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By A. L. Holley

Those who are familiar with working gas furnaces will perhaps admit that the ordinary producer is the least satisfactory feature of the- whole system, chiefly by reason of its great waste of fuel, both above and below the fire. The waste of fuel in cleaning the fire has not, as fdr as I am aware, been carefully measured ; it has been roughly estimated at various works as averaging twenty per cent. to twenty-five per cent. The coke that falls into the ash-pit is largely mixed, if not stuck together with clinker; when this coke is not recovered and utilized (and where coal is cheap it does not pay to recover it), the waste is certainly as high as above estimated. Cleaning a fire on a grate (especially a fire of dirty coal, like much of our Western coal), by inserting a few temporary grate-bars, then withdrawing the regular grate-bars and letting the whole lower part of the fire tumble into the ash-pit, must necessarily be wasteful of fuel, but it has been found to be the most practical system. The fire under a boiler should be thin, to insure perfect combustion; hence it may be moved from one side to the other, so that .the clinker and ashes may be uncovered and removed. But a producer fire should be so thick that carbonic oxide only shall rise from it; a thick fire cannot be thus manipulated. In several of the French works the ordinary producer without grates is employed ; the whole body of the fire rests on the floor of the ash-pit. It did not seem to me that less fuel was wasted here than with grates in cleaning fires. The bottom layer of the fire had to be drawn out with hooks, and there was nothing to prevent much coke from coming away with the clinker and ash. A producer shaped like a cupola furnace has many advantages, but if grates are employed the waste of coke in cleaning is not lessened. But the waste at the bottom of the fire is only a part of the waste in the ordinary producer. Mr. Emmerton, chemist to the Juliet Iron and Steel Company, has lately made a number of gas analyses from the producers of that company, worked with impure Illinois

Jan 1, 1880

By Charles W. Wagner

A premature explosion might be described as an explosion that, occurs before the miner expects it. Notwithstanding that it is unexpected, a premature is generally within the miner's control. A hangfire explosion is a blast that occurs after the miner expects it,, and in all instances, except where the explosives or blasting accessories are defective, hangfire explosions are within the miner's control. Causes of Premature Explosions Generally, there are seven methods of shot-firing in anthracit,e mines; namely: (1) cap and fuse with dynamite, (2) fuse with pellet powder, (3) squib with black powder or pellets, (4) exploders and delays with dynamite or black powder, (5) exploders with dynamite, (6) delay ignitors with black powder or pellets, (7) electric squibs with black powder or pellets. Cap and Fuse.—This method of firing seems to produce the greatest number of premature explosions. This is not solely because of the method, but is the result of mispractices which are possible with this method of firing. The two most common mispractices followed with cap-and-fuse blasting are the firing of multiple holes and the use of short fuse.. In the firing of multiple holes by cap and fuse, investigations have shown that in nearly every instance where the miner was injured by this method of firing he remained too long at the face lighting the several fuses, so that the first shot went off before he could reach a place of safety. Such accidents could have been avoided either by accurate judgment by the miner of the relative lengths of the fuses or by the use of electric firing. Rules exist in nearly every mine forbidding the lighting of more than one hole at a time where the cap-and-fuse method of firing is practiced. Where it is desirable to fire more than one hole at a, time, electric firing should be used. It is difficult to understand why so many premature explosions result from the use of short fuses, inasmuch as the cost of fuse is practically a negligible item in the expense of a day's work. Notwithstanding this, however, we frequently find miners using short lengths of fuse in an effort to save one or two cents per hole, or about 15 to 20 # in a day. A practice

