" being defined in its broad sense to include metallurgy and petroleum. Robert Linton is chairman of the Charles F. Rand Foundation Award Committee.

Jan 1, 1943

By J. Chipman, N. J. Grant, H. L. Bishop

Lime and dicalcium-silicate crucibles were equilibrated with molten iron and liquid slags containing iron oxide and small amounts of sulfur. The oxygen content of metal, iron oxide activities, and desulfurization values of the slags were determined in the temperature range 1530 to 1700°C. The influence of magnesia in the slag and the temperature dependence of the solubility of lime in liquid iron oxide and the ferric oxide content were established. The temperature contour of the liquidus surface of iron-silicate slags saturated with lime and dicalcium silicate was also established at 1600°C. THE importance of the role that slag composition plays in the refining of steel has been known for many years. Numerous studies have been made using actual plant data in order to establish the relationship between the composition of the slag and metal during the refining of a heat of liquid steel. These results rarely represent equilibrium conditions since completion of the various chemical reactions involved in steelmaking is seldom realized. In order to establish quantitatively the equilibrium conditions existing between the slag and metal, several laboratory studies have been conducted in the past 20 years to determine the reactions important in slag control. These investigations have included studies of simple liquid basic and acid slags as well as more complex slag systems which approach those commonly found during the refining of a heat of steel. Since most of the previous studies of simple basic iron-oxide slags equilibriated with molten iron were made in magnesia crucibles, it was not possible to establish the distribution of sulfur and oxygen between molten iron and slags consisting only of the three essential components, lime, silica, and iron oxide. This investigation was undertaken to establish the equilibrium conditions for simple lime-iron oxide and lime-silica-iron oxide slags. Accordingly, it was expedient to prepare crucibles both of lime and dicalcium silicate to establish the equilibrium conditions between molten iron and iron-oxide slags saturated with the refractory materials and free from other components. The only other studies of the equilibrium between molten iron and lime-saturated slags are those of Fischer and vom Ende, 1, 2 in which the solubility of oxygen was determined in an air atmosphere. The

Jan 1, 1959

By W. A. Nagel, R. P. Alger, H. Sherman, J. Tittmann

A sidewall epithermal neutron tool has been developed to substantially reduce environmental effects that have previously complicated neutron log interpretation. Designed for operation in uncased wells, the device provides increased accuracy in both liquid-filled and empty holes. A brief discussion of neutron moderation, diffusion and capture shows that logs using epithermal neutron detection depend on a smaller number of formation-characterizing parameters than those using thermal neutron or capture gamma ray detection. Thus, they come closer to providing an unambiguorls determination of hydrogen content. In this new device a directionally sensitive epithertnal neutron detection system has been incorporated in a side-wall source-detector skid to minimize borehole effects. The effects of variations in borehole size and shape, mud type, temperature and salinity are greatly reduced. Small residual borehole effects are then computationally accounted for in the surface control panel to provide a borehole-corrected neutron log. The log presents a direct recording of neutron-derived porosity on a linear scale. With corrections for borehole effects already applied, this direct recording of porosity simplifies log interpretation. Furthermore, comparison with a linear porosity presentation of a formation density log permits sandstones, limestones and dolomites to be readily identified. Thus, in complex or variable lithology, porosity is determined with greater accuracy and reliability than heretofore. Laboratory data and field results demonstrate the improvements in neutron logging afforded by this new side-wall epithermal neutron logging device. INTRODUCTION The new Sidewall Neutron Porosity (SNP) logging system, designed for use in uncased wells, provides reliability and accuracy never before achieved with neutron logs. The effects of variations in borehole diameter and shape, fluid salinity, mud weight and temperature—parameters that have long complicated neutron log interpretation— are suppressed or corrected for by this sidewall epithermal neutron detection system. Furthermore, to simplify interpretation the SNP log presents a direct recording of computed porosity on a linear scale. The performance improvements achieved by this new system arise primarily from the combination of two im- portant design features. First. though not unique to this new tool, an epithermal neutron detection system is used,',' Epithermal neutron detection substantially reduces the perturbing influences of the thermal neutron absorption properties of rock matrices and water salinity. Second, the neutron detection system is mounted in a directionally sensitive sidewall skid to greatly minimize borehole effects. The purpose of this paper is to explain briefy the advantages offered by the detection of epithermal neutrons, to describe the SNP equipment and the log, to present calibration and correction data and to give examples of interpretation methods made especially convenient by this new system. ADVANTAGES OF EPITHERMAL NEUTRON DETECTION Epithermal neutron detection, of all the neutron methods in current commercial use, provides the simplest determination of formation hydrogen content. Advantages of epithermal neutron detectors, as compared with thermal neutron and gamma ray detectors, are probably best explained by a brief review of the life of a source-emitted neutron. A fast neutron from the source will eventually be cap-tured by the nucleus of an atom. However. before capture is likely to occur, the fast neutron (energy of 100,000 electron volts (ev) or more) will be slowed down until it is in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. The neutron is then considered to be a "thermal" neutron (average energy of 0.025 ev at 25C). The overwhelming majority of the slowing down thus occurs in reaching epithermal energies (energies just above thermal—0.5 to several ev). After reaching thermal energy. the neutron will "diffuse" through the formation with, on the average, no further energy change until capture. Upon the capture of the thermal neutron, relatively high energy gamma rays arc usually emitted. Hydrogen plays a very important role in the process of slowing down fast neutrons. On the other hand, the absorption effects of water salinity and low concentrations of other strong thermal neutron absorbers—relatively unimportant in the moderation process-—are very important in thermal diffusion, capture and the production of gamma rays. Thus, by detecting only epithermal neutrons with the SNP, spurious effects due to these thermal neutron absorbers are greatly minimized as compared to the effects on tools using thermal neutron or gamma ray detectors. The epithermal neutron detection system affords another important advantage. Log response in various litho-

