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On August 22, 1966, just 20 months after writing sales agreements with Japanese steel mills, Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd made its first contractual shipment of 52,000 tons to Yawata Iron and Steel Co Ltd. As world news, the event was not spectacular. But to mining men it represented an astonishing achievement. Twenty months of feverish effort and the expenditure of more than $100 million had created a large open-pit iron ore mine, a crushing plant, storage and load-out facilities for sized ore, and a supporting township at Mt Tom Price; a 182-mile standard gauge railway; and port and loading facilities for a nominal loading capacity of 6000 tph as well as a port town, Dampier, on King Bay. The project was executed in the sparsely inhabited, arid, dissected-plateau country of the Hamersley Range in the northwest sector of Western Australia. Hamersley, 60% owned by Conzinc RioTinto of Australia Pty Ltd and 40% by Kaiser Steel Corp, holds sale contracts for ore and pellets valued at $770 million. The main contracts are with the Japanese, who are to be supplied with 65.5 million tons of ore during the 16 years from August 1966 to August 1982 and 18 million tons of pellets over a 10-yr period beginning in early 1968. Of lesser importance at this time, but presaging trends, are contracts for a total of nearly 1.5 million tons to be shipped to England and Western Europe during the years 1966-68. A pellet plant with a capacity of 2 million tpy is now under construction at Dampier and is to be on stream early next year. Another interesting project for which the plans are set, is a desalination plant for sea water to supply industrial requirements and potable water for the town of Dampier.

Jan 5, 1967

By William B. Plank

A NEW record-a quarter million students in the engineering schools of the United States and Canada-has resulted from the great demand for engineers following World War II. The figures released by the American Society for Engineering Education and which appeared in detail in the Journal of Engineering Education for January 1948, show that, on Nov. 1, 1947, 252,250 students were studying engineering in 149 engineering schools of both countries. There are 244,390 in the 143 schools canvassed in the United States, and 7860 in six schools in Canada. These figures include both undergraduate and graduate students and are therefore comparable with the figures in previous presentations on this subject. This unprecedented engineering student body

Jan 1, 1948

By F. W. Clark

At the present time, when lixiviation versus amalgamation is being so thoroughly discussed by practical men, and published information is so meagre, the following tests, made by students in the mining laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, may be of interest to others. The ore experimented upon was obtained from the Sombrerete mines near Zacatecas, Mexico. A careful analysis of the dried sample resulted as follows : Per cent. SiO2,............62.79 S.............13.86 Al2O3............4.39 Fe,............11.26 Zn,............1.57 CaO.............2.91 MgO,........... 0.06 Cu,.............0.12 Pb,.............0.40 Sb and As,..........trace CO2,............2.35 Ag,.............0.16 99.87

Jan 1, 1886

By J. E. Burke, C. W. Mason

In attempting to study precipitation from a tetragonal lattice, using solid solutione of bismuth in tin, it was found that although a Widmanstätten pattern is observed1,4 only a qualitative analysis of the orientation relationships is possible, because of the unusual structural changes that accompany the precipitation process. Microscopical Studies Alloys were made from Chempur tin (Standard samples 42b and 426, National Bureau of Standards), and bismuth (Kahl-baum C.P.) by melting weighed quantities together under palm oil, stirring well, and castilig in a heated graphite mold. The polishing and etching techniques employed largely govern the visibility of the structural changes. The preliminary surfacing operations were similar to those recommended by Villela and Bergekoff,5 through Behr-Manning 3/0 abrasive papers, lubricated by a solution of paraffin in kerosene. A rough metallographic polish was next given, using a thin cotton cloth charged with relevigated alumina (maximum particle size of about 4µ) and soap solution; repeated etching and polishing served to remove disturbed metal. For high-power examination better preparation was necessary. It was found that on such soft metals the threads of the fabric, rather than the abrasive, cause most of the scratching. Cotton outing flannel, which had been brushed so that the nap lay down, was fairly satisfactory, but a heavy grade of silk velvet (not the noncrushable kind) was found to be better, especially after some use. A better procedure was as follows: The metal lap was warmed slightly, and a 4-in. circle of woolen broadcloth was cemented to its center by a thin film of melted paraffin. The broadcloth was then moistened with water, and a 30 to 40 per cent solution of sodium hydroxide heated to about 50°C. was poured over it, allowed to stand for I to 2 min. and then washed off. It was neither necessary nor desirable to remove all the sodium hydroxide from the cloth, since its etching action aided in the removal of the flowed layer from the sample. The cloth was then charged with a paste of the relevigated alumina in water. Since this lap did not remove deep scratches, it was necessary previously to polish the specimen on some material such as the silk velvet. The sodium hydroxide softens and partly gelatinizes the woolen lap covering, permitting a scratch-free polish, but its action continues, and the cloth deterioratcs after about 24 hr. This is not serious, because a new lap can be prepared in about 5 min., and only small pieces of cloth are used. Etching with a strongly acid solution of ferric chloride was found satisfactory for removing the flowed layer. For the final etching, the most satisfactory reagent was that of Tafls,7 the formula for which is: FeC13.6H2O, 2 grams; HC1, 5 c.c.; H2O, 30 c.c.; C2H5OH (95 per cent), 60 C.C. This etchant reveals differences in com-