Jan 1, 1931

MARCEL R. DALY (written discussion+).-I have read with great interest Mr. W . Van Der Gracht's discussion of my paper and I fail to see where his theory contradicts mine on any fundamental point. My contention is that petroliferous accumulations are generally coincident with diastrophic deformations, synchronous with them and essentially a result of them. This implies that the causes which have led to the distortion of the strata, whatever these causes may be (thrusts, torsion, etc.), have also led to the concentration and accumulation of the hydrocarbons existing in the strata at that time. It is in this respect that both set of phenomena may be said to be related in space and in time and that we may speak of an identity of causes. It is evident that no concentration of the hydrocarbons could take place where these hydrocarbons would not exist. But whenever they do so exist, deformation will tend to concentrate them; and whenever they are found to be concentrated (or accumulated) the cause of their accumulation will have to be traced directly to distortion. I have tried to show, in some previous papers,' the probable sequence of such a mechanical process in the simple case of a series of parallel, superposed, horizontal and homogeneous layers, individually uniform in thickness, but variable in composition and resistance; and I have pointed out that the general results so obtained would harmonize with some striking features recognized in the field. But I have also stated that conditions being much more complicated in nature than in the theoretical instance considered above, a complex superposition of effects would. have to be expected as a general rule, though the leading principle would remain the same. Mr. Van der Gracht admits that the motion of the primary oil, when it has been formed, and its accumulation in adequately porous containers, if any, that would be mostly found on the front edge of the original geosynclines, would be due to the action of the mountain-building forces. Our agreement on this point seems to be complete. But Mr. Van der Gracht wants also the formation of the bituminous matter in its primary form to be coincident only with the earliest phase of the uplift, viz., after the slow geanticlinal upheaval has been completed, and the accumulation

Jan 3, 1918

By R. L. Lloyd

UNLIKE the development of sintering lead, copper and zinc ores, the sintering of fine irony material had its birth, not as a result of gradual growth along lines aimed at the production of sintered and agglomerated product, but because the success of the sintering operation in other lines had been brought to the attention of the ironmasters, who were immediately attracted by the prospect of being able to convert their own fines-into a similar product. The abundance of iron ores in the United States and their comparative cheapness had led iron men into the habit of not paying particular attention to the fine material blown out of their blast furnaces. Hundreds of thousands of tons had been stacked up and used only during times of shortage of ore and then usually without any preliminary preparation, though many attempts had been made to briquette it. Briquettes proved good material, but the operation of briquetting was too expen-sive when applied to iron-ore fines. The development of the iron-ore blast furnace in the United States tended toward large units, high columns and heavy blast pressure, and this tendency is still peculiar to this country, whereas in the other countries the tendency has been to smaller units, lower columns and lower blasts. The high blast pressures and swift driving of the American blast furnace tend, of course, to produce more flue dust than European practice, and this production of flue dust was augmented when large quantities of soft ore, of which the Mesabi is typical, came on to the market. These ores are desirable chemically but physically they are soft, friable and fine, and when they are used in the iron blast furnace the flue dust produc-tion is increased. The necessity of rehandling the flue dust lead to briquetting on an extensive scale. The binders used were either chemical or mechanical, and in one system the briquettes were kiln fired in very high temperatures. Rotary kilns, coal or oil fired, were used extensively, and gave a product of hard and more or less nodulized material, but at considerable cost. This was the situation in regard to iron flue dust when the late James Gayley and his associates became interested in the idea of sintering the iron blast-furnace flue dusts under their own fuel (included coke dust) of which they carried between 15 and 30 per cent.

Jan 10, 1922

By H. C. Miller

The energy stored in the compressed natural gas absorbed in or otherwise associated with the oil in reservoir sands is usually the most important factor in oil recovery. It is recognized that hydrostatic pressure and gravity may aid materially in the drainage of oil, but in the early life of the majority of fields the principal source of propulsive energy is the expansive force of the gas associated with the oil. Since gas is admittedly the most important factor in the production of oil, its control so as to produce the maximum amount of oil with the minimum amount of gas will be reflected in increased oil recovery from reservoir sands. Controlling the gas means regulating its expansion so that the velocity of flow of oil through the channels in the reservoir sands is neither so great that frictional resistance becomes excessive nor so slow that the gas, because it can travel more rapidly than oil through the irregular passageways in the sands, will by-pass and reach the well without. doing useful work in bringing oil from the sands. Oil and gas flow from the reservoir sands to the well because of differences in pressure. The rate of flow is dependent upon the differential pressures existing in the sands and in the well. By altering the amount of back-pressure maintained on the well this differential pressure can be regulated and changed from a maximum (well flowing "wide open") to a minimum when there will be no flow. Oil and gas flow through the irregular channels in reservoir sands at different rates mainly because of the fact that one is a liquid and the other a gas. Therefore, because oil and gas have different characteristics of flow, application of back-pressure, changes the rates of flow with relation to one another so that wide variations in gas-oil ratios are possible. Obviously, the formation gas energy will be utilized most efficiently when a unit of gas delivers the maximum amount of oil to the well. Determination of Necessary Back-pressure The amount of back-pressure that should be maintained against the producing sand in order that the minimum amount of gas will be produced with each barrel of oil can be determined only by actual field tests made