Jan 1, 1967

By H. D. Newell

Jan 1, 1938

By H. D. Newell

Jan 1, 1938

By AIME AIME

In taking account of stock, on the occasion of the recent removal of the office of the Institute, it was found that pamphlet copies of the papers named in the list given below were on hand, in excess of the average number deemed adequate for future casual demand. Special reduced rates will be made for these surplus copies to members applying promptly. "First come; first Served." Author. Title. Ref. No. ASHBURNER, C. A. " Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York State." 273 MARTENS, A. "The Microstructure of Ingot¬ Iron and Cast Ingots." 626

Jan 1, 1907

By Alfred F. Brainerd

Some fifty years ago, iron-ore was discovered near the town of Sheldon, Franklin County, Vermont, in a vein out-cropping on a knoll near Black Creek, which empties into the Missisquoi River a couple of miles away. A short time after this discovery, the owners, Mr. TV. 0. Gadcomb and Hon. Lawrence Brainerd, both of St. Albans, commenced mining (mostly by open cut), and also erected a Catalan forge, from which iron blooms were produced, most of which were worked into bar-iron and used in the neighborhood of the forge, while some were shipped by Lake Champlain to Troy, Albany and New York. But by reason of the lack of any railroad connections, and an insufficient demand for the blooms, this forge was subsequently abandoned, and the material used in its construction removed to other places. Mr. Keith, of Sheldon, used for many years a mixture of this ore with bog-ore from Swanton, in a charcoal blast-furnace, the product of which he consumed partly in his own foundry, shipping, however, a considerable amount to Troy and New York. Accurate data as to this enterprise are not at hand. The same vein has since been traced for some 20 miles, and some prospecting has been done 011 its outcrops at Berkshire, Enosburg and a few miles east of St. Albans; but the vein being small, only a few car-loads of ore were taken out from these places. The commencement of the St. Albans Iron and Steel Works in 1872, and the erection in 1877 of a ten-ton Siemens open-hearth furnace for the manufacture of steel rails, opened a new use for this ore. The furnace-charge consisted of pig-iron, old mils, steel scrap, and magnetic iron ore, added towards the close of the heat. The ore

Jan 1, 1885