Jan 1, 1942

By J. E. Burke, C. W. Mason

In attempting to study precipitation from a tetragonal lattice, using solid solutione of bismuth in tin, it was found that although a Widmanstätten pattern is observed1,4 only a qualitative analysis of the orientation relationships is possible, because of the unusual structural changes that accompany the precipitation process. Microscopical Studies Alloys were made from Chempur tin (Standard samples 42b and 426, National Bureau of Standards), and bismuth (Kahl-baum C.P.) by melting weighed quantities together under palm oil, stirring well, and castilig in a heated graphite mold. The polishing and etching techniques employed largely govern the visibility of the structural changes. The preliminary surfacing operations were similar to those recommended by Villela and Bergekoff,5 through Behr-Manning 3/0 abrasive papers, lubricated by a solution of paraffin in kerosene. A rough metallographic polish was next given, using a thin cotton cloth charged with relevigated alumina (maximum particle size of about 4µ) and soap solution; repeated etching and polishing served to remove disturbed metal. For high-power examination better preparation was necessary. It was found that on such soft metals the threads of the fabric, rather than the abrasive, cause most of the scratching. Cotton outing flannel, which had been brushed so that the nap lay down, was fairly satisfactory, but a heavy grade of silk velvet (not the noncrushable kind) was found to be better, especially after some use. A better procedure was as follows: The metal lap was warmed slightly, and a 4-in. circle of woolen broadcloth was cemented to its center by a thin film of melted paraffin. The broadcloth was then moistened with water, and a 30 to 40 per cent solution of sodium hydroxide heated to about 50°C. was poured over it, allowed to stand for I to 2 min. and then washed off. It was neither necessary nor desirable to remove all the sodium hydroxide from the cloth, since its etching action aided in the removal of the flowed layer from the sample. The cloth was then charged with a paste of the relevigated alumina in water. Since this lap did not remove deep scratches, it was necessary previously to polish the specimen on some material such as the silk velvet. The sodium hydroxide softens and partly gelatinizes the woolen lap covering, permitting a scratch-free polish, but its action continues, and the cloth deterioratcs after about 24 hr. This is not serious, because a new lap can be prepared in about 5 min., and only small pieces of cloth are used. Etching with a strongly acid solution of ferric chloride was found satisfactory for removing the flowed layer. For the final etching, the most satisfactory reagent was that of Tafls,7 the formula for which is: FeC13.6H2O, 2 grams; HC1, 5 c.c.; H2O, 30 c.c.; C2H5OH (95 per cent), 60 C.C. This etchant reveals differences in com-

Jan 1, 1942

By Harvey S. Mudd

WHEN talking about Europe it is well to endeavor to keep politics and economics apart but they have become so intermingled in recent years that the discussion of one topic inevitably leads to the other. Economic influences formerly prevailed over politics but today national and international economies are governed by political forces. Commerce in raw materials, food, and manufactured products is now so restricted by governmental controls that the capacity of the world to produce and to consume, to exchange goods and to pay for them, cannot be gauged by the past or predicted by a multitude of experts. In prewar days there were some yardsticks but today there are none. Thus it is hazardous to make forecasts, for in all fields of human effort the world has been cast upon an uncharted sea.

Jan 1, 1947

Jan 1, 1913

[Aalde, Kaare, ('40) New Mexico School of Mines, Socorro, N. M. Abadesco, Enrique A., ('39) Univ. of the Philippines, Manila, P. I. Abdul-Ahad, A., ('39) Montana School of Mines, Residence Hall, Butte, Mont. Abreu, Ovidio M., ('38) Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nev. Acker, Voscoe, . ('39) Agricultural & Mech. College of Texas, College Station, Tex. Acosta S., Gonzalo, ('40) Univ. of Texas, Univ. Sta., Box 1785, Austin, Tex. Adams, Albert, ('38) New Mexico School of Mines, Socorro, N. M. Adams, Charles W.,' ('39) Michigan College of Min. & Tech., Houghton, Mich. Adams, Hugh T., Jr., ('39) Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. Adams, Jack L., ('39) Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman Okla.]