Jan 1, 1929

By David R. Hargis, John W. Harshbarger

The Upper Santa Cruz Basin lies in the drainage area of the Santa Cruz River in Arizona, and extends upstream from the community of Rillito to the international boundary [(Fig. 1)]. The principal water use area lies between, and includes, the cities of Tucson and Nogales. A subsurface geologic barrier near Rillito provides a reasonable dividing line between the ground waters of the upper and lower Santa Cruz basins. The upper basin contains the Tucson and Sahuarita-Continental critical ground water areas. The Tucson water use area encompasses the Tucson metropolitan area and extends from the northern boundary of the basin south to the boundary between the Tucson and Sahuarita-Continental critical ground water areas near San Xavier. The San Xavier use area is the San Xavier Indian Reservation. The north and south boundaries of the Continental use area coincide with the limits of the Sahuarita-Continental critical ground water area. The first study of ground water in this valley was initiated by Dr. G. E. P. Smith in 1905, and the results were published in 1910, followed by a series of bulletins of the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arizona, covering the general field of ground water development and utilization. Beginning in 1939, the ground water branch of the US Geologic Survey, in cooperation with the Arizona State Land Department and the Arizona Water Commission (AWC), published a series of bulletins concerning ground water occurrence and utilization in various areas of the state. In 1975 and 1977, the AWC published the Arizona State Water Plan (Arizona Water Commission, 1975) comprising a detailed inventory of water availability and use in Arizona and a study of alternative futures. The importance of ground water supplies in the Upper Santa Cruz Valley cannot be overemphasized. Metropolitan Tucson, surrounding agricultural areas, and the mineral industry are completely dependent upon ground water. Agriculture has been the largest user of ground water. The land distribution of the Upper Santa Cruz Basin is rural in character with large tracts of land included in national monuments and national forests. The Upper Santa Cruz is one of several state basins that does not depend upon one single industry as its major economic activity. Agriculture, mining, tourism, international commerce, and manufacturing all contribute to a viable economy. The city of Nogales, on the Mexican border, and the city of Tucson, to the North, are the centers of commerce in the basin.

Jan 1, 1982

By P. H. Dudley

I HAVE taken the liberty of calling the researches herein mentioned industrial, to distinguish them from those strictly scientific, where every known appliance is used to insure accuracy in determining principles. The industrial researches are made to ascertain wherein we have failed to embody, in practice, the principles which have been fully demonstrated by the more purely scientific investigations. So far the researches have been mostly confined to the conditions of combustion as used in locomotive furnaces, although we have examined, to some extent, furnaces under marine and stationary boilers. The products of complete combustion are gases, and, knowing what we should have, it is at once shown by analyzing the products whether the desired reactions are taking place. In spite of imperfect furnaces, lack of system in the arrangement of grate-bars and exhaust nozzles, the results are not altogether vitiated, because the analyses are not closer than one-tenth of one per cent., as under the present conditions it is hardly possible to collect gas exactly under the same conditions at different times. All of our industrial operations have developed in the past few years so rapidly, nearly all of them paying, that, until within the past three years, comparatively little attention has been given to their economy outside of the profession. Great corporations have not asked and considered the question in earnest, can we utilize our heat so as to produce the same effect at less cost? The applications of heat are so extensive, entering into every branch of industry, the principal power used to carry on metallurgical processes, to conduct transportation, that its economical generation becomes of universal importance; in fact, its economical generation and application is the leading industrial question of the day. It is stated by those who have given the subject much attention, that in our best steam-engines not over 10 per cent of the theoretical value of the fuel is utilized, and upon locomotives it is far less, probably not exceeding under the most favorable circumstances 5 or 6 per cent. In recent experiments made with the dynagraph, in drawing trains upon the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway from Cleveland to Erie, 95i miles, we found the force required to draw a stock train of 709 tons to be 2,498,396,320 foot-pounds, exclusive of the force to move the locomotive itself. We