Jan 1, 1940

By H. P. Croft

[ ] Professor Hibbard's paper presents a very interesting theory concerning the influence of texture on the tendency of brass tube to stress-corrosion crack. I should like to present the result of some work done in 1941 which may throw further light on the subject. In the first place, in regard to his review of the influences of grain boundaries, we not only confirmed the findings which he quoted, but also were unable to crack single crystals of beta brass in the standard mercurous nitrate test in 50 hr under loads up to 18,500 psi. Samples containing two or more crystals of beta brass always cracked at grain boundaries and generally followed the same pattern as for alpha brass, although cracking occurred sooner than in alpha brass under the same conditions. Such a specimen is shown in Fig 4. Second, at the possible risk of repetition, we should like to call attention to the reported role of grain size as influencing the tendency to stress-corrosion crack. This phenomenon, originally mentioned by Dr. Allan Morris in the Transactions, AIME, 1931, is illustrated in Fig 5, showing the effect of variations in grain size on the tendency of drawn brass wires to crack under load in the mercurous nitrate solution. This was taken from my work published in Proceedings A.S.T.M. 41, (1941), 905.

Jan 1, 1948

By R. B. Moore

IN 1914 the writer and K. L. Kithil announced, through Bulletin 70 of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, that the United States possessed the largest deposits of radium-bearing ore in the world. At that time a small amount of this ore was being, mined and shipped to Europe, and one company was preparing to start the extraction and recovery of radium in this country. The importance of our carnotite deposits in Colorado and Utah up to the publication of Bulletin 70 was not, however, appreciated by anyone.. At that time the total supply of radium in the world was about 10 g., calculated as element, and when I estimated that at least 100 g. of radium element, and probably 200 g., would be produced from our carnotite deposits, there was a considerable amount of skepticism. Up to the present time almost 200 g. have come from this ore, and some writers put this figure a little higher. Uranium ore was found in the copper mines of the Union Minière du Haut-Katanga at Luiswishi in 1913. Later discoveries were made at other places in the Belgian Congo, and the Katanga ores now represent the largest supply of radium-bearing ore in the world. In fact, since 1923 very little radium has been produced from American carnotite, the Katanga ore representing practically the world's supply of. radium since that date.

Jan 1, 1930

By Samuel B. Christy

As is well known, the ore at New Almaden is cinnabar. Native quicksilver occurs also; but, as a rule, in small quantities only. Pyrite occasionally accompanies the ore. Bitumen is quite common,

Jan 1, 1885

By T. A. Wright

THE-Institute of Metals Division opened on Tuesday afternoon with Wheeler P. Davey as chairman and G. E. Edmunds as vice-chairman. Four papers were on the program, two being of a fundamental character. A paper on "Internal Surface in Minerals and Metals," by R. S. Dean and J. Roster, was presented by the latter; C. H. Gottschalk discussed coercive forces in powders. In answer to a question by the chairman. The author stated that he had not investigated [he temperature coefficient of resistance. A paper on "Recrystallization and Grain Growth in Cold Worked Polycrystalline Metals," by L. W. Eastwood, Arthur E. Bousu, 'and C. T. Eddy, was presented by Mr. Eastwood. A. great many quantitative data were given, with little reference to the theory. Theoretical considerations were discussed by Dr. Gottschalk, and C. A. Edwards of the University College of Wales, contributed very interesting comment on the relationship of size and critical strain. Dr. Edwards discussed the necessity of considering strain with time and temperature.

Jan 1, 1935

Jan 2, 1976

By Samuel B. Christy

Columbia College has the honor of founding the first well-organized School of Mines in America. The University of Michigan, however, shared with her the honor of graduating the first class, in 1867. Prof. Thomas Egleston was the pioneer in the new movement. He drew up the original plan for the Columbia School of Mines in 1863, and was in 1864 appointed its first professor. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology turned out a class of mining students a year later, and others followed in the order of their first graduating class, as shown in Table I., condensed from the Engineering News of August 11, 1892. Besides those mentioned, mining schools have been organized in the States of Arizona and Nevada, and more or less instruction is advertised in connection with other engineering schools. It will be noticed that Columbia easily heads the list with reference to the number of graduates; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology stands second ; the California University third, and then follow Lehigh, Washington University, the University of Michigan, Lafayette College, Michigan Mining School, Missouri, Colorado and the others. The total number of graduates from these 16 schools in 26 years, has been 871, or an average of 33 per year; but as all these schools give a partial education to many who do not graduate, it is probable that from 2000 to 3000 mining students have received from them considerable training. An interesting comparison of the rate of growth of the engineering schools has been recently instituted by the Engineering News, for the period between 1860 and 1892. Table 11. shows that civil engineering had the advantage in numbers from the start, and maintained the advantage until 2890, when it was surpassed by mechanical engineering. The development of the latter course may be said to date from 1880. There are many interesting facts evident in Table 11. It will