Jan 1, 1876

By David White

While a country is small and its coal fields are not many, it may be possible to classify its coals on some basis that avoids both overlap and inconsistency, and that may be satisfactory to the particular country, such as geographic distribution or geologic age, or regional uses. In the adjoining country, however, the coals may differ more or less; broad areas may have escaped the erasure of transition zones by erosion, and the stages of alteration of the coals may lead to a classification different from and even incompatible with that of the other country. Such classifications, developed primarily along national lines, are essentially opportunistic. Further, many even of the "use" terms that have been in more common employment with a degree of international application have lost their significance and value, due to changes in industrial methods and urban life. When the number of coal fields is large and the classification is designed to cover the coals of many countries, the groups or divisions into which the coals are integrated are found to verge one into another; and, though the main divisions may be so naturally composed and oriented that they are relatively distinct and readily separated as entities or units when taken by themselves, the sequence, through classes, groups, and subdivisions, is so complete that we find transition zones through which boundaries must be arbitrarily drawn with minute technical definition. This situation, which is conspicuously illustrated in the United States, is due to the progressive evolution of all coals, irrespective of geologic age, from peats to successively higher ranks, which, if the progressive alteration goes far enough, ends with graphite. This evolution is now firmly established and its complete acceptance is but a matter of time. A classification of all coals in all coal fields can not escape this fact and must take into account all the stages in the transformation of the fuel from rank to rank through division to division, and through group to group. The plan here outlined aims at a natural classification of coals based on their evolution from peats to graphite. As in other classifications, the differentiation of the various groups and divisions takes account of changes resulting from the progressive losses of moisture and .of oxygen of constitution; the relative conservation of carbon; the progressive increase in fixed carbon (inverse to the loss of volatile matter) in

Jan 1, 1930

By S. M. Parmley

Experience has shown that there are some factors connected with the drying of fine washed coal that are not present in drying of slack coal as normally practiced at cement kilns or pulverized coal plants. It is the purpose of this paper to show some of these variations as they have been encountered under actual operation. The Champion No. 1 cleaning plant of the Pittsburgh Coal Co. uses the wet system of cleaning coal. The plant is equipped to produce commercial sizes or mixtures, the primary sizes being plus 6 in. and 4 by 6 in., which are hand-picked. Minus 4-in. sizes are all cleaned by the wet process. To produce a commercial product as free of moisture as possible, the washed coal is first passed over sizing and dewatering screens, then each size except the — ?-in. coal is conveyed to loading booms by slow-moving draining conveyors. As the +?-in. sizes are not heat-dried, no data will be given, as it is the purpose of this paper to describe the heat drying of — ?-in. coal as practiced at the Champion No. 1 plant of the Pittsburgh Coal Company. To fully appreciate the conditions, it must be remembered that the — ?-in. product is now shipped at a lower moisture content than when received from the mine. The incoming coal in the — ?-in. size will average 5 per cent. moisture and the shipped product 3 per cent. moisture. This is a case where a wet process gives a reduction of both ash and moisture in the fine sizes. The shipped product, therefore, is more uniform in all characteristics, and uniformity of product is the most important single factor in coal preparation. The 0 by ?-in. coal is first dewatered on slow-moving continuous bucket dewatering elevators, running at the rate of 40 ft. per minute, with 48-in. perforated buckets with ¼ by 1½-in. slots, spaced ? by 2?-in. centers staggered. The moisture in the coal discharged from the elevators runs 20 to 28 per cent., depending on the fineness of the product. The discharge from the dewatering elevator is further drained on a drag-type conveyor equipped with ½-mm. wedge wire screen. The conveyor discharges coal with an 18 to 25 per cent. moisture to three centrifugal dryers of the Carpenter type. The Carpenter dryers

Jan 1, 1931

By P. H. Dudley

I have taken the liberty of calling the researches herein mentioned industrial, to distinguish them from those strictly scientific, where every known appliance is used to insure accuracy in determining principles. The industrial researches are made to ascertain wherein we have failed to embody, in practice, the principles which have been fully demonstrated by the more purely scientific investigations. So far the researches have been mostly confined to the conditions of combustion as used in locomotive furnaces, although we have examined, to some extent, furnaces under marine and stationary boilers. The products of complete combustion are gases, and, knowing what we should have, it is at once shown by analyzing the products whether the desired reactions are taking place. In spite of imperfect furnaces, lack of system in the arrangement of grate-bars and exhaust nozzles, the results are not altogether vitiated, because the analyses are not closer than one-tenth of one per cent., as under the present conditions it is hardly possible to collect gas exactly under the same conditions at different times. All of 'our industrial operations have developed in the past few years so rapidly, nearly all of them paying, that,, until within the past three years, comparatively little attention has been given to their economy outside of the profession. Great corporations have not asked and considered the question in earnest, can we utilize our heat so as to produce the same effect at less cost? The applications of heat are so extensive, entering into every branch of industry, the principal power used to carry on metallurgical processes, to conduct transportation, that its econonlical generation becomes of universal importance; in fact, its economical generation and application is the leading industrial question of the day. It is stated by those who have given the subject much attention, that in our best steam-engines not over 10 per cent of the theoretical value of the fuel is utilized, and upon locomotives it is far less, probably not exceeding under the most favorable circumstances 5 or 6 per cent. In recent experiments made with the dynagraph, in drawing trains upon the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway from Cleveland to Erie, 941/2 miles, we found the force required to draw a stock train of 709 tons to be 2,498,396,320 footpounds, exclusive of the force to move the locomotive itself. We

By W. H. Emmons

The exploration of deposits of the metals will never become an exact science. There will always be an element of uncertainty in prospecting and developing mines. In countries where the surface has been closely scrutinized, most of the deposits whose outcrops contain valuable metals have probably been discovered. Many metalliferous deposits, however, are normally so much altered at the surface that the true significance of their outcrops is likely to be obscured. If a deposit is not exposed, its presence may become known by some one of its characteristics that is different in kind or in degree from a similar feature of the associated rock. Thus, a deposit that is not exposed may be discovered because of its magnetic property. So few minerals are strongly magnetic that the value of magnetic surveys is limited, but the dip needle has nevertheless proved of great aid in locating magnetic belts, and these in some regions are associated with workable iron ores. The Cuyuna Iron Range of Minnesota, which does not exhibit any outcrop of iron ore, was discovered by drilling "areas of attraction" that are due to belts of magnetic rocks associated with the iron ores. In some regions the use of the dip needle is justified, even if it does no more than reveal the strike of the rocks, since a knowledge of the latter enables the driller to locate and point his holes to advantage. The measures of gravity by the use of the pendulum are so accurate, or the limit of error is so small, that one might detect the presence of a concealed tabular deposit approximately at the surface, 34 ft. (10.36 m.) thick, having a density double that of the surrounding rocks. However, not many deposits have a density twice that of ordinary rocks and a thickness as great as 34 ft.; if they lie a short distance below the surface the density or the thickness must be even greater. Consequently, there is not much hope of sufficiently developing the gravity method of detecting deposits of heavy ores to make it of practical value. If the limit of error could be reduced to about one-tenth the present factor, and if the rather tedious and painstaking methods of determining gravity that are now in use could be simplified, the method would promise some degree