Jan 1, 1894

By Edwin M. Chance

EDWIN M. CHANCE, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. (communication to the Secretary*).-I have read with great interest Mr.. Liebermann's paper reporting dynamometer tests of mine cars and wish to express my appreciation of this investigation. The coal-mining industry needs just such precise study of the problems with which it is confronted.

Jan 10, 1916

Payloader The Frank G. Hough Co. has made available another four-wheel drive tractor-shovel. It has a 1 cu-yd bucket with 60 hp Diesel or 54 hp gasoline power optional. The use of large pneumatic tires, same size all around, and drive on all four wheels gives this new Payloader traction to work effectively in sand, mud and snow, and travel on pavements with- [ ] out injuring the surface. Rear wheel steer with power booster plus short wheel base makes it easy to operate and highly maneuverable. Four speeds in both directions insure fast travel speeds for transport and fast operating speeds on shuttle loading or similar operations. Bulldozer blade, crane hook, fork lift and snow plow attachments are available, quickly interchangeable with the bucket to further increase its multi-purpose usefulness. Circle No. 1

Jan 1, 1952

By AIME AIME

THE Engineering Education Committee of the Institute convened at the Engineering Societies Building on Feb. 18, .1929, with. E. A. Holbrook, dean of the Schools of Mines and Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, in the chair. STATISTICAL' STUDY OF STUDENTS IN MINING The first paper, a statistical study of the students enrolled in courses leading to a mining degree in 40 institutions, was presented by H. D. Keiser,, assistant editor of the Engineering and Mining Journal; who gave a brief outline of an article he was about to publish in ?that journal?. The complete article appears in the issue for March 30; 1929: To avoid repetition the results are summarized as follows: A request was sent to 42 institutions which give courses in mining' for the number of students enrolled as freshmen; sophomores; juniors, seniors and special students in mining for the years 1925-26, 1926-27, 1927-28, 1928-29. Two of these colleges replied that there were no students in mining. Students' enrolled in courses in metallurgy, geology and engineering, other than mining, were excluded from the statistics:. The statistics received were arranged in, four groups, according to the completeness of the information. One complete group of 25 institutions 'shows as follows:

Jan 1, 1929

By AIME AIME

ALTHOUGH the present economic depression is felt in the petroleum industry, probably as much as in any other branch of American industry, the Petroleum Section of the Institute was well represented at the general sessions on Monday and at all of the seven division sessions on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday. The seven sessions of the Division were so arranged as not to conflict and thus permitted members to hear the programs of all sessions.* The first meeting of the Petroleum Division was held on Tuesday afternoon; a joint session on engineering research and production engineering. The following papers were presented:

Jan 1, 1931

By R. J. Cowan

IN the art of cementation a controversy has been going on for years as to whether solid or gaseous carbon is the active agent in carburizing steel. More recently opinion has crystallized into a compromise to the effect that carburizing is a gaseous cementation of steel in the presence of solid carbon. The importance of this theory has a particular bearing upon the work to be described. In the art of carburizing, use is commonly made of such words as "catalytic," "atomic," "nascent" and "activated;" in an attempt to describe the process. These words are used indiscriminately. For, instance, the gas is said to be "catalytic" and carbon to be "nascent," or vice versa. In using these expressions, investigators are confirming the acceptance in their minds of the active conditions of both gas and carbon in the cementation process.

Jan 1, 1931

By Harold G. Moulton

IT is highly significant that engineers should seriously consider the interrelations of technology, economics, and government. It is indicative of the emergence of maladjustments and problems that perplex our thinking and frustrate our activities. Instead of a world in which scientific discoveries and their applications through engineering to the processes of wealth production are regarded as the royal road to progress, we now find science and engineering being made responsible, in no small degree, for our economic and social troubles; and the powers of government are even being invoked to stem the tidal wave of technology. Indeed, there is a deep-seated fear, manifested in the writings of some of our greatest scientists as well as in popular discussions, that science may destroy our civilization.

Jan 1, 1938