Jan 1, 1918

By Homer F. Staley, C. P. Karr

The casting alloy 88 copper, 10 tin, 2 zinc, commonly known in England as Admiralty metal and in this country as Government bronze, gun metal, or Naval Department composition G, has, at its best, many valuable properties. However, its physical properties are known to vary widely with slight changes in method of manufacture of the castings, such as slight variations in composition, variation in pouring temperature, kind of mold used, method of pouring and gating of molds, size and shape of castings, amount and kind of heat treatment, and so forth.' The microstructure of castings made from this alloy is influenced by slight variations of composition, rate of cooling, and kind and length of heat treatment. This is best understood by reference to the equilibrium diagram. The part of the diagram in which we are interested and the effect of the thermal equilibrium relations on the physical properties of the alloy 88 copper, 10 tin, 2 zinc, have been discussed by Hoyt, Campbell, Primrose, and Rawdon.2 In Fig. 1 is given the equilibrium diagram of the copper-tin alloys. Briefly stated, the relations of composition and temperature changes are as follows. Compositions between A and a consist of but one constit ent—the a bronze, which is a solid solution of copper and tin, rich in copper. On cooling from the molten state these compositions gradually crystallize, at temperatures above 790°, into a mass of interwoven treelike crystals or dendrites. The cores of the dendrites are rich in copper and the percentage of tin gradually increases as the surfaces are approached. AS cooling progresses, after a11 the metal has crystallized, no further changes occur in the crystals other than diffusion within the crystals, which tends to erase the dendritic pattern and to render the structure more homogeneous. * Metallurgical Ceramist, U. S. Bureau of Standards, Associate Physicist, U. 8. Bureau of Standards. A. D. Flinn: Iron. Age (1915) 96, 1292-3. C. P. Karr: U. S. Bureau of Standards Tech. Paper 59, Pt. 1. S. L. Hoyt: Enging. (1913) 96, 667-7, 704-5. William Campbell: Trans. Am. Inst. Met. (1912) 6, 158-172. H. S. Primrose: Metal Ind. (1916) 14, 202-4. H. S. Rawdon: U. S. Bureau of Standards Tech. Paper 59, Pt. 11.

Jan 1, 1921

By M. Semchyshen, A. P. Coldren, W. G. Scholz

A survey of the Fe-Mo-B system was made to determine the extent to which boron might affect the microstructure and strength properties of iron-rich Fe-Mo alloys. Seventeen vacuum-induc tion melted ingots were prepared with approximate mo-lybednum contents 01 2, 4, 9, and 19 wt pct and approximate boron contents of 5, 14,50, and 630 ppm by weight. Phases extracted from annealed specimens and identified by X-ray diffraction analysis included E Fe3MO2, Mo2FeB2, and an oxide hazling a diffraction pattern practically identical to that of MnFez04. Three types of alloy strengthening were observed: a) Fe-2 pct Mo-B alloys were hardenable by a bainitic-type transformtion of austenite to ferrile; b) Fe-4 pct Mo-B alloys were hardened by the solid-solution mechanism; and C) Fe-9 pct Mo-B and Fe-19 pct Mo-B alloys were hardened by precipitation of the E Fe3Moz phase. Boron was observed to have a very strong hardening effect in the Fe-2 pct Mo alloys and a mild strengthening effect on the 1200°F properties of the Fe-4 pct Mo alloys. In the Fe-9 pct Mo alloys there was no consistent effect of boron on strength at either room temperature or 1200° F. The Fe-19 pct Mo alloys were so brittle that meaningful tensile or creep-rupture data could not he obtained. No dispersion hardening from borides was recognized in any of the alloys. THE high-temperature properties of iron-rich Fe-Mo alloys were studied by Reiter and Hibbard.' They found that the strength of the alloys increased markedly as the molybdenum content was raised from 0 to 15.9 pct by weight. The authors explained the various degrees of strengthening in terms of a) solid-solution strengthening, b) strengthening from a martensitic-type transformation, and C) precipitation strengthening. The objective of the present investigation was to conduct a survey of the iron-rich portion of the Fe-Mo-B system to determine whether the beneficial effects of molybdenum on the strength of iron can be enhanced by the presence of boron. It was thought that perhaps fine dispersions of molybdenum- rich borides would be found which could improve the high-temperature strength of ferritic alloys beyond the strengths attainable by molybdenum additions alone. Also, it was considered worthwhile to study the effects of boron in alloys which are essentially free of carbon. Most, if not all, of our present knowledge about boron in high-temperature alloys pertains to alloys containing carbon and carbides. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Alloy Preparation. Seventeen 8-lb ingots were prepared from electrolytic Plastiron, unalloyed molybdenum chips, and boron powder by a vacuum-induction melting procedure employing hydrogen as the main deoxidizer. The alloys were melted in alumina crucibles using 35-lb melts, with each melt being split four ways to achieve varying boron contents within four Fe-Mo base compositions. The results of chemical analyses conducted on chips machined from the chilled ends of the ingots are presented in Table I. The boron analyses were performed by a spectrographic method utilizing primary standards prepared from boric acid. They indicated that in ingots to which no boron was

Jan 1, 1964

FREDERICK G. BRENNEMAN Frederick G. Brenneman died of pneumonia at his home at Pottsville, Pa., on November 24. He was in the class of 1912, of the Pottsville High School, attended Bellefonte Academy, and graduated from the Colorado School of Mines, at Golden, Colo., in 1916. He is survived by his parents, Mr. and Mrs; Philip Brenneman and three brothers, Louis P. and Robert C. at home, and John :F., of Camp Merritt, N. J. Mr.

Jan 1, 1919

By D. R. Franklin, L. L. Lien, C. W. Hoffman

The initial operation of a mining facility is a unique and often underplanned phase of the Project development process. The subject of this presentation is a detailed strategy to effectively and efficiently bring a mining facility to design production capacity. This plan has been applied successfully on projects. It addresses developing the initial operation organization, management of information and problem, putting an appropriate management system in place, developing operations and maintenance information, and effectively training personnel.

Jan 1, 1983

Meeting, Mar. 28, 1913.-The following Committees were appointed : Library ; Membership; Precious and Base Metals ; Papers and Publications ; Economic Geology ; Iron and Steel ; Increase of Membership; Stocking Pamphlets and Publications; and the following representatives: Joint Conference Committee of the four National Engineering Societies; General Committee in Charge of the International Engineering Congress, 1915. Delegates were appointed to attend the International Geological Congress and the Fifth Conservation Congress. These appointments are listed on pp. xxxvii. to xxxix.

Jan 4, 1913

Section 89 Virginia State Geological Survey, Box 329, University, Va. Arthur Bevan, State Geologist A list of publications will be sent free upon request. Publica¬tions are distributed free to residents of Virginia, and others are asked to pay the cost of postage. Selected Bulletins available are: Bulletin 3-A, Geology of the titanium and apatite deposits, with chapters on the Lower Cretaceous and The economic geology (1913), 4, Physiography and geology of the Coastal Plain Prov-

Jan 1, 1933

The Petroleum Division met at Fort Worth, Texas, Oct 8-9 $ The headquarters were at the Blackstone Hotel, the attendance was 175 Sixteen papers were presented, 12 of them by the authors The technical program was built up around four major topics. Drilling, Production, Engineering Education and Metallurgy There were four sessions, two each day More than 100 were present at the luncheon on Friday noon, which was addressed in turn by President Lovejoy, George Otis Smith

Jan 1, 1937

J. W. RICHARDS*(South Bethlehem; Pa.).-The brass industry would find it very profitable to subsidize researches on the purely scientific determination of the thermophysical properties of the brasses. The data we need most in connection with the brasses are the vapor tension of the zinc from the brasses at different temperatures, the heat of combination of zinc With copper to form different kinds of brasses, and the latent heat of fusion of these brasses at the melting temperature.

Jan 1, 1919

ENGINEERS AVAILABLE (Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons.) Recent graduate desires position as surveyor or assistant to mining geologist. No. 112. Member, technical graduate with varied experience covering milling, cyaniding, plant design, mill and dam construction, underground work, and executive, examination and reporting on mining properties, desires position as superintendent of gold and silver property in United States or Latin America. No. 113.

Jan 7, 1914